This document summarizes the key findings of the National Adult Nutrition Survey conducted in Ireland. It found that while foods like potatoes, breads, meat and dairy make up the staples of the Irish diet, fruit and vegetable intake is below recommendations. Alcohol consumption exceeds recommendations for over half of men and around a quarter of women. The average Irish diet provides too much fat and not enough fiber. Key sources of vitamins and minerals are dairy, meat, vegetables and grains.
This document summarizes the findings of the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey conducted by the Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance. The survey examined the food and beverage consumption, lifestyle habits, health indicators and attitudes of 1,379 adults aged 18-64 in Ireland. Key findings include:
- The most commonly consumed foods were potatoes, bread, dairy products and tea. Meat, bread, potatoes, dairy and biscuits/cakes provided nearly 60% of energy intake.
- Alcohol consumption was common, though many consumed above recommended maximums.
- Nutrient intakes were generally adequate, though many had low fiber, calcium and iron intake.
- Obesity levels increased significantly since 1990,
This document provides an introduction and background to the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. The survey investigated food consumption, lifestyle factors, and health indicators in a representative sample of 1,379 adults aged 18-64 in Ireland. Comprehensive food consumption data was collected to inform public health policy and the food industry. Previous dietary surveys in Ireland were outdated, so this new database will be a valuable resource for analyzing issues related to food safety and nutrition. The survey also collected additional data on physical activity, anthropometrics, and attitudes to provide context for interpreting dietary intakes and their relationship to health.
This document summarizes several studies on the impacts of supplementary feeding for adults living with HIV. A randomized controlled trial in Kenya found that supplementary food led to greater improvements in nutritional status and higher clinic attendance among pre-ART clients. A study in Malawi found patients receiving a fortified spread had greater BMI increases than those receiving corn-soy blend, with no differences in mortality, CD4, or viral load. A study in Zambia found food supplementation was associated with better antiretroviral therapy adherence. A study in India found supplementation resulted in weight and BMI gains only for patients with low CD4 counts.
Social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among univ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. 360 students participated in the study. The study found that social marketing strategies of availability, accessibility, and affordability were significant predictors of fast food consumption, with affordability having the strongest influence. The study concluded that social marketing contributes significantly to fast food consumption and recommended health educators shift to more skills-based nutrition education for students.
This document discusses various approaches to nutritional rehabilitation for malnutrition, including hospital-based, centre-based, and community-based rehabilitation. It describes diets used in rehabilitation such as milk-based diets and ready-to-use therapeutic foods. It also discusses criteria for transferring patients to rehabilitation, staffing of rehabilitation centres, community nutrition programs, and developmental stimulation techniques.
This document presents research on using Spirulina as a potential solution to protein deficiency issues faced by pregnant women in Indonesia. It discusses high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia due to chronic energy deficiency caused by lack of protein intake during pregnancy. Spirulina is presented as a good source of protein, containing 57.5 grams of protein per 100 grams. The study evaluated people's knowledge, attitudes and actions regarding consuming Spirulina-fortified milk products during pregnancy. It found that those with greater knowledge showed more positive attitudes and were more likely to take action. The conclusion is that Spirulina can help address maternal mortality in Indonesia by providing necessary protein intake during pregnancy.
Prevention of childhood malnutrition dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
MALNUTRITION in children under five years is a major challenge for child survival all over the world especially in india.
this presentation is based on my experience as pediatrician as well as professor of community medicine.
shifting focus from underfive to under one will see a dramatic reduction in malnutrition in our country.we have done in thousands of children and it is absolutely possible to prevent protein energy malnutrtion.
The present study examines the difference in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and dietary intake among college students based on the presence of vegetarianism. A Web-based survey using 702 college students at a Midwest university collected data about participants’ level of nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward nutrition and vegetarianism, and dietary patterns. Results showed vegetarians had a more positive attitude towards a vegetarian diet as opposed to non-vegetarians. Vegetarians also demonstrated greater nutrition knowledge specifically related to vegetarian nutrition as opposed to general nutrition, although their dietary intake did not prove to be of higher quality than nonvegetarians. Results from this study are applicable in the vegetarian community and those who work with vegetarians. Most notably, this study may be of great use to food service establishments, particularly college dining settings.
This document summarizes the findings of the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey conducted by the Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance. The survey examined the food and beverage consumption, lifestyle habits, health indicators and attitudes of 1,379 adults aged 18-64 in Ireland. Key findings include:
- The most commonly consumed foods were potatoes, bread, dairy products and tea. Meat, bread, potatoes, dairy and biscuits/cakes provided nearly 60% of energy intake.
- Alcohol consumption was common, though many consumed above recommended maximums.
- Nutrient intakes were generally adequate, though many had low fiber, calcium and iron intake.
- Obesity levels increased significantly since 1990,
This document provides an introduction and background to the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. The survey investigated food consumption, lifestyle factors, and health indicators in a representative sample of 1,379 adults aged 18-64 in Ireland. Comprehensive food consumption data was collected to inform public health policy and the food industry. Previous dietary surveys in Ireland were outdated, so this new database will be a valuable resource for analyzing issues related to food safety and nutrition. The survey also collected additional data on physical activity, anthropometrics, and attitudes to provide context for interpreting dietary intakes and their relationship to health.
This document summarizes several studies on the impacts of supplementary feeding for adults living with HIV. A randomized controlled trial in Kenya found that supplementary food led to greater improvements in nutritional status and higher clinic attendance among pre-ART clients. A study in Malawi found patients receiving a fortified spread had greater BMI increases than those receiving corn-soy blend, with no differences in mortality, CD4, or viral load. A study in Zambia found food supplementation was associated with better antiretroviral therapy adherence. A study in India found supplementation resulted in weight and BMI gains only for patients with low CD4 counts.
Social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among univ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. 360 students participated in the study. The study found that social marketing strategies of availability, accessibility, and affordability were significant predictors of fast food consumption, with affordability having the strongest influence. The study concluded that social marketing contributes significantly to fast food consumption and recommended health educators shift to more skills-based nutrition education for students.
This document discusses various approaches to nutritional rehabilitation for malnutrition, including hospital-based, centre-based, and community-based rehabilitation. It describes diets used in rehabilitation such as milk-based diets and ready-to-use therapeutic foods. It also discusses criteria for transferring patients to rehabilitation, staffing of rehabilitation centres, community nutrition programs, and developmental stimulation techniques.
This document presents research on using Spirulina as a potential solution to protein deficiency issues faced by pregnant women in Indonesia. It discusses high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia due to chronic energy deficiency caused by lack of protein intake during pregnancy. Spirulina is presented as a good source of protein, containing 57.5 grams of protein per 100 grams. The study evaluated people's knowledge, attitudes and actions regarding consuming Spirulina-fortified milk products during pregnancy. It found that those with greater knowledge showed more positive attitudes and were more likely to take action. The conclusion is that Spirulina can help address maternal mortality in Indonesia by providing necessary protein intake during pregnancy.
Prevention of childhood malnutrition dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
MALNUTRITION in children under five years is a major challenge for child survival all over the world especially in india.
this presentation is based on my experience as pediatrician as well as professor of community medicine.
shifting focus from underfive to under one will see a dramatic reduction in malnutrition in our country.we have done in thousands of children and it is absolutely possible to prevent protein energy malnutrtion.
The present study examines the difference in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and dietary intake among college students based on the presence of vegetarianism. A Web-based survey using 702 college students at a Midwest university collected data about participants’ level of nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward nutrition and vegetarianism, and dietary patterns. Results showed vegetarians had a more positive attitude towards a vegetarian diet as opposed to non-vegetarians. Vegetarians also demonstrated greater nutrition knowledge specifically related to vegetarian nutrition as opposed to general nutrition, although their dietary intake did not prove to be of higher quality than nonvegetarians. Results from this study are applicable in the vegetarian community and those who work with vegetarians. Most notably, this study may be of great use to food service establishments, particularly college dining settings.
Comparison between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple dail...Alexander Decker
1) The document compares continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) in managing type 1 diabetes in children, and their effects on quality of life.
2) It describes a study of 50 children with type 1 diabetes randomly assigned to CSII or MDI groups. Glycated hemoglobin, weight, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hospital admissions were measured at baseline and 6 months. Children also completed a quality of life questionnaire.
3) Results showed CSII improved glycemic control with no difference in metabolic control or complications over 6 months compared to MDI. CSII also resulted in better quality of life scores compared to MDI
1. Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants can lead to growth faltering and have both short-term and long-term negative consequences.
2. The goals of nutritional management are to provide optimal nutrition to support catch-up growth and prevent loss of lean body mass.
3. During critical illness, infants have increased energy and protein requirements compared to healthy infants to support the hypermetabolic stress response and tissue synthesis. Current guidelines recommend energy intakes of 120-200 kcal/kg/day and attentiveness to individualized needs.
Final prevention of childhood malnutrition dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
The document discusses malnutrition in India, with a focus on Bihar. It provides statistics on malnutrition rates among children under 3 from NFHS surveys. Leading causes of malnutrition discussed include inadequate food security, infection, low birth weight, and maternal anemia. The BIGWIN approach is proposed to address malnutrition through interventions like exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, immunization, growth monitoring, nutrition education, and preventing early pregnancy. Empowering women is also emphasized. Nutrition therapy principles include providing extra protein and calories to treat mild-moderate malnutrition at home or hospitalizing severe cases.
This document defines nutrition and classifies essential nutrients in several ways, including by origin, chemical composition, predominant function, and nutritive value. It describes the major macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and fiber - and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. It also discusses major nutritional disorders and methods of nutritional assessment. Finally, it provides an overview of the Tamil Nadu Noon Meal Programme and emphasizes that good health is attained through a nutritious diet containing all essential nutrients in proper amounts.
Common nutrition problems in India include low birth weight, growth faltering, protein-energy malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant women, lactating women, infants, preschool children, and adolescent girls. Specific issues include anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders. Nutrient intakes are inadequate for many groups. Factors contributing to malnutrition include maternal malnutrition, faulty childfeeding practices, dietary inadequacy, frequent infections, and socioeconomic factors like large families and high illiteracy rates. Current interventions to address these problems include integrated child development services, iron and folic acid distribution, vitamin A programs, and primary healthcare initiatives.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
This document discusses life course epidemiology, which examines how physical and social experiences over the life course impact lifelong health and well-being. It provides an overview of key life course theories and discusses policy implications. As an example, it then summarizes a study from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey that investigated interactions between prenatal influences and postnatal environments in predicting obesity risk in the Philippines. The study found evidence that fetal exposures can modify the impact of obesogenic environments later in life.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary research project on obesity in Ireland. The project uses a lifecourse approach, drawing on data from multiple Irish cohort and cross-sectional studies spanning different age groups. The aims are to describe risk factors for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes over the lifecourse and relate these to health outcomes. The research team includes investigators from the various studies as well as experts in biostatistics, epidemiology, health services, nutrition, and clinical areas. Work packages will investigate health service utilization across the lifecourse, statistical methods for accelerometer data, and relationships between diet, physical activity, and non-communicable disease risk.
Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Dietary Intake of Women of Reproductive A...asclepiuspdfs
Forty percent (%) of Zambian children under age 5 were stunted in 2013. Stunting begins with a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutrition status and is often associated with poor dietary diversity, including low intake of animal-source foods (ASFs). This study assessed food attitudes, dietary intake of women of reproductive age (WRA), and costs of key nutrients in Bundabunda Ward, Zambia. A mixed-method approach was used, including participatory observation, focus-group discussions with WRA (nulliparous adolescents and pregnant, breastfeeding, and multiparous women), interviews with community health workers (CHWs), and nutritional analysis of WRA’s diets (n = 33). The study found WRA and CHWs considered nutrition to be important, but a lack of financial resources, inflexible complementary feeding advice, and competing priorities compromised their dietary quality. All WRA’s diets were high in maize and other plant-based foods, and relatively low in ASFs and wild foods. WRA were unlikely to meet their metabolic demands for some amino acids, namely, lysine and tryptophan. Mean iron intake in adolescents was inadequate and calcium intake across groups met less than 50% of requirements (recommended nutrient intake). However, mean intake of energy, protein, zinc, and vitamin A across all groups appeared adequate compared to the recommended intake for lifestage. Further efforts on community and national levels, including strengthening the teaching capacity of CHWs in nutrition; increasing the availability, accessibility, and utilization of ASFs; and further development of context-specific food-based guidelines, are necessary to ameliorate food security challenges that underpin the ongoing high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and stunting in Bundabunda Ward and similar contexts.
Abstract—
A birth weight that is too small could signal the occurrence of growth disorders or even growth deficiency, as well as a variety of disorders of bodily functions, including impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension. However, so far the relation between birth weight and aerobic capacity has not been studied.
Objective: To compare the aerobic capacity of physically active young adults with different birth weights.
Methods: 159 people born at full term of a single pregnancy (F: 45%, n = 71; M: n = 88), first-year students studying Physical Education. In all cases the subjects’ body composition was estimated, height and weight (BW) was measured, and the maximal oxygen uptake during exercises performed on an ergometer bicycle was established.
Results: the smallest birth body weight (BBW) was 2200 g; 3% of students (n = 5) were born with a BBW of less than 2500 g, and only 2% were born with BBW deficiency (<2><1> 2 s);
2. We suggest that when enrolling women for sports disciplines requiring their best aerobic capacity, birth weight should be taken into consideration, and based on the observations from the study it is furthermore suggested that a search for talent should be conducted among girls with BBW between 2300 and 3800 g.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of low dose iron and zinc interventions during the first 1000 days of life, from conception to age 2 years. The review found that supplying iron or zinc during pregnancy had no effects on birth outcomes. There was limited data on the effects during pregnancy and lactation on child outcomes. Providing up to 15 mg of iron per day to infants increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels and reduced anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia, but had no effect on growth or development. Providing up to 10 mg of additional zinc to infants increased zinc levels and reduced zinc deficiency, and had positive effects on weight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
There are many nutritional problems affecting India's population, including low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and iodine deficiency disorders. Low birth weight affects 30% of Indian children and is caused by maternal malnutrition and anemia during pregnancy. Protein energy malnutrition manifests as kwashiorkor or marasmus in children and is the result of inadequate food intake and infections. Nutritional anemia, most commonly caused by iron deficiency, impacts over 50% of women and children in India and can increase mortality and morbidity. Iodine deficiency causes goiter and impacts over 140 million people in India's Himalayan goiter belt.
Food as medicine everyday reclaim your health with whole foodsMehediridoy3
This document provides an overview of a book titled "Food as Medicine Everyday" written by Julie Briley, ND and Courtney Jackson, ND. It discusses naturopathic medicine's focus on using food as a treatment approach. It also provides background on the naturopathic medical philosophy and principles, as well as nutrition education received by naturopathic doctors.
4th july 2020 daily global regional and local rice e newsletterRiceplus Magazine
Scientists from ICRISAT and collaborators have uncovered a molecular mechanism controlling male fertility in pigeonpea crops. They found that temperature affects whether plants are male fertile or sterile - below 24°C they are fertile, above they are sterile. Applying plant hormones can also reverse sterility at some temperatures. This finding could enable developing improved hybrid pigeonpea varieties using cheaper two-line hybrid technology instead of three-line technology. The researchers also forecast a record global cereal production in 2020, with the stock-to-use ratio reaching a twenty-year high.
This document summarizes a student's research project on the effects of weed competition on the growth and yield of maize. The student aims to determine the impact of weed emergence patterns, duration of weed competition, and optimal time of weeding on maize growth rate and yield. A literature review covers descriptions of maize and its ecological requirements, characteristics of weeds and their negative impacts on maize through competition for resources and hindering harvesting. The experiment will be conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania to evaluate yield losses from weeds at different stages of maize development.
SEAS is an individualized exercise program adapted for conservative scoliosis treatment. It is based on a specific active self-correction technique performed without aids to primarily improve spinal stability in active self-correction. The SEAS exercises train neuromotor function to stimulate reflexive self-corrected posture during daily life activities.
http://bestscoliosisexercises.com/
best scoliosis exercises
Scoliosis exercises are designed to correct or improve the lateral or rotary curvature of the spine. Opinion is still divided in the medical world as to the cause of
the condition. Some theories state nutrition or environmental issues, more recently some consider the cause to be a defective gene.
1. Scoliosis correction protocols involve static and stress x-rays to assess correction, restoring the lordotic curves, cross crawl exercises, stabilizing the pelvis, adjusting using drop techniques, and correcting calf biomechanics.
2. Key elements for scoliosis correction include restoring the lordotic curves, using a rolled towel or other exercises on the convexity for 18 minutes, and performing leg drop or other exercises to stabilize the pelvis.
3. Stress x-rays laterally flexed into the convexity can show the minimal amount of correction that is possible, helping to set correction goals.
Comparison between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple dail...Alexander Decker
1) The document compares continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) in managing type 1 diabetes in children, and their effects on quality of life.
2) It describes a study of 50 children with type 1 diabetes randomly assigned to CSII or MDI groups. Glycated hemoglobin, weight, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hospital admissions were measured at baseline and 6 months. Children also completed a quality of life questionnaire.
3) Results showed CSII improved glycemic control with no difference in metabolic control or complications over 6 months compared to MDI. CSII also resulted in better quality of life scores compared to MDI
1. Nutritional imbalance in critically ill infants can lead to growth faltering and have both short-term and long-term negative consequences.
2. The goals of nutritional management are to provide optimal nutrition to support catch-up growth and prevent loss of lean body mass.
3. During critical illness, infants have increased energy and protein requirements compared to healthy infants to support the hypermetabolic stress response and tissue synthesis. Current guidelines recommend energy intakes of 120-200 kcal/kg/day and attentiveness to individualized needs.
Final prevention of childhood malnutrition dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
The document discusses malnutrition in India, with a focus on Bihar. It provides statistics on malnutrition rates among children under 3 from NFHS surveys. Leading causes of malnutrition discussed include inadequate food security, infection, low birth weight, and maternal anemia. The BIGWIN approach is proposed to address malnutrition through interventions like exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, immunization, growth monitoring, nutrition education, and preventing early pregnancy. Empowering women is also emphasized. Nutrition therapy principles include providing extra protein and calories to treat mild-moderate malnutrition at home or hospitalizing severe cases.
This document defines nutrition and classifies essential nutrients in several ways, including by origin, chemical composition, predominant function, and nutritive value. It describes the major macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and fiber - and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. It also discusses major nutritional disorders and methods of nutritional assessment. Finally, it provides an overview of the Tamil Nadu Noon Meal Programme and emphasizes that good health is attained through a nutritious diet containing all essential nutrients in proper amounts.
Common nutrition problems in India include low birth weight, growth faltering, protein-energy malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant women, lactating women, infants, preschool children, and adolescent girls. Specific issues include anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders. Nutrient intakes are inadequate for many groups. Factors contributing to malnutrition include maternal malnutrition, faulty childfeeding practices, dietary inadequacy, frequent infections, and socioeconomic factors like large families and high illiteracy rates. Current interventions to address these problems include integrated child development services, iron and folic acid distribution, vitamin A programs, and primary healthcare initiatives.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
This document discusses life course epidemiology, which examines how physical and social experiences over the life course impact lifelong health and well-being. It provides an overview of key life course theories and discusses policy implications. As an example, it then summarizes a study from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey that investigated interactions between prenatal influences and postnatal environments in predicting obesity risk in the Philippines. The study found evidence that fetal exposures can modify the impact of obesogenic environments later in life.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary research project on obesity in Ireland. The project uses a lifecourse approach, drawing on data from multiple Irish cohort and cross-sectional studies spanning different age groups. The aims are to describe risk factors for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes over the lifecourse and relate these to health outcomes. The research team includes investigators from the various studies as well as experts in biostatistics, epidemiology, health services, nutrition, and clinical areas. Work packages will investigate health service utilization across the lifecourse, statistical methods for accelerometer data, and relationships between diet, physical activity, and non-communicable disease risk.
Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Dietary Intake of Women of Reproductive A...asclepiuspdfs
Forty percent (%) of Zambian children under age 5 were stunted in 2013. Stunting begins with a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutrition status and is often associated with poor dietary diversity, including low intake of animal-source foods (ASFs). This study assessed food attitudes, dietary intake of women of reproductive age (WRA), and costs of key nutrients in Bundabunda Ward, Zambia. A mixed-method approach was used, including participatory observation, focus-group discussions with WRA (nulliparous adolescents and pregnant, breastfeeding, and multiparous women), interviews with community health workers (CHWs), and nutritional analysis of WRA’s diets (n = 33). The study found WRA and CHWs considered nutrition to be important, but a lack of financial resources, inflexible complementary feeding advice, and competing priorities compromised their dietary quality. All WRA’s diets were high in maize and other plant-based foods, and relatively low in ASFs and wild foods. WRA were unlikely to meet their metabolic demands for some amino acids, namely, lysine and tryptophan. Mean iron intake in adolescents was inadequate and calcium intake across groups met less than 50% of requirements (recommended nutrient intake). However, mean intake of energy, protein, zinc, and vitamin A across all groups appeared adequate compared to the recommended intake for lifestage. Further efforts on community and national levels, including strengthening the teaching capacity of CHWs in nutrition; increasing the availability, accessibility, and utilization of ASFs; and further development of context-specific food-based guidelines, are necessary to ameliorate food security challenges that underpin the ongoing high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and stunting in Bundabunda Ward and similar contexts.
Abstract—
A birth weight that is too small could signal the occurrence of growth disorders or even growth deficiency, as well as a variety of disorders of bodily functions, including impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension. However, so far the relation between birth weight and aerobic capacity has not been studied.
Objective: To compare the aerobic capacity of physically active young adults with different birth weights.
Methods: 159 people born at full term of a single pregnancy (F: 45%, n = 71; M: n = 88), first-year students studying Physical Education. In all cases the subjects’ body composition was estimated, height and weight (BW) was measured, and the maximal oxygen uptake during exercises performed on an ergometer bicycle was established.
Results: the smallest birth body weight (BBW) was 2200 g; 3% of students (n = 5) were born with a BBW of less than 2500 g, and only 2% were born with BBW deficiency (<2><1> 2 s);
2. We suggest that when enrolling women for sports disciplines requiring their best aerobic capacity, birth weight should be taken into consideration, and based on the observations from the study it is furthermore suggested that a search for talent should be conducted among girls with BBW between 2300 and 3800 g.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of low dose iron and zinc interventions during the first 1000 days of life, from conception to age 2 years. The review found that supplying iron or zinc during pregnancy had no effects on birth outcomes. There was limited data on the effects during pregnancy and lactation on child outcomes. Providing up to 15 mg of iron per day to infants increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels and reduced anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia, but had no effect on growth or development. Providing up to 10 mg of additional zinc to infants increased zinc levels and reduced zinc deficiency, and had positive effects on weight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
There are many nutritional problems affecting India's population, including low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and iodine deficiency disorders. Low birth weight affects 30% of Indian children and is caused by maternal malnutrition and anemia during pregnancy. Protein energy malnutrition manifests as kwashiorkor or marasmus in children and is the result of inadequate food intake and infections. Nutritional anemia, most commonly caused by iron deficiency, impacts over 50% of women and children in India and can increase mortality and morbidity. Iodine deficiency causes goiter and impacts over 140 million people in India's Himalayan goiter belt.
Food as medicine everyday reclaim your health with whole foodsMehediridoy3
This document provides an overview of a book titled "Food as Medicine Everyday" written by Julie Briley, ND and Courtney Jackson, ND. It discusses naturopathic medicine's focus on using food as a treatment approach. It also provides background on the naturopathic medical philosophy and principles, as well as nutrition education received by naturopathic doctors.
4th july 2020 daily global regional and local rice e newsletterRiceplus Magazine
Scientists from ICRISAT and collaborators have uncovered a molecular mechanism controlling male fertility in pigeonpea crops. They found that temperature affects whether plants are male fertile or sterile - below 24°C they are fertile, above they are sterile. Applying plant hormones can also reverse sterility at some temperatures. This finding could enable developing improved hybrid pigeonpea varieties using cheaper two-line hybrid technology instead of three-line technology. The researchers also forecast a record global cereal production in 2020, with the stock-to-use ratio reaching a twenty-year high.
This document summarizes a student's research project on the effects of weed competition on the growth and yield of maize. The student aims to determine the impact of weed emergence patterns, duration of weed competition, and optimal time of weeding on maize growth rate and yield. A literature review covers descriptions of maize and its ecological requirements, characteristics of weeds and their negative impacts on maize through competition for resources and hindering harvesting. The experiment will be conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania to evaluate yield losses from weeds at different stages of maize development.
SEAS is an individualized exercise program adapted for conservative scoliosis treatment. It is based on a specific active self-correction technique performed without aids to primarily improve spinal stability in active self-correction. The SEAS exercises train neuromotor function to stimulate reflexive self-corrected posture during daily life activities.
http://bestscoliosisexercises.com/
best scoliosis exercises
Scoliosis exercises are designed to correct or improve the lateral or rotary curvature of the spine. Opinion is still divided in the medical world as to the cause of
the condition. Some theories state nutrition or environmental issues, more recently some consider the cause to be a defective gene.
1. Scoliosis correction protocols involve static and stress x-rays to assess correction, restoring the lordotic curves, cross crawl exercises, stabilizing the pelvis, adjusting using drop techniques, and correcting calf biomechanics.
2. Key elements for scoliosis correction include restoring the lordotic curves, using a rolled towel or other exercises on the convexity for 18 minutes, and performing leg drop or other exercises to stabilize the pelvis.
3. Stress x-rays laterally flexed into the convexity can show the minimal amount of correction that is possible, helping to set correction goals.
Corrective exercises in the treatment of scoliosisNikos Karavidas
Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis Specific Exercises (PSSE) can be used as an exclusive treatment for mild scoliosis and in combination with bracing for greater curves. There are 3 RCT's and 1 Systematic review with meta-analysis, which prove the effectiveness of the PSSE (Level of Evidence I)
Assessment of nutritional status and nutritional historynium
This document summarizes methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include clinical assessment of signs like hair, mouth, eyes, nails and skin condition, as well as anthropometric measurements of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Indirect methods include dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and biochemical analysis of nutrients in blood, urine, hair and nails. Nutritional assessment aims to identify malnutrition, risk of malnutrition, and measure effectiveness of nutrition programs.
This document provides an overview of general methods of dietary assessment. It discusses various methods used at both the individual and national level, including food balance sheets, 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaires, weighed food records, and dietary history. It also covers the purposes of dietary assessment, such as improving individual diets, planning food strategies, and assessing nutrition programs. Limitations of different methods are outlined. National agencies involved in nutritional surveillance in India, such as the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, are also mentioned.
The nutritional status of an individual is determined by a complex interaction between internal constitutional factors like age, sex, nutrition, and diseases, and external environmental factors like food safety, and socioeconomic circumstances. Nutritional status can be optimal, undernourished, overnourished, or malnourished. Nutritional assessment methods include anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and BMI; clinical examination; dietary evaluation; and biochemical tests to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition and evaluate nutritional programs.
This document provides an overview of a nurse's role in nutritional assessment. It discusses monitoring clients with acute and chronic nutritional needs, incorporating family eating habits, and teaching community nutrition. A multidisciplinary approach involving nurses, dieticians, and other providers is emphasized. Methods for nutritional assessment addressed include food intake assessments, physical exams, anthropometric tools, and clinical lab values. Risk factors for inadequate nutrition and their potential impacts are also outlined.
The document summarizes the National Children's Food Survey conducted in Ireland. The survey investigated food consumption, health, and lifestyle factors of 594 Irish children ages 5-12. It compiled a comprehensive electronic database on the children's habits. This database will be used by public health and food industry organizations. The survey was conducted by researchers from Trinity College Dublin and University College Cork with funding provided by the Irish government and several food companies.
This document summarizes the National Teens' Food Survey conducted in Ireland which investigated the food and drink consumption, health, and lifestyle characteristics of 441 teenagers. The survey was carried out by the Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance and created an extensive electronic database on European teenagers. This database will be used by public health and food industry organizations. The survey was conducted by teams from University College Cork, Trinity College Dublin, and University College Dublin who are thanked for their funding and support.
The Journal of NutritionNutrition and DiseaseBioactive.docxoreo10
Daily consumption of blueberry bioactives for 6 weeks improved insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant adults compared to a placebo. A double-blind randomized clinical trial assigned 32 participants to consume either a smoothie with 22.5g blueberry bioactives or a placebo smoothie twice daily. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a clamp technique and increased more in the blueberry group compared to the placebo group without changes in body weight, energy intake, or inflammation markers. Blueberry bioactives may improve insulin action and reduce risk of diabetes.
This document discusses solutions for undernutrition in elderly patients in healthcare settings. It presents a new food concept that aims to:
1) Allow patients to choose foods they enjoy to improve intake and adherence.
2) Provide foods enriched with protein to meet nutritional needs.
3) Distribute protein intake throughout the day with protein-rich options for meals and snacks.
Research showed the new concept successfully increased protein intake compared to standard diets. Interviews found patients were unaware of undernutrition risks and importance of protein. Enriched familiar foods that fit preferences were better accepted than nutritional supplements.
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This document provides an introduction to a report on the health consequences of consuming cow's milk. It begins with definitions of a healthy diet, noting it should be high in fruits/veggies, whole grains, and contain antioxidants, fiber, vitamins/minerals while being low in saturated fat, animal protein, and cholesterol. The introduction questions why people in some cultures consume cow's milk into adulthood, unlike other mammals, and notes the dairy industry promotes milk as healthy while increasing evidence links cow's milk to health problems. The aim is to present research on the health effects of cow's milk in order to provide balance to emotionally charged views of milk as natural and healthy.
I have an article about bioactives in blueberries along with the req.docxbillylewis37150
I have an article about bioactives in blueberries along with the requirements page that has questions to be answered. There are specific questions that have to be answered. The paper has to be 2-4 pages in APA format. It is due at 3pm eastern time today.
I copied both papers, the article and requirements page on here along with also uploading them.
The article is:
Bioactives in Blueberries Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Men and Women1–4
April J. Stull, Katherine C. Cash, William D. Johnson, Catherine M. Champagne, and William T. Cefalu*
Center for the Study of Botanicals and Metabolic Syndrome, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with whole blueberries in a preclinical study resulted in a reduction in glucose concentrations over time. We sought to evaluate the effect of daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from blueberries on whole-body insulin sensitivity in men and women. A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical study design was used. After screening to resolve study eligibility, baseline (wk 0) insulin sensitivity was measured on 32 obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant subjects using a high-dose hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin infusion of 120 mU(861 pmol)×m22×min21). Serum inflammatory biomarkers and adiposity were measured at baseline. At the end of the study, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory biomarkers, and adiposity were reassessed. Participants were randomized to consume either a smoothie containing 22.5 g blueberry bioactives (blueberry group, n = 15) or a smoothie of equal nutritional value without added blueberry bioactives (placebo group, n = 17) twice daily for 6 wk. Both groups were instructed to maintain their body weight by reducing ad libitum intake by an amount equal to the energy intake of the smoothies. Participants’ body weights were evaluated weekly and 3-d food records were collected at baseline, the middle, and end of the study. The mean change in insulin sensitivity improved more in the blueberry group (1.7 6 0.5 mg×kg FFM21×min21) than in the placebo group (0.4 6 0.4 mg×kg FFM21×min21)(P = 0.04). Insulin sensitivity was enhanced in the blueberry group at the end of the study without significant changes in adiposity, energy intake, and inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from whole blueberries improved insulin sensitivity in obese, nondiabetic, and insulin-resistant participants. J. Nutr. 140: 1764–1768, 2010.
Introduction
Increased consumption of berries has been shown to improve cognitive function, risk of cardiovascular disease, and cancer (1,2). Studies have also reported that specific berries, i.e., blueberries, have antidiabetic effects. Specifically, a study performed in mice (3) found that supplementation with
whole blueberries reduced the blood glucose area under the curve (AUC)5 in vivo and cell cul.
impact of fast food consumption on the diet of adults.Fariha Ijaz
This literature review examines the effects of fast food consumption on the health of adults. It summarizes findings from multiple studies that used fast food consumption and diet as variables. The studies found that fast food intake is associated with higher calorie consumption, lower diet quality, and increased risk of overweight and obesity. Fast food was also linked to worse nutrition profiles and negative health outcomes like increased insulin levels and weight gain. Overall, the literature review concludes that fast food consumption has adverse impacts on the health of adults.
Counselors are not dominant players in the weight loss industry despite consumer demand for their services. The weight loss industry is dominated by three large commercial providers that position themselves through extensive marketing and advertising of products that are not truly effective. Counseling as a profession faces challenges such as lack of government recognition, low pay, and competition from commercial providers. Research shows that food advertising influences consumer behavior and primes people to eat more. To better meet consumer needs, health professionals should understand that health may not be a top priority and help connect healthy choices to people's lifestyles in flexible ways based on scientific evidence.
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Obese Subjects - A Study From The Eminent Rochester Center for Obesity Research & Treatment, Michigan, USA
www.makaynbass.com
Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting 2011: Integrating Human Nutritio...Colorado State University
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This document is a dissertation submitted by Stephen Derick Cleaver in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree in Social Health and Nutrition from Bradford College. The dissertation aims to determine if the level of understanding of Orthodox Nutrition differs between students studying nutrition courses and non-nutrition courses at Bradford College, and if this affects their diets. It includes an introduction on obesity rates in the UK and healthy eating guidelines. A literature review is presented on topics like weight gain in students, nutritional knowledge and dietary habits surveys. The methodology describes the sample group, questionnaire, and pilot study. Results and discussion are presented on students' nutritional knowledge and dietary habits. The conclusion finds that health degree students had greater nutritional knowledge and ate more fruits
carbohydrates and_health by the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition New Food Innovation Ltd
Dietary carbohydrates and their role in health were last considered by the Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food Policy in reports published in the 1980s and 1990s. Since then, considerable evidence has emerged on the role of carbohydrates in cardio- metabolic, colo-rectal and oral health. The present report details the evidence SACN has considered and the approach SACN has taken to reviewing the relationships between dietary carbohydrates and health. The evidence was assessed using the SACN Framework for the Evaluation of Evidence and graded according to a system developed specifically for this review. SACN commissioned systematic reviews of the evidence on cardio- metabolic, colo-rectal and oral health to inform this report and this is the first time the committee has taken that approach. The findings of the systematic reviews have been used to inform the very detailed main body of the text which thereby provides a comprehensive and transparent account of the evidence and how SACN drew its conclusions.
As a result of its deliberations, SACN is now recommending that a new definition of dietary fibre be adopted in the UK and that a definition of ‘free sugars’ be used in nutrition advice in place of ‘non-milk extrinsic sugars’. Following careful consideration of the evidence, SACN is also recommending that the dietary reference value for carbohydrates be maintained at a population average of approximately 50% of total dietary energy intake and that the dietary reference value for dietary fibre for adults should be increased to 30g/day. Furthermore, SACN is recommending that population average intake of free sugars should not exceed 5% of total dietary energy. This advice, that people’s intake of ‘free sugars’ should be lower than that currently recommended for non-milk extrinsic sugars, is based on SACN’s assessment of evidence on the effect of free sugars on the risk of dental caries and on total energy intake. A higher sugars intake increases the risk of higher energy intakes - the higher the consumption of sugars, the more likely people are to exceed their estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy. Therefore, if intakes of free sugars are lowered, the more likely it is that the EAR for energy will not be exceeded, and this could go some way to addressing the significant public health problem of obesity.
The document discusses the goals and strategies of the Grains for Health Foundation to promote public health through partnerships in the food industry. The Foundation aims to (1) develop evidence-based strategies to increase consumption of whole grains which can lower disease risks and healthcare costs, (2) influence school nutrition policies to provide healthier foods to children, and (3) identify partners improving nutrition in developing communities. Key strategies include funding research on grain health benefits, investigating school and institutional food programs, and facilitating crop development for all communities. The Foundation seeks to double research on grains' health impacts and influence school meal guidelines to promote healthy lifestyles.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC)- Dr...Yogesh Arora
A presentation on severe acute malnutrition and nutritional rehabilitation center. Various preventive, promotive, and curative aspects of SAM are discussed in this presentation.
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2. Contact Details
University College Cork
School of Food and Nutritional Sciences
University College Cork
Cork
Ireland
Prof Albert Flynn Dr Janette Walton
Tel: 353 (0)21 4901318 Tel: 353 (0)21 4903387
Fax: 353 (0)21 4270244 Fax: 353 (0)21 4270244
Email: a.flynn@ucc.ie Email: janette.walton@ucc.ie
University College Dublin
UCD Institute of Food and Health
University College Dublin
Belfield
Dublin 4
Ireland
Prof Mike Gibney Dr Anne Nugent Dr Breige McNulty
Tel: 353 (0)1 7167801 Tel: 353 (0)1 7167317 Tel: 353 (0)1 7167319
Fax: 353 (0)1 7161147 Fax: 353 (0)1 7161147 Fax: 353 (0)1 7161147
Email: mike.gibney@ucd.ie Email: anne.nugent@ucd.ie Email: breige.mcnulty@ucd.ie
3. National Adult Nutrition Survey
Summary Report on
Food and Nutrient intakes, Physical Measurements, Physical
Activity Patterns and Food Choice Motives
Summary Report edited by Dr Janette Walton
Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance
4. THE RESEARCH TEAM
This fieldwork and the primary analysis of the survey presented in this report was carried out by the following teams from
University College Cork and University College Dublin as part of the Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance (www.iuna.net):
University College Cork Professor Albert Flynn, Professor of Nutrition
Dr Janette Walton, Joint Project Co-ordinator
Ms Sinéad Bannon, Research Nutritionist
Ms Fiona Browne, Research Nutritionist
Ms Catherine Cronin, Research Nutritionist
Ms Charlotte Cummins, Research Nutritionist
Ms Miriam Giltinan, Research Nutritionist
Ms Áine Hennessy, Research Nutritionist
Ms Eimear Hayes, Research Nutritionist
Ms Laura Keyes, Research Nutritionist
Ms Jacqueline Lyons, Research Nutritionist
Dr Elaine Walsh, Research Nutritionist
University College Dublin Professor Michael J. Gibney, Professor of Food and Health
Dr Anne Nugent, Lecturer in Nutrition
Dr Breige McNulty, Joint Project Co-ordinator
Ms Elaine Boylan, Research Nutritionist
Ms Claire Burke, Research Nutritionist
Ms Una Devlin, Research Nutritionist
Ms Sinéad Hopkins, Research Nutritionist
Ms Danika Martyn, Research Nutritionist
Ms Anne Marie Tierney, Research Nutritionist
Analysis relating to physical activity patterns was conducted by the University of Ulster at Coleraine as part of IUNA:
University of Ulster Professor Barbara Livingstone, Professor of Nutrition
Dr Tracie McCrorie, Research Associate in Human Nutrition
Ms Siobhan Thompson, Research Nutritionist
1
6. MAIN OUTCOMES
Food and beverages
Among the 1,500 adults aged 18 to 90 years who participated in the survey a wide variety of foods and beverages was consumed.
Potatoes, breads, meat and dairy products are staple foods in the Irish diet, consumed by almost the whole adult population.
While fruit and vegetables were consumed by the majority of the population, average intake (192g per day) was much lower than
the World Health Organisation recommendation of 400g per day. The proportion of energy from food and drinks consumed
outside the home was 24% for 18-64 year olds and 9% for adults aged 65 years and over.
Alcohol
Eighty nine percent of 18-64 year olds (men 92%, women 86%) and 72% of adults aged 65 years and over (men 77%, women
67%) reported that they were alcohol consumers. Among self-reported alcohol consumers, 29% of men and 24% of women aged
18-64 years and 24% of men and 10% of women aged 65 years and over reported consuming greater than the maximum
recommended weekly alcohol intakes.
Energy and Macronutrients
Men had higher intakes of energy and all macronutrients than women. For both men and women, energy intake decreased with
increasing age. Over half of energy intake in the adult population came from meats, breads, potatoes, dairy products and
biscuits/cakes. Among 18-64 year olds, fat provided 37% of food energy on average, with 63% of the population exceeding the
generally recommended upper limit of 35% food energy from fat. Carbohydrate provided 45% of food energy on average. The
percentage of food energy obtained from fat and carbohydrate was similar in those aged 65 years and over. The main
contributors to fat intakes were meat, spreads and milk and yoghurt and to carbohydrate intakes were breads, potatoes and
breakfast cereals.
Dietary Fibre
The mean dietary fibre intake of the adult population was 19g per day. Breads, vegetables, potatoes, breakfast cereals and fruits
provided over 75% of the dietary fibre consumed. Current intakes of dietary fibre are generally inadequate in adults, with over
80% not meeting the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendation of 25g/day.
Vitamins and minerals
Intakes of most vitamins and minerals were adequate in the adult population. Important sources of vitamins and minerals were
dairy products, meats, vegetables, potatoes, fish, eggs, fruit, breads and breakfast cereals. Among 18-64 year olds, there was a a
significant prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamin A and calcium (in women) and a substantial proportion of the population
had low vitamin D intakes. Among women of reproductive age there was a significant prevalence of inadequate intakes of iron and
few women complied with the recommendation for daily supplemental intake of folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects
in infants. Among adults aged 65 years and over, in addition to low intakes of vitamin D, there was a significant prevalence of
inadequate intakes of vitamin A, calcium, vitamin C, folate and vitamin B2.
Salt
Mean daily intakes of salt estimated from the sodium content of foods consumed during the recording period, but excluding
discretionary salt added in cooking and at the table, exceeded the FSAI intake target (6g/day). Among 18-64 year olds, the mean
daily intake of salt was 7.4g, with men (8.5g) having higher intakes than women (6.2g). Adults aged 65 years and over had a
mean daily salt intake of 6.3g, with men (7.3g) having higher intakes than women (5.4g). The main contributors to salt intakes in
the population were breads, and cured and processed meats.
3
7. Obesity
Among 18-64 year olds, 39% percent of the population were in the normal weight range. However, a total of 24% were obese
(men 26%, women 21%) and 37% were overweight (men 44%, women 31%). Within this age group, the percentage of the
population classified as overweight or obese increased with increasing age. In those aged 65 years and over, 49% women and
59% men were overweight and 24% women and 25% men were obese.
The prevalence of obesity in 18-64 year old adults has increased significantly since 1990 from 8% to 26% in men, and from 13%
to 21% in women, with the greatest increase observed in men aged 51-64 years. These results highlight that obesity remains a
major public health problem in Ireland.
Physical Activity
Overall, physical activity levels of men and women were similar; however, men were approximately 1.5 times more active than
women in occupational and leisure activities but women were 2.5 times more active in household tasks. The levels of physical
activity decreased with increasing age, with over 65 year olds spending the least amount of time in occupational activities.
Younger men (18-35 years) were 1.5 times more active in leisure activities than men aged 36-64 years and 2.5 times more active
than men over 65 years. Women aged 36-50 years spent the most time in activities of daily living, but their overall activity levels
were similar to younger women (18-35 years) and significantly higher than women aged over 65 years. On average, men and
women watched approximately 18hr/week of television although 27% of subjects reported watching TV more than 25 hours/week.
In contrast, significantly less time was spent in active recreational pursuits (5.3 hours/week).
Blood pressure
Over 20% of men and 7% of women aged between 18 and 64 years had a systolic blood pressure that is considered hypertensive
according to WHO Guidelines. An additional 27% of men and 8% of women had a systolic blood pressure that is considered „high
normal‟. Among those aged 65 years and over, 52% of men and 47% of women had a systolic blood pressure that is considered
hypertensive, while 24% of men and 18% of women had a systolic blood pressure that is considered „high normal‟.
For diastolic blood pressure, 14% of men and 11% of women aged between 18 and 64 years were classified as hypertensive and
13% of men and 8% of women as „high normal‟. Among those aged 65 years and over, 22% of men and 15% of women had a
diastolic blood pressure that is considered hypertensive, while 16% of men and 19% of women had a diastolic blood pressure that
is considered „high normal‟.
Smoking
Among 18-64 year olds, 22% of males and 23% of females currently smoked, while 53% of males and 52% females had never
smoked. Among those aged 65y and over, 9% currently smoked 46% of men and 54% of women had never smoked.
Food choice motives
Participants were asked to rank six food choice motives based on importance to them when making their food selections - taste,
cost (price), health and nutrition, convenience, feel good (mood), and weight control. Taste (41%) followed by health and nutrition
(36%) were considered the most important motives by the majority (77%) of adults. There were no significant differences
between men and women, with the exception of weight control where more women said this was the most important consideration
for them. These findings show that while many Irish consumers place high importance on health and nutrition, many others are
reluctant to compromise on taste.
4
8. INTRODUCTION
This Summary Report describes the methods used and the agencies concerned with public health policy and planning
main findings with regard to food and beverage and consumer health protection in Ireland and Europe and
consumption, nutrient intakes and, anthropometric, blood by the food industry. The survey was carried out by the Irish
pressure, physical activity and food choice data from the Universities Nutrition Alliance (IUNA), a formal alliance of the
National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). This survey academic nutrition centres at University College Cork,
investigated habitual food and beverage consumption, University College Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin and the
lifestyle, health indicators and attitudes to food and health in University of Ulster, Coleraine which is committed to joint
a representative sample (n=1500) of adults aged 18 years initiatives in research and teaching. It was funded by the
and over in the Republic of Ireland during 2008-2010. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food as part of the
extensive electronic database which has been compiled from Food Institutional Research Measure under the Food for
this survey is the most complete and up-to-date collection of Health Research Initiative (FHRI). A detailed description of
food consumption data available for adults in Ireland. It is the methodology used and the data obtained from the
also one of the most comprehensive of its kind in Europe. It survey will be made available on the internet at
represents a very valuable resource, which will be used by www.iuna.net.
5
9. BACKGROUND TO THE SURVEY
Food consumption databases are developed in almost all EU blood and urine samples were collected for the analysis of
member states and are central to evidence-based analysis of nutritional status and metabolic indicators.
issues pertaining to food safety and nutrition. The
Data collected in this project will also feed into a sister
importance of these analyses is evident when one considers
project, the „National Nutrition Phenotype Database‟ (Joint
the integral role of the European Food Safety Authority in
Irish Nutrigenomic Organisation (www.ucd.ie/jingo)) for
food safety and public health nutrition at an EU level and of
further analysis of nutritional status and metabolic indicators.
the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, safefood, the Health
Collectively, this complement of data will position Ireland at
Service Executive and the Departments of Health and
the forefront of research on food consumption and health in
Children and, Agriculture, Fisheries and Food at a national
the EU.
level. Previous representative surveys of food consumption
at the individual level in Irish adults (the Irish National
Nutrition Survey carried out by the Irish Nutrition and
Dietetic Institute in 19901 and the North/South Ireland Food
Consumption Survey carried out by the Irish Universities
Nutrition Alliance (IUNA) in 1997-99; www.iuna.net) are now
somewhat dated.
The National Adult Nutrition Survey is designed to provide
up-to-date quantitative, habitual food consumption data
separately for all eating occasions over each of four days at
the level of the individual and is suitable for a wide range of
applications related to food safety and nutrition. These
include assessment of exposure to chemical and biological
hazards in foods, development and implementation of food
and nutrition policy, and food product development and
promotion. The relationship between diet and health is
complex and it is recognised that health is influenced by
interactions between diet and other factors, including body
weight and body fat content and distribution, lifestyle and
physical activity levels. In addition, educational level and
attitudes to food and health are important influences on
eating behaviour and dietary change. For these reasons the
survey was designed to include the collection of data on
habitual physical activity levels, measurements of weight,
height, hip and waist circumferences and body fat , blood
pressure, smoking habits, socio-economic factors, and
educational level. Comprehensive data on food choice and
attitudes to diet and health were collected. Furthermore,
1
Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute (1990) Irish National Nutrition
Survey. Dublin
6
10. SAMPLING AND RECRUITMENT PROCEDURES AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
A sample of 1500 adults (men 740, women 760) aged and health, supplement use, alcohol consumption, smoking
between 18 and 90 years from across the Republic of Ireland and habitual physical activity levels.
took part in the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS).
Further information on physical activity was obtained by
Individuals were selected for participation from the Data
asking participants to wear an actigraph (a small device to
Ireland (An Post) database of free-living adults in Ireland.
digitally record energy expenditure) over the survey period.
Each individual who was selected was contacted by mail and
Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, body
followed up shortly afterwards with a visit from a researcher.
composition and blood pressure were measured by the
Eligible persons (adults aged 18 years and over, excluding
researcher.
women who were pregnant or breast-feeding) were invited
to participate and a consent form was signed. The response Participants were asked to provide a fasting blood sample
rate was 60%. Demographic analysis of the sample has and first void urine sample to a nurse at a designated centre
shown it to be representative of adults in Ireland with within the survey area after the diary recording period had
respect to age, gender, social class, and urban/rural location ended. The blood samples were used to assess the
when compared to Census 2006. nutritional status of the population and metabolic indicators
of health. The urine samples were used to estimate sodium
Food intake was determined using a four day semi-weighed
intake, which is difficult to estimate from food intake data
food record. Participants were asked to record detailed
alone. Blood and urine data were compiled into a database
information on the amount and type of all foods, drinks and
which was merged with the food intake database for further
nutritional supplements consumed over four consecutive
analyses.
days in a food diary. To ensure accuracy of recording, a
researcher visited participants in their homes or workplaces Fieldwork on the NANS commenced in October 2008 and
three times during the recording period. Participants were ended in April 2010, giving a seasonal balance to the data
asked to weigh as many foods as possible. A photographic collection. A number of quality control procedures were
food atlas was also used to assign weights to foods. implemented throughout the collection, processing and
Participants were encouraged to keep food packaging to compilation of data. The survey was structured to allow for
provide further detail on foods consumed. comparisons with the North-South Ireland Food Consumption
Survey (2001) (www.iuna.net).
Participants were asked to complete three self-administered
questionnaires to provide information on social and A more detailed description of the methodology used and
demographic variables, employment status, attitudes to food further data obtained from the survey will be made available
on the internet at www.iuna.net.
7
14. FOODS
Potatoes, breads, meat and dairy products are staple foods years and over (48%). An increase in consumers of porridge
in the Irish diet, consumed by almost the whole adult from 15% to 24% was seen in the 18-64 year age group
population regardless of age and gender. since the NSIFCS.
Potatoes are an important part of the Irish diet with 93% of Fruit and vegetables were consumed by the majority of the
18-64 year olds and 96% of those aged 65 years and over population. The average combined intake of fruit and
consuming potatoes (including chipped and processed). The vegetables (excluding composite dishes and fruit juice) was
average intakes among consumers were 125g and 129g 192g per day. The World Health Organisation recommends a
respectively. daily intake of 400g of fruit and vegetables. This
recommendation was met by only 9% of 18-64 year olds and
Bread was consumed by over 98% of the population. The
15% of those aged 65 years and over.
proportion of the population consuming brown/wholemeal
bread was similar to that of those consuming white bread. Confectionery including chocolate, sweets and savoury
The average intake for both types of bread was equivalent to snacks were widely consumed among 18-64 year olds.
approximately two slices of bread per day. However, among those aged 65 years and over, the
proportion of the population consuming these food groups
Meat (including meat products and dishes) was consumed by
was noticeably less. In particular, savoury snacks such as
98% of the population. The average intake of fresh meat
crisps were consumed by only 5% of those aged 65 years
among consumers was similar for both 18-64 year olds (71g)
and over, compared to 41% of 18-64 year olds.
and those aged 65 years and over (67g). Bacon and ham are
the most commonly consumed meats (73%) followed by Consumption patterns of biscuits, cakes and pastries were
poultry (57%). similar for 18-64 year olds and those aged 65 years and
over, with three quarters of the population consuming these
Fish was consumed by half of 18-64 year olds and two thirds
foods.
of those aged 65 years and over. The average daily intake of
fish in consumers was approximately 50g. BEVERAGES
Dairy products (including milk, cream, cheese and yogurts)
Tea was the most commonly consumed beverage in the
were consumed by 98% of the population. The average daily
whole population, consumed by 81% of 18-64 year olds and
intake among consumers was 263g in 18-64 year olds and
94% of those aged 65 years and over. Of those who drank
251g in those aged 65 years and over. Just over half (51%)
tea, the average daily intake was 519g (18-64 years) and
of the population consumed reduced fat milks.
617g (65 years and over). Approximately half of 18-64 year
Dairy spreads were the most common type of fat spread olds were coffee drinkers. This is unchanged since the
used followed by butter and low fat spreads. Those aged 65 NSIFCS.
years and over had higher intakes of spreads compared to
The proportion of the population consuming carbonated
their younger counterparts. Low fat spreads (<40% fat)
beverages (both diet and non-diet) has decreased since the
were consumed by one quarter of 18-64 year olds and one
NSIFCS. However, among consumers, the average daily
third of those aged 65 years and over. This is similar to that
intake of non-diet carbonated beverages has increased from
found in the NSIFCS.
158 to 223g. Over three quarters (78%) of 18-64 year olds
Breakfast cereals were widely consumed in the whole and 62% of those aged 65 years and over drank water as a
population. Ready to Eat Breakfast Cereals were more widely beverage.
consumed by 18-64 year olds (61%) than those aged 65
11
15. ALCOHOL
Questionnaire data from the sample, which estimated usual of men and 80% of women complied with these
alcohol intake, found that 89% (men 92%, women 86%) of recommended ranges. Among alcohol consumers of this age
18-64 year olds were alcohol consumers. Sixty-two per cent group, 29% of men and 24% of women reported consuming
of this group (men 63%, women 62%) recorded alcohol greater than the maximum recommended weekly alcohol
consumption in the food diary during the four day survey intakes.
period. Questionnaire data from the NSIFCS found that 80%
Of those aged 65 years and over, 82% of men and 95% of
(men 81%, women 79%) of those surveyed were alcohol
women consumed alcohol in quantities that were within the
consumers, with 65% (men 70%, women 61%) recording
recommended weekly ranges. Among alcohol consumers of
alcohol consumption during the seven day survey period. In
this age group, 1 in 4 men (24%) and 1 in 10 women (10%)
the current survey, 72% (men 77%, women 67%) of those
reported consuming greater than the maximum
aged 65 years and over described themselves as alcohol
recommended weekly alcohol intakes.
consumers. Forty-three per cent of this group (men 54%,
women 33%) recorded alcohol consumption during the four- The HSE defines „binge drinking‟ as the consumption of six or
day survey period. more units of alcohol (or standard drinks) on one occasion.
Binge drinking is a harmful form of drinking that increases
Among 18-64 year olds, the average daily intake of alcoholic
the risk of accidents, injuries and poisoning from alcohol.
beverages in drinkers was 553ml (men 820ml, women
Thirty-one per cent of 18-64 year olds (men 41%, women
274ml). This is similar to that reported in the NSIFCS for this
21%) consumed six or more units of alcohol on at least one
age group. Of those aged 65 years and over, the average
of the survey days, which is likely to represent an occasion
daily intake among consumers was lower at 342ml per day
of binge drinking. Data from the NSIFCS found similar
(men 473ml, women 113ml).
results with 34% of adults (men 46%, women 23%)
The Department of Health and Children has recommended consuming six or more units of alcohol on at least one of the
that men consume no more than 21 standard drinks (units of survey days. Eight percent of those aged 65 years and over
alcohol) weekly and women no more than 14. The (men 17%, women <1%) consumed six or more units of
questionnaire data show that among 18-64 year olds, 74% alcohol on at least one of the survey days.
12
16. EATING OUT
It has been shown previously that food consumption proportion of eating occasions at home since the NSIFCS
patterns are different when food is prepared out of the home (68%), there was no change in the percentage of energy
(„eating out‟) compared to being prepared at home („eating consumed „at home‟ or when eating out (73% and 24%),
at home‟). For each eating occasion, participants were respectively. For both men and women the percentage
asked to record in the food diary where their meal was energy consumed from „eating out‟ decreased with age
prepared. Among 18-64 year olds, 76% of eating/drinking (Figure 1). For those aged 65 years and over, the majority
occasions were at home, 21% were in a (91% of total energy) of their food and drink was prepared
restaurant/shop/takeaway/deli and 3% were prepared in at home.
someone else‟s home. Despite a small increase in the
Figure 1: Percent total energy from food/beverages consumed outside the home
SUPPLEMENT USE
Nutritional supplement use was recorded along with food aged 65 years and over with 37% (men 31%, women 43%)
consumption in the four day food diary. Among 18-64 year of this age group consuming at least one nutritional
old participants, 28% (men 22%, women 33%), recorded supplement over the four day recording period. Of the 211
consumption of a nutritional supplement over the recording different supplements consumed, 30% were
period. A greater proportion of women consumed multivitamin/mineral combinations, 12% were multivitamins,
supplements compared to men in all age groups. In 11% were single vitamins, 8% were single minerals, 5%
particular, in 51-64 year olds, 46% of women recorded were multi-minerals, 20% were fish oils, 9% were other oils
taking a supplement compared to 27% of men. Supplement (including primrose/starflower oils) and 5% were categorised
use increased from 23% as reported in the NSIFCS. A as „other‟.
greater prevalence of supplement use was found in those
13
18. ENERGY AND MACRONUTRIENTS
Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes and the food energy. The percent of food energy obtained from fat
percent of food energy (excluding alcohol) from and carbohydrate was similar in those aged 65 years and
macronutrients for men and women are presented in Table over. Figure 2 displays the percent contribution of food
2. Men had higher intakes of energy and of all groups to energy intake in 18-64 year olds and those aged
macronutrients than women. For both men and women, 65 years and over. „Meat‟, „bread‟, „potatoes‟ and „milk and
energy intake decreased with increasing age. Among 18-64 yogurt‟ are primary contributors to energy intake,
year olds, fat provided 37% of food energy, with 63% of the contributing 46% of total energy in adults aged 18-64 years
population exceeding the generally recommended upper limit and 49% in those aged 65 years and over.
of 35% food energy from fat. Carbohydrate provided 45% of
Table 2: Mean and SD of energy and macronutrients and the % of food energy (excluding alcohol) from macronutrients
18-64y ≥65y
(n=1274) (n=226)
Total Men Women Total Men Women
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Energy (MJ) 8.6 2.8 10.1 2.7 7.2 2.0 7.4 2.3 8.3 2.6 6.5 1.6
(g) 85.2 28.6 100.2 28.4 70.4 19.8 76.8 22.4 85.2 24.1 69.4 17.8
Protein
(%FE) 18.0 4.0 18.5 4.1 17.6 3.8 18.5 3.5 18.8 4.2 18.3 2.8
(g) 79.7 30.2 91.9 31.5 67.6 23.2 68.6 29.0 77.6 34.3 60.6 20.4
Fat
(%FE) 36.9 6.0 37.1 6.1 36.8 5.9 35.9 6.9 36.5 7.0 35.5 6.9
(g) 232.6 80.1 265.9 84.3 199.7 59.6 205.3 68.0 225.8 78.7 187.3 50.6
Carbohydrate
(%FE) 45.4 6.3 45.0 6.7 45.8 5.9 45.6 6.6 45.2 7.4 46.0 5.9
Alcohol (g) 17.1 25.5 23.0 31.3 11.4 16.2 7.6 14.9 12.7 19.2 3.1 7.0
FE: Food Energy
Figure 2: Percent contribution of food groups to energy intake
15
19. MACRONUTRIENT SOURCES
Figures 3-5 show the percent contributions of food groups to breakfast cereals (9%) and confectionery and savoury
fat, carbohydrate and protein intakes in adults aged 18-64 snacks (9%) (Figure 4). Breads, potatoes and breakfast
years and 65 years and over. The greatest contributors to cereals made similar contributions to carbohydrate intake in
fat intakes in adults aged 18-64 years were meat (24%), those aged 65 years and over; however, fruit and fruit juices
spreads (including butter and oils) (11%) and milk and (including smoothies) (10%) contributed more, while
yoghurt (8%) (Figure 3). The same food groups were the savouries (3%) contributed less. The greatest contributors to
main contributors to fat intakes in those aged 65 years and protein intakes in 18-64 year olds were meat (41%), breads
over; however, spreads made a greater contribution (17%) (12%), milk and yoghurt (10%) and fish (6%) (Figure 5).
in this age group. The greatest contributors to carbohydrate These food groups made similar contributions to protein in
intakes in adults aged 18-64 years were breads (24%), those aged 65 years and over.
potatoes (including processed potatoes and dishes) (11%),
Figure 3: Percent contribution of food groups to fat intake
16
20. MACRONUTRIENT SOURCES
Figure 4: Percent contribution of food groups to carbohydrate intake
Figure 5: Percent contribution of food groups to protein intake
17
21. SALT
High intakes of dietary sodium (salt) are associated with an discretionary salt is excluded, mean daily salt intakes of 18-
increased risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular 64 year olds and those aged 65 years and over exceeded the
disease. Salt intakes were estimated based on the sodium FSAI intake target (6g/day). Among 18-64 year olds, the
content of foods consumed during the recording period. largest contributor to sodium intake was „meat and fish‟
Discretionary salt such as that added in cooking and at the (30%), of which 18% came from cured/processed meats
table is not included in the estimates. Among 18-64 year (Figure 6). Bread contributed a further 22% of the mean
olds, the mean daily intake of salt was 7.4g, with men (8.5g) daily sodium intake. „Soups and sauces‟, „milk and milk
having higher intakes than women (6.2g). Mean daily salt products‟ and „vegetables‟ contributed 9%, 8% and 7%
intakes were slightly lower in the current survey when respectively. The main sources of sodium in the diet of those
compared with the NSIFCS (8.3g). Adults aged 65 years and aged 65 years and over were similar to that of 18-64 year
over had a mean daily salt intake of 6.3g, with men (7.3g) olds.
having higher intakes than women (5.4g). Even when
Figure 6: Percent contribution of food groups to sodium intake
18
22. DIETARY FIBRE
Among 18-64 year olds, the average daily intake of dietary Similar foods contributed most to dietary fibre in those aged
fibre was 19.2g (men 21.1g, women 17.3g), similar to that 65 years and over. The current intakes of dietary fibre are
reported in the NSIFCS (20.2g). Intakes of dietary fibre generally inadequate, with 81% of 18-64 year olds and 80%
among those aged 65 years and over were also similar of those aged 65 years and over not meeting the European
(18.9g) Figure 7 shows the main food sources of dietary Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendation of 25g/day.
fibre among 18-64 year olds and those aged 65 years and This is similar to the findings of the NSIFCS, in which 77% of
over. Among 18-64 year olds, the main food groups the population were estimated to have inadequate fibre
contributing to dietary fibre intake are breads (26%), intakes. Inadequate fibre intake can lead to impaired bowel
potatoes (13%) and vegetables (17%), similar to that function and constipation, which in turn may contribute to
reported for the NSIFCS. Fruit and fruit juices and breakfast increased risk of gastrointestinal disease.
cereals contributed a further 10% and 9%, respectively.
Figure 7: Percent contribution of food groups to dietary fibre intake
19
23. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
Table 3 shows the mean daily intakes of vitamins and Among those aged 65 years and over, over half (men
minerals in men and women aged 18-64 years and those 59%,women 58%) had mean daily intakes of vitamin D less
aged 65 years and over. Figures 8 to 13 show the main food than 5g, with 87% of men and 77% of women having daily
contributors to intakes of vitamins A, C ,D folate, calcium intakes of less than 10g.
and iron in these age groups. Overall, the contribution of
In men aged 65 years and over, 17% had inadequate
supplements to the mean daily intakes of vitamins or
intakes of vitamin C and 14% had inadequate intakes of
minerals was less than 9%. An exception to this was vitamin
Vitamin A. Thirteen per cent of women aged 65 years and
D in those aged 65 years and over, where 17% of intake
over had inadequate intakes of folate. Mean daily intakes of
came from nutritional supplements.
vitamin B2 less than the EAR were observed in 15% of men
Vitamins and 11% of women in this age group.
In 18-64 year olds, intakes were adequate for most vitamins Minerals
as indicated by the low percentage of the population with
Almost half (48%) of women aged 18-64 years had
intakes below the estimated average requirements (EAR).
inadequate intakes of iron. Women aged 18-50 years have
However, a significant prevalence of inadequate intakes was
higher iron requirements due to menstrual losses; however,
observed for vitamin A (men 21%, women 15%) and folate
61% of women in this age group had inadequate iron
in women (11%). In Ireland, the Department of Health and
intakes. Over 10% of the women aged 18-50 years took an
Children recommends that women of reproductive age take a
iron-containing supplement and the prevalence of
supplement containing 400g of folic acid prior to conception
inadequate intakes was much lower among those who took
and for the first twelve weeks of pregnancy to reduce the
supplemental iron (20%) compared to those who did not
risk of Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) in the baby. Only 2% of
(80%). Seventeen per cent of women aged 65 years and
women aged 18-35 years and 1% of women aged 36-50
over had inadequate intakes of iron. Calcium intakes were
years consumed the recommended intake of 400g from
below the EAR in 16% of women aged 18-64 years and in
supplements. Mean daily intakes of vitamin D among 18-64
13% of women aged 65 years and over. Inadequate calcium
year olds are slightly higher (4.2g) than estimated in the
intake may contribute to reduced bone mass and increased
NSIFCS (3.7g). A substantial proportion of 18-64 year olds
susceptibility to osteoporosis.
had low vitamin D intakes, with 72% of men and 78% of
women having average daily vitamin D intakes of less than
5g, and over 90% having daily intakes of less than 10g.
20
24. Table 3: Mean and SD of daily intakes of micronutrients for men and women aged 18-64 years and those aged 65
years and over
18-64y ≥65y
(n=1274) (n=226)
Men Women Men Women
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Vitamins
Retinol (g) 530 801 423 663 639 632 638 1020
Carotene (g) 3660 3197 3629 3317 4178 3150 4402 3160
Total Vitamin A (g RE) 1140 995 1028 896 1335 827 1371 1213
Vitamin D (g) 4.6 7.1 3.9 5.2 5.2 4.5 8.5 13.6
Vitamin E (mg) 11.6 23.5 12.5 30.8 9.8 6.7 18.9 52.2
Thiamin (mg) 2.9 5.8 3.4 10.8 2.1 2.5 3.5 12.1
Riboflavin (mg) 3.2 6.0 3.3 9.2 2.0 1.4 3.7 11.4
Pre-formed Niacin (mg) 32.9 15.7 24.7 22.8 23.7 12.9 29.2 57.3
Total Niacin Equivalents (mg) 53.3 19.7 38.8 24.2 41.0 16.0 42.8 57.7
Vitamin B6 (mg) 4.1 5.4 4.2 10.9 3.1 1.9 5.4 20.7
Vitamin B12 (g) 7.3 6.9 8.0 45.3 6.4 4.5 6.5 6.9
Folate (g) 407 209 339 388 427 533 357 271
Biotin (g) 51 37 57 358 47 34 149 1096
Pantothenate (mg) 8.6 11.9 7.4 12.7 6.4 2.6 7.9 9.4
Vitamin C (mg) 114 152 141 304 102 146 132 333
Minerals
Calcium (mg) 1060 407 824 356 908 384 995 573
Magnesium (mg) 336 112 255 93 285 103 262 132
Phosphorus (mg) 1623 467 1174 337 1427 470 1173 364
Iron (mg) 15.0 9.0 13.7 18.4 18.1 27.6 13.8 24.1
Copper (mg) 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.9 1.2 0.6 1.1 0.8
Zinc (mg) 11.8 5.6 9.0 5.9 10.2 4.2 10.7 17.8
21
25. VITAMIN SOURCES
Figure 8: Percent contribution of food groups to vitamin A intake
Figure 9: Percent contribution of food groups to vitamin C intake
22
26. VITAMIN SOURCES
Figure 10: Percent contribution of food groups to vitamin D intake
Figure 11: Percent contribution of food groups to folate intake
23
27. MINERAL SOURCES
Figure 12: Percent contribution of food groups to calcium intake
Figure 13: Percent contribution of food groups to iron intake
24
29. ANTHROPOMETRY
Anthropometric data including weight, height, waist divided by body height in metres squared) which is the
circumference, hip circumference and body fat are shown in standard measure of relative body weight was calculated
Table 4. Body Mass Index (BMI; body weight in kilograms using weight and height data.
Table 4: Anthropometric measurements (mean values) for men and women by age group
Men Women
18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y 18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y
Weight (kg) 86.2 82.5 88.2 90.7 82.4 70.0 67.4 70.5 73.6 68.1
Height (m) 1.77 1.79 1.76 1.75 1.71 1.63 1.65 1.63 1.60 1.58
BMI (kg/m2) 27.5 25.8 28.5 29.7 28.1 26.4 24.8 26.7 28.8 27.3
Waist Circumference (cm) 95.5 89.2 98.0 103.7 102.5 86.3 82.1 87.6 91.9 90.5
Hip Circumference (cm) 104.6 102.7 105.4 107.1 106.9 102.7 100.3 103.3 106.0 103.9
Waist to Hip Ratio 0.91 0.87 0.93 0.97 0.96 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.87
Body Fat (%) 23.3 19.2 25.6 27.8 28.5 33.9 31.0 34.9 37.6 36.7
Table 5: Percent men and women in each age group in each of the BMI categories from the NANS, NSIFCS and the INNS
Men Women
18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y 18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y
NANS 2011
Underweight 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.0 2.1 0.5 0.7
Normal 30.0 47.5 17.8 13.5 46.8 59.4 43.5 29.5
Overweight 43.8 39.6 49.2 44.4 30.9 25.1 32.2 38.8
Obese 25.8 12.9 31.9 42.1 21.3 13.4 23.8 30.9
NSIFCS 2001
Underweight 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.3 0.4 0.7
Normal 33.3 44.6 26.7 25.0 50.4 64.2 47.0 32.9
Overweight 46.3 41.3 48.9 50.6 32.5 24.5 37.7 36.8
Obese 20.1 13.3 24.4 24.4 15.9 9.1 15.0 29.6
INNS 1990
Underweight 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.7 3.6 1.1 2.7
Normal 41.0 58.1 23.7 26.8 56.0 69.3 56.4 25.7
Overweight 50.8 37.1 64.5 62.5 28.4 20.5 33.0 40.5
Obese 7.8 4.0 11.8 10.7 12.9 6.6 9.6 31.1
The World Health Organisation (WHO) BMI cut-off points were used to estimate levels of underweight (<18.5
kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2).
26
30. Table 5 shows the percent distribution of BMI by gender and This continuing increase in the prevalence of obesity has
age group among 18-64 year olds. Overall, less than 1 % of significant health implications. Obesity is associated with
individuals were underweight, 39% were in the normal increased risk of a number of chronic diseases, including
weight range, 37% were overweight and 24% were cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes (type
classified as obese (according to WHO definitions). A higher 2), and certain cancers, while being overweight is associated
percent of women (47%) compared to men (30%) were of with increased risk of diabetes (type 2). These results
normal weight and a higher percent of men (44%) compared highlight that the prevalence of obesity remains a major
to women (31%) were overweight. Overall, 26% of men and problem within Ireland.
21% of women were obese. In those aged 65 years and
Body fat distribution is recognised as an important indicator
over, 1% of individuals were classified as being underweight,
of disease risk. Furthermore, increased levels of fat
with 49% of women and 59% of men overweight and 24%
deposition in the central area of the body, measured by
of women and 25% of men obese.
waist circumference and waist to hip ratio, is associated with
Among 18-64 year olds, the percent of the population increased risk of chronic diseases. Cut-off points established
classified as overweight or obese increased with increasing for waist circumference and waist to hip ratio identify 23% of
age. As can be seen in Table 5, 13% of both women and men and 27% of women as being associated with an
men aged 18-35 years were classified as obese, rising to increased risk of CVD, which is similar to what was observed
31% of women and 42% of men aged 51-64 years. About in the NSIFCS. However 31% of men and 37% of women
2% of women aged 18-35 year were underweight to a level were shown to be at a high risk for CVD risk factors
that corresponds with chronic energy deficiency by WHO compared to 23% observed in both men and women in the
standards; this is similar to what was reported in 2001 in the NSIFCS. This increase in the percent of individuals falling
NSIFCS. The prevalence of obesity in 18-64 year old adults into this higher risk category for CVD is an important
has increased significantly between 1990 and 2011, from 8% consideration for public health.
to 26% in men, and from 13% to 21% in women, with the
greatest increase observed in men aged 51-64 years.
27
31. Figure 14: Percent of men and women in each group with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, identified by waist
circumference.
80
71
70
60 57
56
55
50
50
46 49
37 40
40
36
36 36
%
31 31 NORMAL
29 29
30 29
INCREASED
27 26 26
28 25
24
23 21 HIGH
21
20 17
15
15 16
10
0
18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y 65+y 18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y 65+y
Men Women
28
32. BLOOD PRESSURE
Guidelines on the management of hypertension (high blood Hypertension: 140/90 mmHg or above
pressure) issued by the World Health Organisation (WHO)
High normal blood pressure: between 130/85 mmHg &
indicate that both hypertension and „high normal‟ blood
140/90 mmHg
pressure pose a threat to health. According to the
guidelines, blood pressures are classified as follows: Normal blood pressure: less than 130/85 mmHg
Optimal blood pressure: less than 120/80 mmHg
Table 6: Percent distribution of blood pressure by classification and by age and gender of respondent
Men Women
Blood pressure (mmHg) (n=644) (n=671)
18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y 18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y
% %
Systolic
Optimal (< 120) 23.7 29.3 20.7 17.3 11.6 69.1 85.8 68.3 40.9 16.8
Normal (120 – 129.9) 29.6 33.3 34.6 15.8 11.6 15.6 11.2 17.1 21.2 18.8
High normal (130 – 139.9) 26.9 25.2 27.4 29.3 24.4 8.4 1.7 9.3 18.9 17.8
Hypertension (≥140) 19.9 12.2 17.3 37.6 52.3 6.8 1.3 5.4 18.9 46.5
Diastolic
Optimal (< 80) 55.7 71.5 46.9 38.3 44.2 65.4 78.5 62.0 47.7 51.5
Normal (80 – 84.9) 17.4 14.6 21.8 16.5 17.4 15.6 10.7 18.0 20.5 14.9
High normal (85 – 89.9) 12.5 7.7 15.6 17.3 16.3 8.4 6.9 8.8 10.6 18.8
Hypertension (≥ 90) 14.3 6.1 15.6 27.8 22.1 10.5 3.9 11.2 21.2 14.9
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Overall, 20% of men and 7% of women aged 18-64 years Overall, 14% of men and 11% of women aged 18- 64 years
had a systolic blood pressure that is considered had a diastolic blood pressure that is considered
hypertensive. An additional 27% of men and 8% of women hypertensive. An additional 13% of men and 8% of women
had a systolic blood pressure that is considered „high had a diastolic blood pressure that is considered „high
normal‟. Men and women aged 51- 64 years were more normal‟. Men and women aged 51- 64 years were more
likely than those in the younger age groups to have a likely than those in the younger age groups to have a
systolic blood pressure that is classified as hypertensive. Of diastolic blood pressure that is classified as hypertensive.
those aged 65 years and over, approximately half (men Among those aged 65 years and over, 22% of men and 15%
52%, women 47%) had a systolic blood pressure that is of women had a diastolic blood pressure that is considered
considered hypertensive. An additional 24% of men and hypertensive. An additional 16% of men and 19% of women
18% of women in this age group had a systolic blood in this age range had a diastolic blood pressure that is
pressure that is considered „high normal‟. considered „high normal‟.
29
33. SMOKING
Smoking is a well established risk factor for coronary heart smoked compared to 14% in the 51-64 year old age
disease, stroke and cancer and tobacco related disease is category. In women, almost 30% of those in the 18-35 year
responsible for approximately 7,000 deaths a year in Ireland. old age group smoked compared to 15% of those in the 51-
Of the 18-64 year olds who responded to the smoking habits 64 year old age group. In the NSIFCS, the same trends of
question (n=1261), 22% of men and 23% of women smoking were observed across age groups with 41% of men
currently smoked. These figures are lower than those and 42% of women in the 18-35 year age group being
reported in the NSIFCS, where it was reported that 33% of smokers compared to 27% of males and 17% of women in
men and 32% of women were smokers. the 51-64 year age group.
Approximately one quarter of 18-64 year olds in the NANS Among those, aged 65 years and over who responded to the
used to smoke but have since quit. Over a half (men 53%, smoking habits question, 9% currently smoked. In men and
women 52%) of this age group had never smoked. In men women, 47% and 36% reported smoking in the past, but
and women, the incidence of smoking decreased with had quit and 46% of men and 54% of women in this age
increasing age group. In men, 23% of 18-35 year olds group had never smoked.
30
35. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The World Health Organisation‟s (WHO) “Global recreational pursuits which decreased with increasing age.
Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health” (2010) The most popular recreational activity was walking with 62%
highlights the importance of physical activity in relation to women and 44% men participating at least once per week.
the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, Overall, men spent significantly more time than women in
bone health, breast and colon cancer and depression. In vigorous physical activity (54 minutes/week vs 18
addition, increased time spent in sedentary activities e.g. minutes/week), with younger men (18-35 years) spending
television viewing and computer use, are well known risk the most time in vigorous recreational activities (3
factors in the development of obesity. hours/week). In contrast 50% of 51-64 year olds spent no
time in vigorous activities and this increased to
Typical physical activity levels over the previous year were
approximately 70% in respondents aged 65 years and over.
determined using a self-administered questionnaire
developed by the Medical Research Council‟s Epidemiology There was no significant difference in total activity by BMI
Unit, Cambridge. This questionnaire was used in the NSIFCS category (Table 8). However normal weight (BMI <25kg/m 2)
and aims to provide a detailed assessment of the amount men and women expended more energy in recreational
and intensity of daily physical activity (occupational activity, activities, spent more time in vigorous activities and less time
activities of daily living and leisure time activities). Each watching television. Approximately 36% of obese men and
activity is assigned a metabolic energy equivalent (MET women reported watching TV for more than 25 hours/week,
score), that is the amount of energy expended during an compared to 25% of those classified as normal or
activity multiplied by hours per week. overweight.
Overall, activity levels of men and women were similar, Since the health benefits of physical activity are linked
however men were approximately 1.5 times more active principally to the total amount of energy expended, the type
than women in occupational and leisure activities but women of activity performed is of less significance. Consequently,
were 2.5 times more active in household tasks. The levels of the more holistic assessment of physical activity made in this
physical activity decreased with increasing age, with those study has helped to highlight the complex, multidimensional
aged 65 years and over spending the least amount of time in nature of activity and, in particular, has revealed important
occupational activities. Younger men (18-35 years) were 1.5 and subtle differences in the respective physical activity
times more active in leisure activities than men aged 36-64 patterns of men and women and a decline in physical activity
years and 2.5 times more active than men over 65 years. with age.
Women aged 36-50 years spent the most time in activities of
daily living, but their overall activity levels were similar to
younger women (18-35 years) and significantly higher than
women aged 65 years and over.
On average, men and women watched approximately 18
hours/week of television although 27% of subjects reported
watching TV more than 25 hours/week. In contrast,
significantly less time was spent in active recreational
pursuits (5.3 hours/week) (Table 7). Television viewing also
increased slightly with age, at the expense of active
32
36. Table 7: Median amounts of time spent by participants in different age categories watching television and participating in vigorous
recreational activities
18-64y 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y
Median
Total (n=1224)
Television viewing (hr/week) 18.0 18.0 17.5 18.5 21.0
Recreational activities (hr/week) 5.3 6.3 4.4 5.1 4.2
Vigorous recreational activities (hr/week) 0.6 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.0
Men (n=607)
Television viewing (hr/week) 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.0 19.5
Recreational activities (hr/week) 6.9 8.5 5.6 5.8 4.6
Vigorous recreational activities (hr/week) 0.9 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
Women (n=617)
Television viewing (hr/week) 17.5 18.0 16.0 18.8 23.8
Recreational activities (hr/week) 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.5 3.4
Vigorous recreational activities (hr/week) 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0
33
37. Table 8: Median amounts of time spent by participants in different BMI categories watching television and participating in vigorous
recreational activities
Normal weight Overweight Obese
n Median n Median n Median
Total
Television viewing 512 17.5 540 18.0 313 21.0
(hr/week)
Recreational activities 512 5.5 540 5.2 313 4.4
(hr/week)
Vigorous recreational 512 0.7 540 0.3 313 0.1
activities (hr/week)
Men
Television viewing 194 17.5 309 18.5 161 20.0
(hr/week)
Recreational activities 194 7.5 309 6.8 161 5.6
(hr/week)
Vigorous recreational 194 1.8 309 0.7 161 0.1
activities (hr/week)
Women
Television viewing 318 16.0 231 17.5 152 23.0
(hr/week)
Recreational activities 318 4.4 231 4.1 152 3.4
(hr/week)
Vigorous recreational 318 0.5 231 0.1 152 0.0
activities (hr/week)
34
39. FOOD CHOICE MOTIVES
Awareness of the relationship between health and nutrition for them. These findings show that while many Irish
has increased significantly in the general population in the consumers place high importance on health and nutrition,
last decade. However, this is not always reflected in many others are reluctant to compromise on taste.
everyday food choices of the Irish population. Identifying
and understanding salient motives underlying individuals‟ To gain better insights into the drivers of food choice among
food choices is needed to inform the promotion of healthy Irish adults, attitudes and behaviours with regard to food
eating behaviours. and health were measured. These measures included
attitudes towards healthy eating, healthy eating habits,
Attitudinal and motivational drivers of food choice in the Irish intention to change diet and food life satisfaction. The mean
adult population were measured using a food choice scores are presented in Table 10. Scores could range from 1
questionnaire.. Participants were asked to rank six food to 7 and a higher mean score signified a more positive view.
choice motives based on importance to them when making Positive attitudes towards healthy eating were displayed
their food selections. The motives presented to them across all age groups. However, relative to the total
included taste, cost (price), health and nutrition, population, older consumers (≥65 years) had higher scores.
convenience, feel good (mood), and weight control. Taste In contrast however, 18-35 year olds displayed lower scores
followed by health and nutrition were considered the most for healthy eating habits and attitudes. Relative to the total
important motives by the majority (77%) of this sample population, those aged 65 years and over were the most
(Table 9). Forty one percent ranked taste as most satisfied with their current food choices and showed a lower
important, while 36% ranked health and nutrition first. intention to change their diet. Younger age groups (18-35
There were no significant differences noted between men years, 36-50 years) displayed slightly lower levels of
and women, with the exception of weight control where satisfaction relative to the total population; however, despite
more women said this was the most important consideration this, intention to change their diet was only moderate.
Table 9: Importance of food choice motives
Motive % Ranking 1st Most Important
(n=1240)
Taste 41%
Health & Nutrition 36%
Cost (price) 9%
Convenience 7%
Weight control 5%
Feel good (mood) 2%
Table 10: Mean attitudes and behaviour scores
Total 18-35y 36-50y 51-64y ≥65y
(n=1210) (n=470) (n=370) (n=234) (n=139)
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Attitudes 4.8 (1.2) 4.7 (1.2) 4.8 (1.2) 5.0 (1.2) 5.2 (1.2)
Health habits 4.7 (1.3) 4.4 (1.3) 4.7 (1.4) 5.0 (1.2) 5.4 (1.1)
Intention 4.6 (1.3) 4.8 (1.3) 4.5 (1.3) 4.5 (1.3) 4.1 (1.3)
Food life satisfaction 4.9 (1.1) 4.8 (1.0) 4.8 (1.2) 5.1 (1.0) 5.4 (0.9)
36