This literature review examines the effects of fast food consumption on the health of adults. It summarizes findings from multiple studies that used fast food consumption and diet as variables. The studies found that fast food intake is associated with higher calorie consumption, lower diet quality, and increased risk of overweight and obesity. Fast food was also linked to worse nutrition profiles and negative health outcomes like increased insulin levels and weight gain. Overall, the literature review concludes that fast food consumption has adverse impacts on the health of adults.

1. UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION,
BANK ROAD CAMPUS LAHORE.
Submitted by:
Fariha Ijaz (1014)
Nida Asghar (1033)
Khadija Shafique (1025)
Halima Sadia (1057)
Shazmina Laiqat (1048)
Programme:
B.B.A (Hons) Morning
Submitted to:
Ma’am Lala Rukh
Topic:
Literature review

2. Effects of Fast-Food Consumption and Diet of Adults
Literature review
BACKGROUNG
Fast food has become a prominent feature of the diet of children However; few studies
have examined the effects of fast-food consumption on any nutrition or health-related
outcome. The rise of obesity has been explained by dietary changes and parallel increases
in the supply and consumption of high-energy but low-nutrient foods. Poor diets and
health may be due to increases in the number of fast food and other pay-before-you-eat
establishments, which offer a restricted choice of healthy out-of-home foods.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fast-food consumption adversely
affects dietary factors of adults. On a typical day that fast food is eaten, adults consume
substantially more total energy and have worse dietary quality compared with a typical
day without fast food.
Shanty A. Bowman, Steven L. Gortmaker, Cara B. Ebbeling, Mark A. Pereira,
David S. Ludwig (January 2004 volume 113) “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption
and Diet Quality of adults” used fast food and diet of adults as a variable to keep the
research on this problem with respect to Asia. In this paper secondary data is used to
conclude results on the basis of finding of study. Young adults who eat frequently at fast
food restaurants gain more weight and experience greater insulin. A junk food diet could
also affect your brain’s synapses and the molecules related to memory and learning,
according to a study published in the journal. Obesity increases the likelihood of heart
disease, high blood pressure, kidney disease, diabetes, joint problems, and more. The
result of this study was that the fast food consumption is negatively related to the health
of adults.
(SHANTY A.BROWN, JANUARY 2004, VOLUME 113 )
R. Rosenheck (November 2008 Volume 9) “Fast Food Consumption and Increased
Caloric Intake” used fast food and diets of adult as a variable for researching the
relationship between consumption of fast food and health among adults. Consumption of
fast food, which have high energy densities and glycemic loads, greater amount of
calories, and expose customers to excessive portion sizes, may be greatly contributing to
and escalating the rates of overweight and obesity. Most of the participants had adequate

3. intake of protein, riboflavin, iron, and sodium, but exhibited low intake for several other
nutrients. Among study participants, 95.4% consume restaurants’ fast food and 79.1% eat
fast food at least once weekly. Participants eat fast food primarily for enjoying the
delicious taste.by analyzing this data it is concluded that the consumption of fast food
was adversely related to the health of adults which results in overweight, badly affecting
hormones, draining the brain, and fecal fizz.
(R.Rosenheck, NOVEMBER 2008)
Heather M. Niemeier, Ph.D., , Hollie A. Raynor, Ph.D., R.D., Elizabeth E. Lloyd-
Richardson, Ph.D., Michelle L. Rogers, Ph.D., Rena R. Wing, Ph.D.(DECEMBER
2006,Volume39) “Effect of Fast Food Consumption and Breakfast Skipping on the
Health of Adults and Adolescence” used fast food (junk food) and the health of adults
as a variable obtained from the secondary research. The Purpose of the study is to
investigate whether fast food consumption and breakfast skipping are associated with
weight gain during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The rise of obesity has
been explained by dietary changes and parallel increases in the supply and consumption
of high-energy but low-nutrient foods. This study shows the negative correlation among
junk food and health of adolescences and adults (nutritional factor)
(Heather M. Niemeier, December 2006, VOLUME 39)
Shanthy A. Bowman, PhD & Bryan T. Vinyard Beltsville Human N. (Volume 23,
2004) “Fast Food Consumption of Adults: Impact on Energy and Nutrient Intakes
and Overweight Status”. Objective of this study is to compare the diet quality and
overweight status of free-living adults, ages 20 years and older, grouped based on their
fast food intake status. For this purpose it is stated that we use fast food and the energy
intake as a variable for further research. The data is collected from secondary research
that indicates that when you consume foods high in carbs and sugar, bacteria residing in
your mouth produce acids. These acids can destroy tooth enamel; a contributing factor in
dental cavities. It is concluded from above study is that Fast food consumption was
negatively associated with a diet high in energy and energy density and low in essential
micronutrient density. Frequent fast food consumption may contribute to weight gain.
(Shanty A.BOWMAN, 2004,Volume 23)