Roland Barthes argues that narratives contain multiple narrative codes that provide meaning. The main codes are:
1) The proairetic code refers to the actions characters take to solve conflicts or problems.
2) The hermeneutic code involves the enigmas posed in stories and their interpretations, which generate audience emotions like suspense.
3) The cultural code references outside knowledge, while the symbolic code organizes opposing ideas or themes.
American Culture -- Winter, 2015, These questions will appear .docxgalerussel59292
American Culture -- Winter, 2015,
These questions will appear on the final exam. Read them carefully so you’ll be sure to adequately address what is being asked. The final exam will be held as scheduled on the university final exam schedule--on Monday, March 16 at 6:30 (NOTE HALF-HOUR TIME CHANGE) in our regular classroom, HEC 305. This is a 75-minute exam, so you should be finished by about 7:45-8:00.
(1) What are the two most important issues facing American society today? Explain why these are crucial or important. How should we address or resolve these issues? Explain your answer, drawing on discussions and materials we have used in this course – readings, films, articles presented, lecture and discussion. The issues you think are most important do not have to be ones we discusses specifically in class, but your answer should be based broadly on what you have learned and discussed about American society and its conflicting values, the functionality of institutions, etc. Support your statements with reasoned culturally-based argument or evidence. NO uneducated emotional venting, please.
(2) I will select some of the following terms for the final exam, and within that selection you may have choices. For each term on the exam, the questions will be: What does the term mean? Describe or explain its relevance to American culture or American society, perhaps even in a specific historical period or with reference to a specific major issue in American society, if you can. This list is taken entirely from our class lectures and discussions, films, and/or readings. In studying these, I suggest you start with those you know or think you know, first. Don’t spend all your time on the (very) few you don’t recognize.
· Culture
· Individualism
· Prejudice
· Discrimination
· Extended family
· Nativism
· Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
· Mexican Revolution
· Libertarianism
· Liberalism –utilitarian, moral, economic, political/social
· Rosie the Riveter
· Civil Rights Act (1964)
· Security (its different meanings, and as an issue)
· Hamburger University
· Church-state separation
· Diversity and multiculturalism
· Equality (its different meanings)
· Affirmative Action
· Desegregation
· States’ rights
· Browning of America
· Globalization
· Family values
· Racial stereotypes
· Consumer society
ENG125: Introduction to Literature
List of Literary Techniques
Technique Description
Allusion
A reference to a recognized literary work, person, historic
event, artistic achievement, etc. that enhances the
meaning of a detail in a literary work.
Climax
The crisis or high point of tension that becomes the story’s
turning point—the point at which the outcome of the
conflict is determined.
Conflict The struggle that shapes the plot in a story.
Dramatic irony
When the reader or audience knows more about the
action than the character involved.
Epiphany
A profound and sudden personal discovery.
Exposition
.
Narrative theory made easy By Dr. Iram RizviIram Rizvi
Narrative theory gives us an insight how human communication has evolved. The theory helps us to understand the meaning of human communication. This theory is widely used to study Film, News and Group Communication
American Culture -- Winter, 2015, These questions will appear .docxgalerussel59292
American Culture -- Winter, 2015,
These questions will appear on the final exam. Read them carefully so you’ll be sure to adequately address what is being asked. The final exam will be held as scheduled on the university final exam schedule--on Monday, March 16 at 6:30 (NOTE HALF-HOUR TIME CHANGE) in our regular classroom, HEC 305. This is a 75-minute exam, so you should be finished by about 7:45-8:00.
(1) What are the two most important issues facing American society today? Explain why these are crucial or important. How should we address or resolve these issues? Explain your answer, drawing on discussions and materials we have used in this course – readings, films, articles presented, lecture and discussion. The issues you think are most important do not have to be ones we discusses specifically in class, but your answer should be based broadly on what you have learned and discussed about American society and its conflicting values, the functionality of institutions, etc. Support your statements with reasoned culturally-based argument or evidence. NO uneducated emotional venting, please.
(2) I will select some of the following terms for the final exam, and within that selection you may have choices. For each term on the exam, the questions will be: What does the term mean? Describe or explain its relevance to American culture or American society, perhaps even in a specific historical period or with reference to a specific major issue in American society, if you can. This list is taken entirely from our class lectures and discussions, films, and/or readings. In studying these, I suggest you start with those you know or think you know, first. Don’t spend all your time on the (very) few you don’t recognize.
· Culture
· Individualism
· Prejudice
· Discrimination
· Extended family
· Nativism
· Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
· Mexican Revolution
· Libertarianism
· Liberalism –utilitarian, moral, economic, political/social
· Rosie the Riveter
· Civil Rights Act (1964)
· Security (its different meanings, and as an issue)
· Hamburger University
· Church-state separation
· Diversity and multiculturalism
· Equality (its different meanings)
· Affirmative Action
· Desegregation
· States’ rights
· Browning of America
· Globalization
· Family values
· Racial stereotypes
· Consumer society
ENG125: Introduction to Literature
List of Literary Techniques
Technique Description
Allusion
A reference to a recognized literary work, person, historic
event, artistic achievement, etc. that enhances the
meaning of a detail in a literary work.
Climax
The crisis or high point of tension that becomes the story’s
turning point—the point at which the outcome of the
conflict is determined.
Conflict The struggle that shapes the plot in a story.
Dramatic irony
When the reader or audience knows more about the
action than the character involved.
Epiphany
A profound and sudden personal discovery.
Exposition
.
Narrative theory made easy By Dr. Iram RizviIram Rizvi
Narrative theory gives us an insight how human communication has evolved. The theory helps us to understand the meaning of human communication. This theory is widely used to study Film, News and Group Communication
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Roland Barthes (1915 – 1980)
was a French literary theorist,
philosopher, linguist, critic, and
semiotician.
Barthes' ideas explored a diverse
range of fields and he influenced
the development of schools of
theory including structuralism,
semiotics, social theory and
anthropology.
Influenced by Ferdinand de
Saussure’s structural linguistics.
3. Roland Barthes argues in his text, S/Z (a 1970 structuralist analysis of Sarrasine, the short story by
French realist novelist Honoré de Balzac) that every narrative is interwoven with multiple narrative
codes. He identifies five main narrative codes:
Proairetic code (the voice of empirics):The code of the sequences of cumulative actions which
constitute the events of the narrative.
Hermeneutic code (the voice of truth):The code of the enigmas and its interpretation.
Cultural or referential code (the voice of science [or knowledge]): Though all codes are
cultural we reserve this designation for the storehouse of knowledge we use in interpreting
everyday experience. References to a science or a body of knowledge (physical,
physiological, medical, psychological, literary, historical, etc.)
Semic [or Connotative code] (the voice of the person):The accumulation of connotations.
Semes, sequential thoughts, traits and actions bear concealed meanings (connotations).
“Connotation is concealed beneath the regular s0und of ‘sentences’”
Symbolic code (voice of the symbol): Binary oppositions or themes.The inscription into the
text of the antithesis central to the organization of the cultural code.
4. The proairetic code refers
to the actions that the
characters take to solve
the conflict/problem in the
narrative.
These actions conform the
characters’ behaviour
(according to their role) and
the storyline of the
narrative.
Proairetic
code
5. Conventional narratives offer gratifications for audiences and
particular emotions are generated by the narrative.
Problems and their complications create enigmas for the
audience.We tend not to be satisfied by a narrative unless all
"loose ends" are tied, the final truth is revealed and the
reader/audience achieves closure.
The audience are engaged by the enigma, and are naturally
curious as to find out what actions will be undertaken and
how the problems will be solved (hermeneutics: interpretation
of the text)
6. Depending on the genre, particular emotions are generated by
the enigmas in the narrative.Audiences feel:
Fear in a horror narrative
Excitement in an action narrative
Empathy, sympathy and/or identification in a soap or drama
Suspense and tension in a thriller narrative
These emotional responses draw the audience into a story and
then encourage them to stay.
The resolution of the enigma is the reward the audience receives
at the end of the emotional journey the narrative has taken them
on, and provides comfort and reassurance as closure is achieved.
7. As Barthes explains, "The variety of these terms (their inventive range) attests
to the considerable labour the discourse must accomplish if it hopes to arrest
the enigma, to keep it open“
In order to create and maintain interest, some devices are used to conceal
the final truth (the resolution to the enigma):
The snare – a deliberate avoidance of the truth. A tease or an implication
that sends the audience down a wrong path.
Partial answers/Suspended answers – revealing some of the final
truth(s)This is used to actually increase suspense.
Equivocation – a mixture of truth and snare.
Jamming – Suggesting that the problem may be unsolvable.
8. The cultural code (or referential
code) designates any element in a
narrative that refers "to a science or
a body of knowledge“.
In other words, the cultural codes
tend to point to our shared
knowledge about the way the world
works.
The "gnomic" code is one of the
cultural codes and refers to those
cultural codes that are tied to clichés,
proverbs, or popular sayings of
various sorts
9. This code refers to the connotations within the story that gives
additional meaning over the basic denotative meaning of the
words and actions.
It is by the use of semes*, that this extended meaning can be
applied to words, objects and actions that authors can paint rich
pictures with relatively limited text.
*seme (plural semes or semata: linguistics, semiotics)Anything
which serves for any purpose as a substitute for an object of which
it is, in some sense, a representation or sign.
10. The symbolic code refers to organized systems of semes (Any
element in the narrative which serves for any purpose as
a representation or sign of an abstract concept, an idea, an object,
a person, etc.)
When two connotative elements are placed in opposition or
brought together by the narrator, they form an element of the
SymbolicCode.
The symbolic code can be difficult to distinguish from the
semantic code and Barthes is not always clear on the distinction
between these two codes; the easiest way to think of the symbolic
code is as a "deeper" structural principle that organizes semantic
meanings, usually by way of antitheses or by way of mediations
between antithetical terms.
11. Symbol for the philosophical and literary
tradition. The Thespian Artist is an Englishman
(sign for the Old World=European culture)
brought to the New World=America) He recites
from memory Shakespeare, the Old Testament,
Shelley and Abraham Lincoln, all signs for
literature, poetry and politics (art and philosophy)
and symbolic of the European cultural tradition.
He appears in the posters as The Wingless
Thrush, as he is just a head (sign for a
brain/mind and symbol for knowledge) with no
arms or legs (signs for the body’s practical
functionality), signifying the apparent lack of
practical value of art and philosophy.
The audience is a sign for the uneducated
masses of the New World and their constant
search for instant gratification without any
intellectual effort. The mass audience is a
symbol for the cultural shift taking place in the
transition from modernity to postmodernity, as
well as the current cinema and theatre audiences
and their preference for the spectacularism of
entertainment products such as blockbuster films
and musicals, instead of more sophisticated and
intellectually challenging texts.
The “mathematical” chicken symbolises both
the commercial, profit driven nature of business,
always quantified in mathematical terms instead
of being qualified by its cultural value or
relevance, as well as the shift in the transmission
of culture characteristic of the digital age through
the use of algorithms (such as political
propaganda feeds in social media, films on online
audio-visual platforms such as Netflix, etc.)
It symbolises the “Disneyfication” of the cultural
industries (in Adorno’s, Horkheimer’s and
Hesmondhalgh’s terms).
The impresario symbolises the materialistic
nature of business. He is not interested in the
cultural value of literature, poetry or philosophy,
but on the revenue that a business can return
and its profit margins.
He is portrayed a simple man with simple
passions (alcohol and sex) who is exclusively
concerned with money. He symbolises the
ruthlessness and lack of moral principles of the
capitalist logics of the business world.
The “mathematical” chicken is a symbol for
the mass audience’s preference for mindless
entertainment.
In its show, the chicken picks numbers 22 and
11. That is an intertextual reference to Chapter
and Verse of The Book of Revelations (22:11):
“Let the one who does wrong continue to do
wrong; let the vile person continue to be vile; let
the one who does right continue to do right; and
let the holy person continue to be holy.”, which
ironically provides a moral to the resolution of
the story.
The short film Meal Ticket is story conceived as
a symbolic narrative. Every character and event
bears a deep symbolic meaning. Additionally,
the narrative uses a number of intertextual
references from Romantic poetry (Shelley’s
Ozymandias) and Shakespeare’s Sonnets and
dramas (The Merchant of Venice and The
Tempest) ,to mythological literature (the Old
Testament’s Genesis and New Testament’s
Book of Revelations, the first and last books of
the Bible) as well as political texts (Lincoln’s
Gettysburg Address)
Editor's Notes
BARTHES, Roland. The Pleasure of the Text, Hill and Wang, New York, 1975.
BARTHES, Roland. Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes. 1977 (In this so-called autobiography, Barthes interrogates himself as a text)
BARTHES, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, Hill and Wang, New York, 1981.
S/Z stands for the names of both protagonists, Sarrasine and Zambinella.
seme (plural semes or semata)
(linguistics, semiotics) Anything which serves for any purpose as a substitute for an object of which it is, in some sense, a representation or sign.