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1) Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n. 2) A carbon-carbon double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond formed from the overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals and unhybridized p orbitals. 3) The cis-trans or E-Z systems are used to describe the stereochemistry of alkene double bonds and cycloalkene rings.
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Alkenes compounds
1) Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. They can be converted to alkanes by adding hydrogen.
2) The simplest alkene is ethylene (C2H4), which contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Its structure is similar to ethane.
3) Alkene reactions typically involve the breaking of the weaker carbon-carbon pi bond and formation of two new carbon-atom bonds through addition reactions like hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, and dimerization.
Hydrocarbons
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This compound is 2-methylbut-1-yne.
The parent chain is a 4-carbon chain containing the triple bond. Following IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkynes:
1) The parent name is butyne since it is a 4-carbon chain with the triple bond.
2) The carbon atoms of the triple bond get the lowest possible numbers, which is 1.
3) There is a methyl substituent (CH3 group) attached to the #2 carbon.
4) Substituents are named as prefixes and their locations denoted by a number.
Therefore, the full IUPAC name for this unsaturated hydrocarbon is 2-methylbut-1
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a planar hexagonal ring structure. Each carbon atom in the ring forms four bonds - one with a hydrogen atom and three sigma bonds with the other carbon atoms in the ring. The sixth valence electron of each carbon is delocalized and shared among all six carbon atoms, giving benzene unusual stability and properties compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring in their structure and include benzene itself along with methylbenzene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
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Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose members contain only single carbon-hydrogen bonds. The document discusses the structure, properties, conformations, and reactions of several alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and higher alkanes. It also covers topics such as torsional strain, Grignard reagents, halogenation reactions, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes.
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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen. They can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic based on the presence of double or triple carbon bonds or benzene rings. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single carbon-carbon bonds and include alkanes such as methane and propane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple carbon bonds and include alkenes like ethene and alkynes such as acetylene. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain benzene rings, examples being toluene and naphthalene. Alkanes undergo substitution, combustion, and cracking reactions.
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2) The simplest alkene is ethylene (C2H4), which contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Its structure is similar to ethane.
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This compound is 2-methylbut-1-yne.
The parent chain is a 4-carbon chain containing the triple bond. Following IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkynes:
1) The parent name is butyne since it is a 4-carbon chain with the triple bond.
2) The carbon atoms of the triple bond get the lowest possible numbers, which is 1.
3) There is a methyl substituent (CH3 group) attached to the #2 carbon.
4) Substituents are named as prefixes and their locations denoted by a number.
Therefore, the full IUPAC name for this unsaturated hydrocarbon is 2-methylbut-1
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a planar hexagonal ring structure. Each carbon atom in the ring forms four bonds - one with a hydrogen atom and three sigma bonds with the other carbon atoms in the ring. The sixth valence electron of each carbon is delocalized and shared among all six carbon atoms, giving benzene unusual stability and properties compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring in their structure and include benzene itself along with methylbenzene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
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Ch22z5eorganic 110115233612-phpapp01
This document discusses organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives such as alcohols. Key points covered include the bonding abilities of carbon and other atoms, structural and geometric isomers, IUPAC naming of straight-chain and branched alkanes, alkenes and cycloalkanes. Benzene and its resonance structure are explained. Common functional groups like alcohols are introduced.
K4 Organic Chemistry Alkanes And Alkenes (Includes Polymers)
1) The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, alkenes, cracking, and polymerization.
2) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, while alkenes are unsaturated and contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
3) Cracking involves breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones like alkenes using heat and a catalyst. Alkenes can then undergo addition polymerization to form plastics like polyethene, polypropene, and PVC.
Introduction To Carbon Compound
This document provides a summary of Lesson 1 from an organic chemistry textbook chapter on carbon compounds. It covers 10 learning objectives related to the unique properties of carbon, isomers, functional groups, saturated vs unsaturated compounds, and IUPAC naming conventions. Key topics include how carbon can form multiple bonds and chains/rings, the importance of functional groups for classifying compounds, and systematic naming of organic molecules.
Organic chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts, including hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and their derivatives. It discusses the structure and properties of carbon-based molecules like alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and polymers. It also covers the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Finally, it briefly mentions how petroleum and coal can be used to produce synthetic polymers.
X chemistry full notes chapter 4
Carbon forms covalent bonds and a large number of compounds due to its tetravalency and ability to catenate. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points and are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Carbon-carbon single bonds result in saturated hydrocarbons while double and triple bonds produce unsaturated varieties. Hydrocarbons can be classified as aliphatic or cyclic and aromatic compounds have benzene rings. Functional groups impart specific properties to compounds and change names based on prefixes or suffixes. Soaps and detergents clean through micelle formation, with detergents avoiding hard water scum due to different charged ends.
Organic chemistry
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts, including:
1) Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can have single, double, or triple bonds between carbons.
2) Organic compounds derived from hydrocarbons include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters which are formed by replacing hydrogen with other functional groups.
3) Macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are essential to life and control cellular activities and growth.
Alkynes and dienes compounds
1) Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds. The simplest alkyne is acetylene, C2H2, and alkynes follow the general formula CnH2n-2.
2) Dienes are hydrocarbons containing two carbon-carbon double bonds. They are named using IUPAC nomenclature with the suffix -diene. Dienes can have conjugated or isolated double bonds.
3) Conjugated dienes exhibit resonance between the double bond structures. When treated with electrophiles like bromine, conjugated dienes undergo both 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition across the conjugated system, with 1,4-
Carbon and Its Compound
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
Application of organic chemistry ok1294986436
Organic chemistry studies hydrocarbons like those found in crude oil. Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They can have single, double, or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Crude oil is pumped from the ground as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and then separated through distillation into usable products like gasoline and kerosene. Functional groups can be added to hydrocarbons through reactions, producing compounds like alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones.
Notes
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
B sc i chemistry i u iii(a) alkane,alkene and alkynes a
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and are divided into aliphatic and aromatic types.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
- IUPAC nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds based on functional groups, chain length, and substituents.
- Derivatives of hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes introduce double and triple bonds that impact properties. Geometric isomers
B sc_I_General chemistry U-III(A) Alkane,alkene and alkynes
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ by their carbon bonding.
- IUPAC nomenclature systematically names organic compounds based on carbon chain length and functional groups. Functional groups determine a molecule's properties.
Chapter 22
This document provides information on hydrocarbon compounds and organic chemistry. It discusses the earliest understanding of organic chemistry and how scientists now define it. It also describes the simplest hydrocarbons - methane and ethane. Additionally, it explains the structures, properties and naming conventions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Structural isomers, which have the same molecular formula but different structures, are also mentioned.
P O S T L A B Biochem D L S L
This document summarizes key differences between organic and inorganic compounds based on a biochemistry lab experiment. Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living organisms, while inorganic compounds do not contain carbon or result from non-living processes. The document outlines tests to detect carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur in organic compounds, such as evolving gases upon heating with bases or forming precipitates with reagents. Common organic compounds and their properties are also discussed.
igcse ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION.pptx
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including:
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties/reactions.
- Organic compounds contain carbon and can be classified as hydrocarbons, containing only carbon and hydrogen, or other organic functional groups.
- Key concepts include functional groups, homologous series, structural formulas and structural isomers. Reaction types like addition, substitution and elimination are also covered.
Chapter 5 Aldehydes and Ketones
This document discusses aldehydes and ketones. It defines aldehydes as carbonyl compounds containing at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones contain two carbon groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon. The document covers nomenclature rules for naming aldehydes and ketones based on IUPAC conventions, examples of common aldehydes and ketones, and different types of isomerism exhibited by these compound classes. Physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones are also outlined.
Chapter5adehydesandketones 151111013545-lva1-app6891
The document discusses aldehydes and ketones, specifically their functional groups, nomenclature, isomerism, common examples, physical properties, and natural occurrences. Key points include: both contain a carbonyl group; aldehydes have a carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, while ketones have two carbons bonded; IUPAC naming involves identifying the parent chain and substituents; isomers can be constitutional or functional group; common examples are formaldehyde and acetone; physical properties are influenced by polarity and molecular mass.
Similar to Naresh (20)
K4 Organic Chemistry Alkanes And Alkenes (Includes Polymers)
K4 Organic Chemistry Alkanes And Alkenes (Includes Polymers)
B sc i chemistry i u iii(a) alkane,alkene and alkynes a
B sc i chemistry i u iii(a) alkane,alkene and alkynes a
B sc_I_General chemistry U-III(A) Alkane,alkene and alkynes
B sc_I_General chemistry U-III(A) Alkane,alkene and alkynes
Chapter5adehydesandketones 151111013545-lva1-app6891
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Naresh
- 1. Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
- 2. Alkenes: Structure and Nomenclature Chapter 5
- 31. Alkenes: Structure and Nomenclature End Chapter 5