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Nanotechnology introduction

This document provides an introduction to nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology as the study and application of structures and processes at the nanometer scale, around 1 to 100 nanometers. Next, it discusses the tools that enabled nanoscience like the scanning electron microscope and scanning tunneling microscope which allow observation and manipulation of structures at the nanoscale. The document then outlines various nanostructures that exist in nature like biological machines and viruses, as well as man-made nanostructures like carbon nanotubes and buckyballs. It concludes with an overview of methods for building nanostructures including atom-by-atom assembly using scanning probe microscopes, sculpting materials away, and designing for self assembly.

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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016/2017
• Nanoscience-Definition • History • Lesson from Nature • Tools‘ • Break • Nanostructures • Building nano structures • Impact • Applications in different field • Nano Industry • Summary Outline
Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. -Albert Einstein
What is nano? 160–170cm METRIC 4
Everything in m 5
What is nano? What sizes can human eye see? 20 – 200 m http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/Bria nLey.shtml 6
Visual Acuity – clarity of vision 6-29 m Electron Microscope Light Microscope Unaided Eye7 What is nano? What sizes can human eye see?
What is nano? Electron Microscope Light Microscope 8
What is nano? 155cm=1.55m 1 550 000 000 nm Apple ~8cm 80 million nm Ant ~5mm 5 million nm hair  75m 75,000 nm E. Coli bacterium ~2m 2,000 nm DNA 2 nm Buckyball ~1 nm MWCN  ~12 nm 9
What is Nanoscience? When people talk about Nanoscience, many start by describing things Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials They elaborate about nanocarbon’s strength and electrical properties Graphene Carbon Nanotube C60 Buckminster Fullerene10
Biologists have used things in nanosize. They have been studying DNA and RNA 11
Chemists have synthesized things for over a century: complex molecules First OLED material: tris 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (OLED = organic light emitting diode) Polypyrrole Nitro oligo phenylene ethynylene Molecular electronic switch 12
Nano Defined All these things are about the size of a nanometer: Nano = 10-9 m = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things and processes Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience to produce devices and products Why are focusing on nanometer? What is so special about a nanometer? A micrometer: Micro = 10-6 m = 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ size of light's wavelength 13
by Moore, his Fairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby Microtechnology has gotten smaller EVERY year MOORE'S LAW: Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder, in 1965 observed that the transistor count for integrated circuits seemed to be doubling every 18-24 months In the 1950s a computer filled rooms, now it fit on your lap. The more transistors on a chip, the smaller their size and closer their spacing. His "law" has since been followed for forty five years: (Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm) 14
So is Nanoscience/technology really new & unique? • Micro is also VERY small • Micro has been around for a long time • Micro has steadily shrunk to the point that it is now almost NANO anyway! • Leading to a LOT of confusion about the distinction between Micro & Nano • Nanotechnology will be built UPON Microtechnology • Microfabrication techniques • assembled ATOP Microstructures 15
NANO "revolution" ? Just about making things incrementally smaller? Just about a simple shift in the most convenient unit of measure? There is something very unique about Nano Nano is about boundaries where BEHAVIOR radically changes BEHAVIOR OF THE OBJECTS SUDDENLY CHANGES OUR BEHAVIOR MUST CHANGE to make those things16
Quantum Mechanics Electron Waves Separate NanoSCIENCE from MicroSCIENCE weird, new, counter intuitive, non-Newtonian understanding of electrons: Electrons => Waves How do you figure out an electron’s wavelength? electron = h / p “De Broglie’s Relationship” ( = electron wavelength, h = Planck’s Constant, p = electron’s momentum) This relationship was based on series of experiments late 1800’s / early 1900’s To put the size of an electron’s wavelength in perspective:17
Size of Things Millimeters Microns Nanometers Ball of a ball point pen 0.5 Thickness of paper 0.1 100 Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 – 200 Talcum Powder 40 Fiberglass fibers 10 Carbon fiber 5 Human red blood cell 4 – 6 E-coli bacterium 2 Size of a modern transistor 0.25 250 Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 – 0.3 200 – 300 Electron wavelength: ~10 nm or less Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3 Diameter of DNA spiral 2 Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7 Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28 Size of one Atom ~0.1 18
Atoms Molecules Classical Physics & Chemistry 0.1 nm 0.2 – 100 nm 10-3 m 10-3 – 1 m 1 – 100 nm The Nano World—its science and technology—is at the boundary between the everyday world of classical science and the unusual world of Quantum Mechanics Some Nano aspects can be handled with everyday physics & chemistry, and some nano devices can only be understood with quantum concepts Micro WorldNano WorldQuantum World Everyday World 19
• “Magical Point on Length Scale, for this is the point where the smallest man-made devices meet atoms and molecules of the natural world.” – Eugene Wong, Knight Rider Newspapers, Kansas City Star, Monday Nov. 8th, 1999 • “Just wait, the next century is going to be incredible. We are about to be able to build things that work at the smallest possible length scales, atom by atom. These little nanothings will revolutionize our industries and our lives.” – R. Smalley, Congressional Hearings, Summer 1999. Nanometer Scale → Unknown Behavior 20
“A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active; they manufacture various substances; they walk around; they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous things – all on a very small scale. Also, they store information. Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small that does what we want— that we can manufacture an object that maneuvers at that level.” (From the talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” delivered by Richard P. Feynman at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, on December 29, 1959.) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html 21
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
History of Nanomaterials • 1974 The word Nanotechnology first used by Nario Taniguchi, Univ. of Tokyo – production technology to get ultra fine accuracy and precision ~ 1nm • 1981 IBM (Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer) invented STM scanning tunneling microscope which can move single atoms around • 1985 new form of carbon discovered C60 buckminister fullerene 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere made of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons 23
2000 Years Ago – lead sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair History of Nanomaterials Nano Lett., 6, 2006, 2215 24
1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows. History of Nanomaterials Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357 (2011) 1342–1349 25
Lycurgus chalice 4th Century A.D. Appears green in reflected light and red if light is directed through it. 70 nm particles of silver and gold in the glass! Lycrugus cup with diffused light Lycrugus cup with focused light History of Nanomaterials 26
• 1991 carbon nanotubes discovered “graphitic carbon needles ranging from 4 nm – 30 nm and up to 1 micron in length” (Sumino Iijima) • 1993 First high quality quantum dots prepared. Small particles with controlled diameters of CdS, CdSe, CdTe History of Nanomaterials 27 http://www.nanosysinc.com/what-we-do/quantum-dots/
• 2000 First DNA motor made similar to motorized tweezers may make computers 1000 more powerful. Nature 406 (6796) 2000, 605-608. DNA motors can be attached to electrically conducting molecules – act as basic switches History of Nanomaterials 28
• 2001 prototype fuel cell made with nanotubes • 2002 Nanomaterials make stain repellant trousers Nano-Care® Stressfree Khakis have nanowhiskers (10-100 nm in length) History of Nanomaterials 29 http://nanotex.com/
LESSON FROM NATURE
• Nano airborne particles (100 -1000 nm) cause water to condense and form raindrops or snowflakes • Plankton – varies in sizes from (1- 100 nm) Marine bacteria and viruses Lesson from Nature 31
Glucose and Glucose oxidase All cells require glucose (0.6 nm) as a fuel for metabolism Energy is released from glucose when it is precisely positioned relative to the glucose oxidase enzyme ( 5 nm) Lock and key mechanism common in biology Lesson from Nature 32
Actin and Myosin Actin and myosin molecules form the system responsible for muscle contraction. The system operates by a series of steps where the head of myosin molecule pulls the actin past itself by 10–28 nm each step. Lesson from Nature 33
Gecko Power Gecko foot hairs typically have diameters of 200 – 500 nm. Weak chemical interaction between each hair and surface (each foot has over 1 million of these hairs) provides a force of 10 N/cm2 Lesson from Nature 34
Bucky Balls (C60) were discovered in soot! Nanoparticles in Smoke from Fires Lesson from Nature 35
Nanoscience Is Everywhere in Nature Living cells have been using their own nanoscale devices to create structures one atom or molecule at a time for millions of years. To be specific, DNA is copied, proteins are formed, and complex hormones are manufactured by cellular devices far more complex than the most advanced manufacturing processes we have today. http://dallas.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2001/09/10/focus2.html?page=3 Lesson from Nature 36
HOW DID WE GET TO NANOSCIENCE? New Tools! As tools change → What we can see and do changes 37
Sources: http://www.cambridge.edu.au/education/PracticeITBook2/Microscope.jpg http://biology.touchspin.com/Human_Blood.php • The naked eye can see to about 20 microns • Light microscopes let us see to about 1 m Light bounces off or goes through and let’s us see images in contrast. Magnification up to 1000x Using Light to see 38 (400x) red blood cells
Greater resolution to see things like blood cells in greater detail (4000x) Sources: http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/facilities/BMF/images/SEMFaye1.jpg http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/animation-depicting-a-microscopic-view-of-red-and-white-stock-footage/854-119 • Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, let us see objects as small as 10 nanometers – Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images – Higher resolution due to small size of electrons Using Electrons to see 39
About 25 nanometers This is about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope Source: Scientific American, Sept. 2001 • Scanning probe microscopes, 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale • We can now see really small things, like atoms, and move them too! Touching the Surface to see 40
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) – A tiny tip moves up and down in response to the electromagnetic forces between the atoms of the surface and the tip – The motion is recorded and used to create an image of the atomic surface • Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – A flow of electrical current occurs between the tip and the surface – The strength of this current is used to create an image of the atomic surface Scanning Probe Microscopes 41 2-D network of 4nm nanoAu Scientific Reports 4, 2014, 6033 http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/stm.html
Source: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GEOMORPH/SurfaceVol0.gif Cutting down a cube of gold If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be? Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be? If you keep doing this, cutting each block in half, will the pieces of gold always look golden? Is Gold always golden? 42
Source: http://www.nano.uts.edu.au/pics/au_atoms.jpg Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1547-1562 Chem. Commun.,5, 2008, 544-557 If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are in the nanoscale range, they don’t look gold anymore… They look RED! In fact, depending on size, they can turn red, blue, yellow, and other colors Why? Different thicknesses of materials reflect and absorb light differently 12 nm gold particles Nanogold 43
What kind of nanostructures can we make? What kind of nanostructures exist in nature? NANOSTRUCTURES 44
Source: http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/lect_06.htm http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg Life begins and happens at the NANOSCALE Ion pumps move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell Ribosomes translate RNA sequences into proteins Viruses infect cells in biological organisms and reproduce in the host cell Biological Nanomachines 45
The Morpho didius butterfly Microelectronic Engineering 95 (2012) 42–48 Sensors and Actuators A 213 (2014) 63–69 46
Source: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/engineering-computer-science/news_bulletin/images/nanotube.jpeg Model of a carbon nanotube Using new techniques, we’ve created amazing structures like carbon nanotubes • 100 time stronger than steel but still very flexible • If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility Carbon Nanotubes 47
Model of Buckminster fullerene Source: http://digilander.libero.it/geodesic/buckyball-2Layer1.jpg Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery Can penetrate cell walls Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream) Carbon Buckyballs (C60) 48
HOW DO YOU BUILD THINGS THAT ARE SO SMALL? 49
Building Nanostructures 50
Atom-by-atom assembly Like bricklaying, move atoms into place one at a time using tools like the AFM and STM Notch away atoms Like a sculptor, chisel out material from a surface until the desired structure emerges Self assembly Set up an environment so atoms assemble automatically. Cell membranes IBM logo assembled from individual xenon atoms Polystyrene spheres self- assembling Source: http://www.phys.uri.edu/~sps/STM/stm10.jpg; http://www.nanoptek.com/digitalptm.html Fabrication Methods 51
Self Assembly Crystal Growth Grow nanotubes like trees – Put iron nanopowder crystals on a silicon surface – Put in a chamber – Add natural gas with carbon (vapor deposition) – Carbon reacts with iron and forms a precipitate of carbon that grows up and out Because of the large number of structures you can create quickly, self-assembly is an important fabrication technique Source: http://www.chemistry.nmsu.edu/~etrnsfer/nanowires/ Example I 52
• Selforganized, cost effective, and suitable for large area deposition, does not require sophisticated instruments. • Aqueous reduction of metal salts (Ag, Au) in the presence of citrate ions – Chemisorption of organic ligands – Distribution varies > 10% • MX nanocrystals (NCs) (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X= S, Se, Te) – Metal alkyls + organophosphine chalcogenides – Phosphine binding to M controlled by temperature – Allows for size-selective aliquots; growth time for 1-2 nm NCs in minutes53 Arrested Precipitation Technique Example II C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610 New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974
Arrested Precipitation Example II 54 C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610 New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974
• CdSe nanocrystals • CdO + oleic acid + octadecene • Heat to 250° C to dissolve the CdO • Selenium + octadecene + tributylphosphine • Heat to 150° C to dissolve the selenium • Transfer Se solution to the Cd solution • Take aliquots Synthesis of Nanomaterials 55
HOW IMPORTANT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Look where is the money? • The US formed the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 2000 • Roco: “Industry input the market for products incorporating nanotechnology could reach $1 trillion worldwide by 2015” • by 2008 the worldwide government support of nanotechnology <$6.3 billion • Germany and France each about $3 billion in 2005–2010, • the EU allocated $1.9 billion during 2002–2006 and $3.2 billion during 2007–10 • Russia $3.5 billion 2007–10, 57 www.nano.gov Roco, M. C., Handbook on nanoscience, engineering and technology 2007, pp. 3.1 Scientometrics 2016 DOI 10.1007/s11192-016-2062-7
Publications 58
Publications 59 • Impact Factor is a measure of a journal’s impact in a discipline • Thompson Scientific's ISI Web of Knowledge database. • Published annually • Available for journals that are indexed in ISI databases. • Average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal Citations of recent items Number of recent items Impact factor=
60 Publications Russian PublicationsTurkish Publications
Nanotechnology can create unique materials and products which are:  Stronger  Lighter  Cheaper  Durable  Precise  Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller  Automatic Pollution Cleanup  Manufacturing at almost no cost  End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease)  Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)  Body Sculpting (i.e. change your appearance) Industrial MedicalMaterial 61 Advantages of Nanotechnology
•Carbon NanoTubes •Medicine •Information Technology •Nano Robots •Energy Targeted Drug Delivery Nano Transistor OLED Nanorobot Aerogel Nano Filters 62 Nanotechnology Applications
Strength Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile trength and elastic modulus. Young’s modulus ~1 TeraPascal. (steel ~200 GPa) Hardness Compressed SWNTs is 460–550 GPa (diamond 420 Gpa) Electrical High electrical conductivity. The resistivity of the SWNT ropes is in the order of 10–4 -cm (copper 1.7×10−3 - cm) Thermal SWNT very good thermal conductors along the tube, the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air. 63 Example: Nano Tubes
Solar cells Flexible solar cells developed at the New Jersey Institute of Technology formed by a mixture of polymer, carbon nanotubes and carbon buckyballs Ultracapacitors With a nanotube electrode the hollow spaces that store charge may be tailored to any size so the capacity should be increased Batteries CNTs have the highest reversible capacity of any carbon material for use in lithium-ion batteries, Ceramic materials At UC Davis, ceramic material reinforced with carbon nanotubes. The new material is far tougher than conventional ceramics, conducts electricity and can both conduct heat and act as a thermal barrier, depending on the orientation of the nanotubes. Other applications Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in nanoelectromechanical systems, including mechanical memory elements Aligned nanotubes are preferred for many applications. 64 Applications of Nano Tubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 327, 2000, 69 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070719011151.htm https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030917072853.htm Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 43, 2000, 178
• Materials – Stain-resistant clothes • Health Care – Chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery devices Potential Impacts of Nanotechnology Thin layers of gold are used in tiny medical devices Nano-Carbon can be used for storage Possible entry point for nanomedical device • Technology - Better data storage and computation • Environment - Clean energy, clean air 65
Materials: Stain Resistant Clothes Nanofibers create cushion of air around fabric – 10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton – Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off Sources: http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218391840&cat=3_5 http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoTex.html Nano pants that refuse to stain Nano-Care fabrics with water, cranberry juice, vegetable oil, and mustard after 30 minutes (left) and wiped off with wet paper towel (right) 66 Water lily Super hydrophobicity - Self cleaning SEM
Materials: Paint That Doesn’t Chip Protective nanopaint for cars – Water and dirt repellent – Resistant to chipping and scratches – Brighter colors, enhanced gloss – In the future, could change color and self-repair? Mercedes covered with tougher, shinier nanopaint Sources: http://www.supanet.com/motoring/testdrives/news/40923/ 67
Environment: Paint That Cleans Air Nanopaint on buildings could reduce pollution – When exposed to ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in paint break down organic and inorganic pollutants that wash off in the rain – Decompose air pollution particles like formaldehyde Buildings as air purifiers? http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/metro/userobject1ai710823.html 68
Environment: Nano Solar Cells Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, clothing – Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative! Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes ] 200 nm 69
Technology: A super DVD Current CD and DVD media have storage scale in micrometers New nanomedia (made when gold self- assembles into strips on silicon) has a storage scale in nanometers – That is 1,000 times more storage along each dimension (length, width)… Source: Images adapted from http://uw.physics.wisc.edu/~himpsel/nano.html …or 1,000,000 times greater storage density in total! 70
Technology: Shrinking of Chips Nanolithography to create tiny patterns – Lay down “ink” atom by atom Mona Lisa, 8 microns tall, created by AFM nanolithography Sources: http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPM-Techniques/Principles/Lithographies/AFM_Oxidation_Lithography_mode37.html http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm Transporting molecules to a surface by dip-pen nanolithography 71
L’Oreal has used polymer nanocapsules to deliver active ingredients, e.g. retinol or Vitamin A, into the deeper layers of skin. Nanoemulsions, Nanocapsules, Nanostructured lipid carriers 72 Health Care: Cosmetics
Health Care: Neuro-electronics Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers through neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with semiconductors – Possible applications in brain research, neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors Rat neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity. Noninvasive monitoring of neuronal systems by semiconductor chips at the level of individual cells http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/05voefro/abstract.html 73
Health Care: Detection of Diseases Quantum dots glow in UV light – Injected in mice, collect in tumors – Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.html http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.htm Early tumor detection, studied in mice Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light 74
Health Care: Growing Tissue Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab – Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly way – Before that, fibers grew in random directions Source: http://www.washington.edu/admin/finmgmt/annrpt/mcdevitt.htm Cardiac tissue grown with the help of nanofiber filaments 75
Health Care: Prevention from Viruses Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses – Could stop viruses from binding to cells – Never get another cold or flu? Sources: http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/8005/8005notw2.html Influenza virus: Note proteins on outside that bind to cells Gold tethered to the protein shell of a virus 76
Need for Nanotechnology • Allows the placement of small structures with precision, simplicity and low cost • Leads to economic growth • Enhances national security • Improves the quality of life • Leads to job creation 77
• Health issues – Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin, or deliberately injected – Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and proteins? – Nanoparticles could cause serious illness or damage human body – Could be seen as untraceable destructive weapons of mass destruction • Environmental issues – Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants; traditional filters are too big to catch them • Social and Political issues – Creates social strife through increasing wealth gap – New technology creates political dilemma • New risk assessment methods are needed – National and international agencies are beginning to study the risk; results will lead to new regulations78 Potential Risks of Nanotechnology
Summary: NanoScience • Nanosicence and nanotechnology • Nanoscience Is Everywhere in Nature • An emerging, interdisciplinary science – Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science • The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to – New areas of research and technology design – Better understanding of matter and interactions – New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology – A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away 79
Mother Nature Mankind has always found inspiration in Mother Nature. Today developing technologies allow us to probe and better understand the nanoscience of Mother Nature.
References • Some of the slides were adopted from – A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/N anoscience_class.htm

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Nanotechnology introduction

  • 1.
  • 2.
    • Nanoscience-Definition • History •Lesson from Nature • Tools‘ • Break • Nanostructures • Building nano structures • Impact • Applications in different field • Nano Industry • Summary Outline
  • 3.
    Look deep intonature, and then you will understand everything better. -Albert Einstein
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
    What is nano? Whatsizes can human eye see? 20 – 200 m http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/Bria nLey.shtml 6
  • 7.
    Visual Acuity –clarity of vision 6-29 m Electron Microscope Light Microscope Unaided Eye7 What is nano? What sizes can human eye see?
  • 8.
  • 9.
    What is nano? 155cm=1.55m 1550 000 000 nm Apple ~8cm 80 million nm Ant ~5mm 5 million nm hair  75m 75,000 nm E. Coli bacterium ~2m 2,000 nm DNA 2 nm Buckyball ~1 nm MWCN  ~12 nm 9
  • 10.
    What is Nanoscience? Whenpeople talk about Nanoscience, many start by describing things Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials They elaborate about nanocarbon’s strength and electrical properties Graphene Carbon Nanotube C60 Buckminster Fullerene10
  • 11.
    Biologists have usedthings in nanosize. They have been studying DNA and RNA 11
  • 12.
    Chemists have synthesizedthings for over a century: complex molecules First OLED material: tris 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (OLED = organic light emitting diode) Polypyrrole Nitro oligo phenylene ethynylene Molecular electronic switch 12
  • 13.
    Nano Defined All thesethings are about the size of a nanometer: Nano = 10-9 m = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things and processes Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience to produce devices and products Why are focusing on nanometer? What is so special about a nanometer? A micrometer: Micro = 10-6 m = 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ size of light's wavelength 13
  • 14.
    by Moore, hisFairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby Microtechnology has gotten smaller EVERY year MOORE'S LAW: Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder, in 1965 observed that the transistor count for integrated circuits seemed to be doubling every 18-24 months In the 1950s a computer filled rooms, now it fit on your lap. The more transistors on a chip, the smaller their size and closer their spacing. His "law" has since been followed for forty five years: (Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm) 14
  • 15.
    So is Nanoscience/technology reallynew & unique? • Micro is also VERY small • Micro has been around for a long time • Micro has steadily shrunk to the point that it is now almost NANO anyway! • Leading to a LOT of confusion about the distinction between Micro & Nano • Nanotechnology will be built UPON Microtechnology • Microfabrication techniques • assembled ATOP Microstructures 15
  • 16.
    NANO "revolution" ? Justabout making things incrementally smaller? Just about a simple shift in the most convenient unit of measure? There is something very unique about Nano Nano is about boundaries where BEHAVIOR radically changes BEHAVIOR OF THE OBJECTS SUDDENLY CHANGES OUR BEHAVIOR MUST CHANGE to make those things16
  • 17.
    Quantum Mechanics Electron WavesSeparate NanoSCIENCE from MicroSCIENCE weird, new, counter intuitive, non-Newtonian understanding of electrons: Electrons => Waves How do you figure out an electron’s wavelength? electron = h / p “De Broglie’s Relationship” ( = electron wavelength, h = Planck’s Constant, p = electron’s momentum) This relationship was based on series of experiments late 1800’s / early 1900’s To put the size of an electron’s wavelength in perspective:17
  • 18.
    Size of Things MillimetersMicrons Nanometers Ball of a ball point pen 0.5 Thickness of paper 0.1 100 Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 – 200 Talcum Powder 40 Fiberglass fibers 10 Carbon fiber 5 Human red blood cell 4 – 6 E-coli bacterium 2 Size of a modern transistor 0.25 250 Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 – 0.3 200 – 300 Electron wavelength: ~10 nm or less Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3 Diameter of DNA spiral 2 Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7 Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28 Size of one Atom ~0.1 18
  • 19.
    Atoms Molecules Classical Physics &Chemistry 0.1 nm 0.2 – 100 nm 10-3 m 10-3 – 1 m 1 – 100 nm The Nano World—its science and technology—is at the boundary between the everyday world of classical science and the unusual world of Quantum Mechanics Some Nano aspects can be handled with everyday physics & chemistry, and some nano devices can only be understood with quantum concepts Micro WorldNano WorldQuantum World Everyday World 19
  • 20.
    • “Magical Pointon Length Scale, for this is the point where the smallest man-made devices meet atoms and molecules of the natural world.” – Eugene Wong, Knight Rider Newspapers, Kansas City Star, Monday Nov. 8th, 1999 • “Just wait, the next century is going to be incredible. We are about to be able to build things that work at the smallest possible length scales, atom by atom. These little nanothings will revolutionize our industries and our lives.” – R. Smalley, Congressional Hearings, Summer 1999. Nanometer Scale → Unknown Behavior 20
  • 21.
    “A biological systemcan be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active; they manufacture various substances; they walk around; they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous things – all on a very small scale. Also, they store information. Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small that does what we want— that we can manufacture an object that maneuvers at that level.” (From the talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” delivered by Richard P. Feynman at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, on December 29, 1959.) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html 21
  • 22.
  • 23.
    History of Nanomaterials •1974 The word Nanotechnology first used by Nario Taniguchi, Univ. of Tokyo – production technology to get ultra fine accuracy and precision ~ 1nm • 1981 IBM (Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer) invented STM scanning tunneling microscope which can move single atoms around • 1985 new form of carbon discovered C60 buckminister fullerene 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere made of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons 23
  • 24.
    2000 Years Ago– lead sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair History of Nanomaterials Nano Lett., 6, 2006, 2215 24
  • 25.
    1000 Years Ago(Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows. History of Nanomaterials Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357 (2011) 1342–1349 25
  • 26.
    Lycurgus chalice 4thCentury A.D. Appears green in reflected light and red if light is directed through it. 70 nm particles of silver and gold in the glass! Lycrugus cup with diffused light Lycrugus cup with focused light History of Nanomaterials 26
  • 27.
    • 1991 carbonnanotubes discovered “graphitic carbon needles ranging from 4 nm – 30 nm and up to 1 micron in length” (Sumino Iijima) • 1993 First high quality quantum dots prepared. Small particles with controlled diameters of CdS, CdSe, CdTe History of Nanomaterials 27 http://www.nanosysinc.com/what-we-do/quantum-dots/
  • 28.
    • 2000 FirstDNA motor made similar to motorized tweezers may make computers 1000 more powerful. Nature 406 (6796) 2000, 605-608. DNA motors can be attached to electrically conducting molecules – act as basic switches History of Nanomaterials 28
  • 29.
    • 2001 prototypefuel cell made with nanotubes • 2002 Nanomaterials make stain repellant trousers Nano-Care® Stressfree Khakis have nanowhiskers (10-100 nm in length) History of Nanomaterials 29 http://nanotex.com/
  • 30.
  • 31.
    • Nano airborneparticles (100 -1000 nm) cause water to condense and form raindrops or snowflakes • Plankton – varies in sizes from (1- 100 nm) Marine bacteria and viruses Lesson from Nature 31
  • 32.
    Glucose and Glucoseoxidase All cells require glucose (0.6 nm) as a fuel for metabolism Energy is released from glucose when it is precisely positioned relative to the glucose oxidase enzyme ( 5 nm) Lock and key mechanism common in biology Lesson from Nature 32
  • 33.
    Actin and Myosin Actinand myosin molecules form the system responsible for muscle contraction. The system operates by a series of steps where the head of myosin molecule pulls the actin past itself by 10–28 nm each step. Lesson from Nature 33
  • 34.
    Gecko Power Gecko foothairs typically have diameters of 200 – 500 nm. Weak chemical interaction between each hair and surface (each foot has over 1 million of these hairs) provides a force of 10 N/cm2 Lesson from Nature 34
  • 35.
    Bucky Balls (C60)were discovered in soot! Nanoparticles in Smoke from Fires Lesson from Nature 35
  • 36.
    Nanoscience Is Everywhere inNature Living cells have been using their own nanoscale devices to create structures one atom or molecule at a time for millions of years. To be specific, DNA is copied, proteins are formed, and complex hormones are manufactured by cellular devices far more complex than the most advanced manufacturing processes we have today. http://dallas.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2001/09/10/focus2.html?page=3 Lesson from Nature 36
  • 37.
    HOW DID WEGET TO NANOSCIENCE? New Tools! As tools change → What we can see and do changes 37
  • 38.
    Sources: http://www.cambridge.edu.au/education/PracticeITBook2/Microscope.jpg http://biology.touchspin.com/Human_Blood.php • Thenaked eye can see to about 20 microns • Light microscopes let us see to about 1 m Light bounces off or goes through and let’s us see images in contrast. Magnification up to 1000x Using Light to see 38 (400x) red blood cells
  • 39.
    Greater resolution tosee things like blood cells in greater detail (4000x) Sources: http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/facilities/BMF/images/SEMFaye1.jpg http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/animation-depicting-a-microscopic-view-of-red-and-white-stock-footage/854-119 • Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, let us see objects as small as 10 nanometers – Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images – Higher resolution due to small size of electrons Using Electrons to see 39
  • 40.
    About 25 nanometers Thisis about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope Source: Scientific American, Sept. 2001 • Scanning probe microscopes, 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale • We can now see really small things, like atoms, and move them too! Touching the Surface to see 40
  • 41.
    • Atomic ForceMicroscope (AFM) – A tiny tip moves up and down in response to the electromagnetic forces between the atoms of the surface and the tip – The motion is recorded and used to create an image of the atomic surface • Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – A flow of electrical current occurs between the tip and the surface – The strength of this current is used to create an image of the atomic surface Scanning Probe Microscopes 41 2-D network of 4nm nanoAu Scientific Reports 4, 2014, 6033 http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/stm.html
  • 42.
    Source: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GEOMORPH/SurfaceVol0.gif Cutting downa cube of gold If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be? Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be? If you keep doing this, cutting each block in half, will the pieces of gold always look golden? Is Gold always golden? 42
  • 43.
    Source: http://www.nano.uts.edu.au/pics/au_atoms.jpg Chem. Rev.2005, 105, 1547-1562 Chem. Commun.,5, 2008, 544-557 If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are in the nanoscale range, they don’t look gold anymore… They look RED! In fact, depending on size, they can turn red, blue, yellow, and other colors Why? Different thicknesses of materials reflect and absorb light differently 12 nm gold particles Nanogold 43
  • 44.
    What kind ofnanostructures can we make? What kind of nanostructures exist in nature? NANOSTRUCTURES 44
  • 45.
    Source: http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/lect_06.htm http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg Life beginsand happens at the NANOSCALE Ion pumps move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell Ribosomes translate RNA sequences into proteins Viruses infect cells in biological organisms and reproduce in the host cell Biological Nanomachines 45
  • 46.
    The Morpho didiusbutterfly Microelectronic Engineering 95 (2012) 42–48 Sensors and Actuators A 213 (2014) 63–69 46
  • 47.
    Source: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/engineering-computer-science/news_bulletin/images/nanotube.jpeg Model ofa carbon nanotube Using new techniques, we’ve created amazing structures like carbon nanotubes • 100 time stronger than steel but still very flexible • If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility Carbon Nanotubes 47
  • 48.
    Model of Buckminsterfullerene Source: http://digilander.libero.it/geodesic/buckyball-2Layer1.jpg Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery Can penetrate cell walls Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream) Carbon Buckyballs (C60) 48
  • 49.
    HOW DO YOUBUILD THINGS THAT ARE SO SMALL? 49
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Atom-by-atom assembly Like bricklaying,move atoms into place one at a time using tools like the AFM and STM Notch away atoms Like a sculptor, chisel out material from a surface until the desired structure emerges Self assembly Set up an environment so atoms assemble automatically. Cell membranes IBM logo assembled from individual xenon atoms Polystyrene spheres self- assembling Source: http://www.phys.uri.edu/~sps/STM/stm10.jpg; http://www.nanoptek.com/digitalptm.html Fabrication Methods 51
  • 52.
    Self Assembly CrystalGrowth Grow nanotubes like trees – Put iron nanopowder crystals on a silicon surface – Put in a chamber – Add natural gas with carbon (vapor deposition) – Carbon reacts with iron and forms a precipitate of carbon that grows up and out Because of the large number of structures you can create quickly, self-assembly is an important fabrication technique Source: http://www.chemistry.nmsu.edu/~etrnsfer/nanowires/ Example I 52
  • 53.
    • Selforganized, costeffective, and suitable for large area deposition, does not require sophisticated instruments. • Aqueous reduction of metal salts (Ag, Au) in the presence of citrate ions – Chemisorption of organic ligands – Distribution varies > 10% • MX nanocrystals (NCs) (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X= S, Se, Te) – Metal alkyls + organophosphine chalcogenides – Phosphine binding to M controlled by temperature – Allows for size-selective aliquots; growth time for 1-2 nm NCs in minutes53 Arrested Precipitation Technique Example II C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610 New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974
  • 54.
    Arrested Precipitation Example II 54C. B. Murray and C. R. Kagan and M. G. Bawendi Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000. 30:545–610 New J. Chem., 2014, 38, 5964--5974
  • 55.
    • CdSe nanocrystals •CdO + oleic acid + octadecene • Heat to 250° C to dissolve the CdO • Selenium + octadecene + tributylphosphine • Heat to 150° C to dissolve the selenium • Transfer Se solution to the Cd solution • Take aliquots Synthesis of Nanomaterials 55
  • 56.
  • 57.
    Look where isthe money? • The US formed the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 2000 • Roco: “Industry input the market for products incorporating nanotechnology could reach $1 trillion worldwide by 2015” • by 2008 the worldwide government support of nanotechnology <$6.3 billion • Germany and France each about $3 billion in 2005–2010, • the EU allocated $1.9 billion during 2002–2006 and $3.2 billion during 2007–10 • Russia $3.5 billion 2007–10, 57 www.nano.gov Roco, M. C., Handbook on nanoscience, engineering and technology 2007, pp. 3.1 Scientometrics 2016 DOI 10.1007/s11192-016-2062-7
  • 58.
  • 59.
    Publications 59 • Impact Factoris a measure of a journal’s impact in a discipline • Thompson Scientific's ISI Web of Knowledge database. • Published annually • Available for journals that are indexed in ISI databases. • Average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal Citations of recent items Number of recent items Impact factor=
  • 60.
  • 61.
    Nanotechnology can create unique materialsand products which are:  Stronger  Lighter  Cheaper  Durable  Precise  Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller  Automatic Pollution Cleanup  Manufacturing at almost no cost  End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease)  Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)  Body Sculpting (i.e. change your appearance) Industrial MedicalMaterial 61 Advantages of Nanotechnology
  • 62.
    •Carbon NanoTubes •Medicine •Information Technology •NanoRobots •Energy Targeted Drug Delivery Nano Transistor OLED Nanorobot Aerogel Nano Filters 62 Nanotechnology Applications
  • 63.
    Strength Carbon nanotubesare the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile trength and elastic modulus. Young’s modulus ~1 TeraPascal. (steel ~200 GPa) Hardness Compressed SWNTs is 460–550 GPa (diamond 420 Gpa) Electrical High electrical conductivity. The resistivity of the SWNT ropes is in the order of 10–4 -cm (copper 1.7×10−3 - cm) Thermal SWNT very good thermal conductors along the tube, the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air. 63 Example: Nano Tubes
  • 64.
    Solar cells Flexible solarcells developed at the New Jersey Institute of Technology formed by a mixture of polymer, carbon nanotubes and carbon buckyballs Ultracapacitors With a nanotube electrode the hollow spaces that store charge may be tailored to any size so the capacity should be increased Batteries CNTs have the highest reversible capacity of any carbon material for use in lithium-ion batteries, Ceramic materials At UC Davis, ceramic material reinforced with carbon nanotubes. The new material is far tougher than conventional ceramics, conducts electricity and can both conduct heat and act as a thermal barrier, depending on the orientation of the nanotubes. Other applications Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in nanoelectromechanical systems, including mechanical memory elements Aligned nanotubes are preferred for many applications. 64 Applications of Nano Tubes Chem. Phys. Lett. 327, 2000, 69 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070719011151.htm https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030917072853.htm Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 43, 2000, 178
  • 65.
    • Materials – Stain-resistantclothes • Health Care – Chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery devices Potential Impacts of Nanotechnology Thin layers of gold are used in tiny medical devices Nano-Carbon can be used for storage Possible entry point for nanomedical device • Technology - Better data storage and computation • Environment - Clean energy, clean air 65
  • 66.
    Materials: Stain ResistantClothes Nanofibers create cushion of air around fabric – 10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton – Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off Sources: http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218391840&cat=3_5 http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoTex.html Nano pants that refuse to stain Nano-Care fabrics with water, cranberry juice, vegetable oil, and mustard after 30 minutes (left) and wiped off with wet paper towel (right) 66 Water lily Super hydrophobicity - Self cleaning SEM
  • 67.
    Materials: Paint ThatDoesn’t Chip Protective nanopaint for cars – Water and dirt repellent – Resistant to chipping and scratches – Brighter colors, enhanced gloss – In the future, could change color and self-repair? Mercedes covered with tougher, shinier nanopaint Sources: http://www.supanet.com/motoring/testdrives/news/40923/ 67
  • 68.
    Environment: Paint ThatCleans Air Nanopaint on buildings could reduce pollution – When exposed to ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in paint break down organic and inorganic pollutants that wash off in the rain – Decompose air pollution particles like formaldehyde Buildings as air purifiers? http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/metro/userobject1ai710823.html 68
  • 69.
    Environment: Nano SolarCells Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, clothing – Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative! Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes ] 200 nm 69
  • 70.
    Technology: A superDVD Current CD and DVD media have storage scale in micrometers New nanomedia (made when gold self- assembles into strips on silicon) has a storage scale in nanometers – That is 1,000 times more storage along each dimension (length, width)… Source: Images adapted from http://uw.physics.wisc.edu/~himpsel/nano.html …or 1,000,000 times greater storage density in total! 70
  • 71.
    Technology: Shrinking ofChips Nanolithography to create tiny patterns – Lay down “ink” atom by atom Mona Lisa, 8 microns tall, created by AFM nanolithography Sources: http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPM-Techniques/Principles/Lithographies/AFM_Oxidation_Lithography_mode37.html http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm Transporting molecules to a surface by dip-pen nanolithography 71
  • 72.
    L’Oreal has usedpolymer nanocapsules to deliver active ingredients, e.g. retinol or Vitamin A, into the deeper layers of skin. Nanoemulsions, Nanocapsules, Nanostructured lipid carriers 72 Health Care: Cosmetics
  • 73.
    Health Care: Neuro-electronics NerveTissue Talking to Computers through neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with semiconductors – Possible applications in brain research, neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors Rat neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity. Noninvasive monitoring of neuronal systems by semiconductor chips at the level of individual cells http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/05voefro/abstract.html 73
  • 74.
    Health Care: Detectionof Diseases Quantum dots glow in UV light – Injected in mice, collect in tumors – Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.html http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.htm Early tumor detection, studied in mice Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light 74
  • 75.
    Health Care: GrowingTissue Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab – Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly way – Before that, fibers grew in random directions Source: http://www.washington.edu/admin/finmgmt/annrpt/mcdevitt.htm Cardiac tissue grown with the help of nanofiber filaments 75
  • 76.
    Health Care: Preventionfrom Viruses Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses – Could stop viruses from binding to cells – Never get another cold or flu? Sources: http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/8005/8005notw2.html Influenza virus: Note proteins on outside that bind to cells Gold tethered to the protein shell of a virus 76
  • 77.
    Need for Nanotechnology •Allows the placement of small structures with precision, simplicity and low cost • Leads to economic growth • Enhances national security • Improves the quality of life • Leads to job creation 77
  • 78.
    • Health issues –Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin, or deliberately injected – Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and proteins? – Nanoparticles could cause serious illness or damage human body – Could be seen as untraceable destructive weapons of mass destruction • Environmental issues – Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants; traditional filters are too big to catch them • Social and Political issues – Creates social strife through increasing wealth gap – New technology creates political dilemma • New risk assessment methods are needed – National and international agencies are beginning to study the risk; results will lead to new regulations78 Potential Risks of Nanotechnology
  • 79.
    Summary: NanoScience • Nanosicence andnanotechnology • Nanoscience Is Everywhere in Nature • An emerging, interdisciplinary science – Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science • The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to – New areas of research and technology design – Better understanding of matter and interactions – New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology – A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away 79
  • 80.
    Mother Nature Mankind hasalways found inspiration in Mother Nature. Today developing technologies allow us to probe and better understand the nanoscience of Mother Nature.
  • 81.
    References • Some ofthe slides were adopted from – A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/N anoscience_class.htm