3. 1 ANTECEDENTS
Discuss the antecedents of
nanotechnology;
2 PROS AND CONS
3 APPLICATIONS
4 SOCIAL ISSUES
5 COST AND BENEFITS
Enumerate the positive and negative
impacts of nanotechnology to society;
Cite applications of nanotechnology across
different areas;
Identify social issues and concerns surrounding
nanotechnology; and
Critique the issue on its cost and benefits to
society.
At the end of this
lessons, students should
be able to:
Intended Learning
Outcomes
4. 1
What is Nanotechnology?
❑ Nano (Greek for Dwarf or Small)
❑ Just How Small is Nano Small?
❑ Nanoscience
❑ What is Nanotechnology?
❑ Nanomaterials
❑ Nanosources
❑ Nanodevice
❑ Importance of Nanotechnology
5. NANO (Greek for DWARF or SMALL)
❑ 1 NANOMETER = 10-9 m (billionth of a meter)
❑ Size of the NANOSCALE :
✓ A sheet of paper : about 100,000 nm thick
✓ A strand of human DNA : 2.5 meters in diameter
✓ 1 inch : 25,400,000 nanometers
✓ A strand of human HAIR : 80,000 – 100,000 nm
✓ If a marble were a nanometer, then one (1) meter would
be the size of the Earth
6. Just HOW SMALL is NANO-SMALL?
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
7. Just HOW SMALL is NANO-SMALL?
A nanometer (nm) a hundred-
thousandth the width of a human hair
[source: Berkeley Lab])
Photo by:
Anjaneyulu Vin
8. NANOSCIENCE
▪ The study and application of structures and materials that have dimensions
at the nano scale level
▪ The study of nanomaterials and their properties, and the understanding of
how these materials, at the molecular level, provide novel properties and
physical, chemical and biological phenomena that have been successfully
used in innovative ways in a wide range of industries.
▪ When structures of materials are made small enough (at nanoscale
ranges), they take on interesting and useful PROPERTIES (physical and
chemical):
e.g. opaque materials become transparent
insoluble substances become soluble
color of gold can be changed to violet, red and more
✓Strength
✓Weight/mass
✓Control of light spectrum
✓Chemical reactivity
✓Boiling/melting point
✓Density
✓Color
http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-nanotechnology-and-nanoscience/
9. What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?
▪ The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale level, the
properties of which differ significantly from that of their constituent
material at the macroscopic or even microscopic scale.
▪ It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses understanding and control
of matter at about 1-100 nm, leading to development of innovative and
revolutionary applications.
▪ It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special
properties of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale
▪ It also involves DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION, and
APPLICATION of structures, devices, and systems by controlling
SHAPES and SIZES at the nanometer scale
http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-nanotechnology-and-nanoscience/
10. What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?
▪ It is CONVERGENT
It brings TOGETHER various fields of science through its
innovations, such as DNA silicon chips, converging with
semiconductor science (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with
applications in the medical industry.
▪ It is ENABLING
It provides the platform and the tools to produce innovations
▪ Physicist RICHARD FEYNMAN: the Father of Nanotechnology
11. NANOMATERIALS
▪ Materials used to create displays that have better color, lower
energy consumption and longer service life.
▪ Chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and
used at a very small scale (1-100 nm)
▪ Developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the
same material without nanoscale features:
increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity
✓ Carbon nanotubes
✓ Diamond
✓ Quantum dots
✓ Fullerenes
✓ Graphite
✓ Graphene
✓ Graphene oxide
✓ Dendrimers
✓ Liposomes
✓ DNA
✓ Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
✓ Silver
✓ Iron Oxide (FeO2)
13. Nano SOURCES
▪ Naturally occurring
✓ Volcanic ash
✓ Forest fires
✓ Ocean spray
✓ Fine sand
✓ Dust
▪ Incidental / Anthropogenic
✓ Produced as a consequence of
human activities
▪ Combustion Process (e.g. Vehicles)
✓ Engineered / Manufactured / Industrial
✓ Intentionally produced for a ‘SPECIFIC’ purpose
14. NANODEVICE
▪ A device with at least one overall dimension in the nanoscale, or
comprising one or more nanoscale components essential to its
operation
✓ Photonic, plasmonic and metamaterial devices
✓ Bio/chemical/nano sensing devices
✓ II-VI/III-V compound optoelectronics and laser devices
✓ Electron and nuclear spin devices
✓ Energy harvesting systems (photonic)
✓ Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
✓ Microfluidics and Microsystems
✓ Low dimensional nanostructures
✓ Topological insulator electric and photonic systems
✓ Bioelectronics
▪ (In medicine) are nanoparticles that are created for the purpose of
interacting with cells and tissues and carrying out very specific tasks
e.g., imaging tools (miniature cameras)
shows such cameras working with other
nanoparticles to get rid of a disease
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-
s2.0-B9781455778621000213-f21-06-
9781455778621.jpg?_
15. Importance of Nanotechnology
✓ To improve existing industrial processes, materials
and applications by scaling them down to the
nanoscale in order to ultimately fully exploit the
unique quantum and surface phenomena that
matter exhibits at the nanoscale
✓ To improve existing products by creating smaller
components and better performance materials, all
at a lower cost
Nanotech products
become:
✓ Lighter
✓ Stronger
✓ Faster
✓ Smaller
✓ More durable
✓ More efficient
17. How It All Started
The ideas & concepts
behind nanoscience &
nanotechnology started with
a talk entitled “There’s
Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” by physicist
Richard Feynman at an
American Physical Society
meeting at the California
Institute of Technology on
December 29, 1959, long
before the term
nanotechnology was used.
Feynman described a
process in which scientists
would be able to manipulate
and control individual atoms
and molecules.
Over a decade later, in his
explorations of
ultraprecision machining,
Professor Norio Taniguchi
coined the term
nanotechnology.
It wasn't until 1981, with the
development of the
SCANNING TUNNELING
MICROSCOPE (STM) that
could "see" individual
atoms, that modern
nanotechnology began.
The microscopes needed to
see things at the nanoscale
were invented relatively
recently in the early 1980s.
Once scientists had the
right tools…
✓ SCANNING
TUNNELING
MICROSCOPE (STM)
✓ ATOMIC FORCE
MICROSCOPE (AFM)
The age of
nanotechnology
was born.
18. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
▪ A type of scanning probe microscope
invented in 1982 by scientists working in IBM
and first used experimentally in 1986
▪ Its functioning is enabled by three of its major
working principles:
✓ Surface sensing
✓ Detection
✓ Imaging
▪ Measure properties (primary role):
✓ Magnetism
✓ Height
✓ Friction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy
19. Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)
▪ A type of microscope used for imaging surfaces
at the atomic level
▪ Developed in 1981 by inventors, Gerd Binnig
and Heinrich Rohrer
▪ Can distinguish features smaller than 0.1nm
with a 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRftWp_3RZwA&psig=AOvVaw2y6MTQweumUI5fQI0KAv9d&ust=16055320951
42000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKinqqrPhO0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP
20.
21. Two Approaches to Nanotechnology
1) Top-down
Approach
Bulk materials are
broken down into smaller
and smaller particles
(Norio Taniguchi)
22. Two Approaches to Nanotechnology
2) Bottom-up
Approach
Nanoparticles are
built up an atom/
molecule at a time
(Richard Feynman)
23. 3
Applications of Nanotechnology
❑ Everyday Life
❑ Medical Robotics
❑ Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
❑ Gene Therapy
❑ Energy Applications
❑ Agriculture
❑ Food Industry
❑ Textiles
❑ Sports
❑ Cosmetics
❑ Defense and Security
24. Applications to Everyday Life
https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i40/Periodic-graphics-chemistry-nanotechnology.html https://www.slideshare.net/Aamirlone47/nanotechnology-in-diagnostic-pathology
29. Nanotechnology in Medical Robotics
▪ Nano-robotics, although having many
applications in other areas, have the most
useful and variety of uses in medical fields.
▪ Potential applications include early diagnosis
and targeted drug delivery for cancer,
biomedical instrumentation, surgery,
pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes,
and health care.
▪ Future medical nanotechnology expected to
employ nanorobots injected into the patient to
perform treatment on a cellular level.
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoverviewofnanotechnologyinmedicine-100401024845-phpapp02/95/an-overview-of-nanotechnology-in-medicine-8-728.jpg?cb=1270090161
30. Nanomaterials in Medicine & Pharmaceuticals
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ejnm-2013-0003/asset/graphic/ejnm-2013-0003_fig1.jpg
31. Nanotechnology in Medicine
▪ Potential to revolutionize the cancer
treatment
▪ Nanocrystals can be effective agents for
selective targeting and destruction of
cancer cells
✓ Small particle size
✓ Surface functionalization is
possible
✓ Unique properties (magnetic,
optical)
Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment
32. Nanotechnology in Medicine
▪ Nanoplex Biomarker Detection
✓ Silica-coated Surface Enhanced
Raman Scattering (SERS) –
active metal nanoparticles allow
robust, ultrasensitive, highly-
multiplexed biomarker quantitation
in any biological matrix, including
blood
Imaging and Diagnostics
33. Nanotechnology in Gene Therapy
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135860000043
34. Environmental and Energy Applications
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-buffalo-environmentalhealth/chapter/nanotechnology/
37. Nanotechnology in the Food Industry
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318961644/figure/fig1/AS:525127151960064@1502211477871/Schematic-diagram-showing-role-of-nanotechnology-in-different-aspects-of-food-sectors.png
40. Nanotechnology in Cosmetics
▪ UVB exposure – sunburn and
carcinoma
▪ UVA exposure – melanoma and
premature aging
▪ Nanoscale TiO2 and ZnO particles
provide broad-spectrum UV
protection in a transparent
formulation
Sunscreen
41. Nanotechnology in Defense & Security
Improved body armor is a major focus for
military nanotechnology research. Several
different technologies have been explored,
some of which will be operational in just a
few years time:
▪ Si or TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in
epoxy matrix
▪ SiO2 nanoparticles in a liquid polymer
which hardens on ballistic impact (Shear
Thickening Fluid)
▪ Iron nanoparticles in inert oil which
hardens on stimulation with an electrical
pulse (Magnetorheological Fluid)
Body Armor
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.2991/978-94-6239-012-6_25
43. Other Applications
Photocatalysis Propellants
▪ Photocatalytic reactions can PURIFY water,
air, surfaces and fabrics
▪ TiO2 nanocrystals/films
▪ Of the 502,126 kg of propellant used in the
solid rocket boosters of the Space Shuttle,
16% is atomized Al powder
▪ Nanoscale Al powder have higher burn rates
44. Other Applications
Magnetic Recording Tapes Transparent Conducive Coating
✓ Audiocassettes
✓ Videocassettes
✓ Data storage tapes
✓ Floppy disk
✓ Hard disks
✓ Use of Fe Oxide or Co-Fe Oxide
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
✓ CRTs
✓ Photographic films
✓ Touch screens
Source: S. Onodera, MRS Bulletin [21, 9, 1996]
45. 4
Major Impacts to Society
❑ Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts
❑ Advantages and Disadvantages
46. 1) TOXICITY risks to human health
and the environment (associated
with 1st –generation
nanomaterials)
2) Pulmonary diseases due to
inhalation of airborne particles and
nanofibers
✓ Carbon nanotubes are as
harmful as asbestos when
inhaled in sufficient amounts
3) When toxic wastes from
nanoparticles are flushed into our
waters, our water resources
become endangered
Negative Impacts
1) Nanotech products will be smaller,
cheaper, lighter, more functional and
easier to use, requires less energy and
fewer raw materials to manufacture
2) Increase in manufacturing production of
products at significantly reduced costs
3) Allows for more accurate and fast
delivery of services
4) Molecular Scale Manufacturing’ ensures
that very little raw materials is wasted.
5) Better performance of products
compared to those made with
conventional materials.
Positive Impacts
48. 5
Social Issues and Concerns
❑ Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine: Ethical Aspects
❑ Ethical, Social and Legal Influences
49. HEALTH ISSUES SOCIETAL ISSUES FUTURISTIC ISSUES
1. The cost of nanodevices and nano-
surgery tools and the unknown
technical capacity of these devices
and tools
1. The effect on developing countries
1. Enlarging expectations and unsubstantial
estimations
2. Getting the roles of the process cycle of
nanotechnology
2. Possible risks
3. The change in the need for raw materials
3. Clinical applications of nanotechnological
processes
2. The effect on the relationship
between physician and patient
4. The effect on laborers 4. The problem of confidentiality
5. Undetermined employee security
6. Unprescribed dangers resulting from nano-
products
5. The problem of equality
3. The effect on the HEALTH SYSTEM 7. The effect on managerial issues 6. The problem of definition of being a human
Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine: Ethical Aspects
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NANOTECHNOLOGY%2C-NANOMEDICINE%3B-ETHICAL-ASPECTS.-G%C3%B6k%C3%A7ay-Arda/f38e2816bde58843eb0b4f96f2ca7870289bd150
50. Issues on Nanotechnology: Ethical, Social and Legal Influences
INFLUENCE ISSUES
1
ETHICAL
influence
Social divides
✓ If the rich countries are the main drivers of the development of nanotechnology, applications which benefit
developing nations will be side-lined
Technology abuse
✓ 'Grey goo': Tiny robots generated with nanotechnology could acquire the ability to self-replicate.
✓ Nanotechnology has the potential for revolutionary advancements in military power.; a threat when it falls on
the wrong hands
2
SOCIAL
influence
Environmental hazards
✓ Nanoparticles have the potential to remain and accumulate in the environment.
✓ Water resources become endangered when TOXIC wastes are flushed into our waters
Health risks
✓ Nanoparticles could have unforeseen impacts on human health.
✓ Nanoparticles could accumulate in the food chain.
Economic effects
Educational avenues
3
LEGAL
influence
Privacy breach
Regulations
✓ Unless rapid action is taken, research into nanotechnology could progress faster than systems can be put in
place to regulate its applications and their uses.
✓ The public has not been sufficiently involved in debates on the applications, uses, and regulation of
nanotechnology.
Property rights
