The document discusses how nanomaterials can influence stem cell differentiation, highlighting their applications in tissue regeneration and potential therapeutic uses. It emphasizes that factors such as size, charge, and surface modification of nanoparticles are crucial for effective differentiation and that certain materials like gold and titanium dioxide exhibit varying effects. The conclusion notes the complexity of the mechanisms involved and the importance of considering side effects in developing treatments for various diseases.

1. Nanomaterials modulate stem
cell differentiation: biological
interaction and underlying
mechanisms
BY
SRIVIDHYA S
ANUSUYA B

2. Introduction
 Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the potential for
self-renewal and differentiation into more specialized cell
types.
 Uses: regeneration and replacement of cells, tissue therapy.
 Efforts were made to differentiate stem cells into different
types of cells : osteoblast cells, neurons, adipocytes and
cardiomyocytes.
 The success rate is limited and low efficiency.

3.  Nanoparticles manipulate stem cells differentiation.
 The engineered nanoparticles imitate the stem cells
environment.
 Growth factors and bioactive in the medium is accepted to
promote stem cell differentiation.
 Functionalized CNTs and GR, differentiate without extra
supplements.
 The application depends on the regulation and control of cell
differentiation into specific cell types.

5.  Easy permeability.
 Locate in cytoplasm, affecting
cellular signalling pathways for
inducing differentiation.
 Optimal size: 20 and 70 nm.
 Charge dependent as physical and
chemical parameters are
interconnected.
 Smaller : cytotoxic.
 Larger : less efficient.

6. Gold nanoparticle
 Controlled size
 Adipose derived and mesenchymal to osteoblast or
cardiomyocytes.
 30-50nm sphere – most efficient.
 40 and 70nm sphere with bovine serum albumin
affects differentiation.
 Non biodegradable

7. Silver nanoparticles
 Fastest growing nanomaterial.
 10-20nm : no influence.
 30nm : no influence but cytotoxic.
 80nm : inhibit differentiation.
 Osteogenic differentiation and proliferation.
 Conclusion : size, charge, concentration, surface
modification is imporatant.

8. Titanium dioxide
 Spherical : negative result.
 Nanotubes : promote differentiation.
 Induce through epigenic mechanism by modulating
histone H3.
 Multilayer coated nanotube : osteoblastic differentiation.

9. Graphene oxide
 GO – oxidative derivative of graphene.
 Into dopamine neurons and bone cells.
 Incorporated GO : enhance hydrophilicity.
 Spontaneous differentiation.
 Used as adhesion layer for long time differentiation.

10. Semiconductor nanomaterials
 Does not promote differentiation.
 Serve as nanocarriers.
 Differentiate into adipocytes invitro.
 Bio safety, high loading capacity and biocompatibility.
 Silica modified as nanocarriers : cardiomyocytes.

11. Polymeric nanoparticles
 Retinolic acid : neural stem cells differentiation.
 Chitosan nanoparticles : osteogenesis.
 Neurodegerative diseases.
 High molecular weight : high toxicity.
 Low immunogenicity, controllable surface
modification, reproducibility and low cost.

12. Conclusion
 Obtain desired product.
 Side effects should be taken into account.
 Due to complexity exact mechanism – difficult to understand.
 Treatment : cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative
diseases, bone tissue formation and regeneration.

13. Reference
 https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12951-
017-0310-5?site=jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com