Small satellites and Space launchers. Nuclear weapons. Chemical weapons. Biological weapons. Chemical/Biological protection

1. NAST -736: Industrial Nanotechnology
PRESENTED BY,
MUGILAN N
M.TECH NAST 2nd year
Reg no:16305012
COURSE INSTRUCTOR;
Dr.A.SUBRAMANIA
Centre for Nano Sciences & Technology
Madanjeet School of Green Energy
Technologies
UNIT –III
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEFENCE

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction.
• Small satellites and Space launchers.
• Nuclear weapons.
• Chemical weapons.
• Biological weapons.
• Chemical/Biological protection.
• conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 Nanotechnology has potential applications for defence, especially in the field of
sensors, transducers, nanorobotics,nanoelectronics, memory storage, propellants,
& explosives to enhance the performance of devices and weapon systems.
 Small Satellite (also known as nano-satellites )are the new-age satellites prepared
for specific purposes.
 The weight of small satellite is less than 100 kg and have smaller electronic
components.
 It is working towards cost-effective future space missions.
 Over the last 50 years, more than 860 microsatellites (10–100 kg), 680 nano-
satellites (1–10 kg), and 38 pico-satellites (0.1–1 kg) have been launched
worldwide.
 Small satellites are being used to record data on the terrestrial and space
environment near the moon and Earth, and demonstrated various
telecommunications systems that we enjoy today. .
 There are several small satellite which makes a revolution in satellite industry of
India like JUGNU, SRMSAT, YOUTHSAT, STUDSAT,ANUSAT,HAMSAT etc.

4. Continue……..
Dr. D Raghava Murthy, project director, small satellites
projects, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore
STUDSAT is a Indian small satellite weighed just 1 kg, and
has a camera which can take pictures of the earth from space,
helping in weather prediction.
Other institutes have got in the act as well. A 3.5-kg satellite
called Pradhan is being built by students of IIT-Mumbai.
In Vellore Institute of Technology University (VITU),
Vellore, the students have just designed the TubeSat, which is
a pico-satellite, weighing less than 1 kg.
For space exploration, small satellites can provide an efficient
and economical means to identify regions of interest before
sending larger space systems with more instrumentation.

5. Recent launching…….
SARAL
25 February
2013
PSLV-C20
SARAL is a joint Indo-French satellite mission for
oceanographic studies.
Jugnu 12 October 2011 PSLV-C18 Nano-satellite weighing 3 kg developed by IIT Kanpur
SRMSAT-2 26 April 2012 PSLV-C19
Nano-satellite weighing 10.9 kg developed by SRM
University.
IRNSS-1A 1 July 2013 PSLV-C22
IRNSS-1A is the first satellite in the Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
Mars
Orbiter
Mission
(MOM)
5 November
2013
PSLV-XL-
C25
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called
Mangalyaan is India's first Mars orbiter.
Kalam SAT 22 june 2017
sub-orbital
spaceflight.
The tiny probe will be operated only for less than 12
minutes to demonstrate the performance of 3-D
printed carbon fiber in a micro-gravity environment of
space.

6. Mission profile for a group of small satellite

7. Small Satellite Simulation Data

8. Some actual Small Satellite

9. Basic Component of small satellite

10. Advantage
 Smaller: So the cost of satellite and its handling is low.
 Easy launching: Due to less weight ,several small satellite can be launch with single vehicle.
 Small satellite allowing non-spacefaring nations, corporations, educational institutions, and even
individuals low-cost access to space.
 Self dependency: Every nation can develop such satellite and can perform their own task self.
 Versatile: it can be used in various useful field like weather measurement, coverage of area etc.
 FAST: Due to less complexity the small satellite networks can be set up quickly, companies can be fast-to-
market with new services.

11. Continue………..
Expandable
High Quality Transmission and reception
Mobile and Emergency Communication
Suitable for both Digital and Analog Transmission
Small Satellite can be used for broadcast purpose ( one to many) within the particular coverage
area.
These Satellites are capable of handling very high bandwidth.
It is possible to provide a moderate coverage using small satellite
Satellite can provide signal to terrestrial uncovered pockets like valleys and mountainous
regions of any country.

12. Disadvantages
Single unit Launching of small satellites into orbit is costly.
The coverage is not much wide.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
Due to less power ,noise interference in satellite communication
may occur.
Very difficult to repair and maintain in the space.

13. Application
 SAT-PHONE
 INTERNET
 GPS
 Radio Broadcast
 Fixed Service
Satellite(FSS)
 Direct Broadcast
Satellite
 Military

14. What is a nuclear
weapon?
• A nuclear weapon: is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from
nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
• Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of
matter;
• a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms
can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion
kilograms of conventional high explosive.

15. Why people want to develop nuclear weapons?
• They were made for National Defense.
• They are powerful
• For intimidating other countries
• It is a statement of development and power

16. Why is it important
 Nuclear weapons are tools of mass destruction. They are also a
possible danger to our would and you have to understand the
consequences of using them.
 It also very dangerous, The uranium can get into the skin and damage
your blood, cells and organs.
 The nuclear energy can damage whole city and wipe out entire
country in just few seconds. That is the reason why people try to stop
Iran build nuclear weapon.

17. Nano nuclear devices
• The United States, Russia, and Germany are currently in the R&D phase of
nanotechnology-based "mini-nuke" devices.
• "[The bombs] could blow open everything that is in place for arms control,“
• Some advanced technologies, such as superlasers could be used to trigger
comparatively small thermonuclear fusion explosions in a mixture of
tritium and deuterium.
• An entire mini-nuke device could fit into a package weighing less than a few
kilograms, and having an equivalent yield of less than a ton, to hundreds of
tons of high-explosives (making them technically not Weapons of Mass
Destruction.) The devices would use very little to no fissionable material at
all, resulting in "virtually no radioactive fallout."

18. Effect of Nuclear Weapons
• Most of the damage caused
by a nuclear weapon is not
directly related to the
nuclear process of energy
release, and would be
present for any explosion of
the same magnitude.

19. Effect of Nuclear Weapons
• The energy released from a
nuclear weapon comes in four
major categories:
• Blast – 40-60% of total energy
• Thermal radiation – 30-50%
of total energy
• Ionizing radiation – 5% of
total energy
• Residual radiation (fallout) –
5-10% of total energy

20. LIST OF STATES WITH NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
• Five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
• United States
• Russian Federation (formerly Soviet Union)
• United Kingdom
• France
• China
• Other states declaring possession of nuclear weapons
• India
• Pakistan
• North Korea
• Other states believed to possess nuclear weapons
• Israel

21. Chemical Weapons
A toxic chemical contained in a delivery system, such as a bomb or
shell.
According to Chemical Weapons Convention CWC, the term
chemical weapon is applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that
can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation
through its chemical action.
Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical
weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons
themselves.

22. Categories
Military planners generally organize chemical into four
groups:
• 1- nerve agents (such as sarin and VX)
• 2 -blister agents (such as mustard gas)
• 3-choking agents (such as chlorine and phosgene)
• 4- blood agents (such as hydrogen cyanide).

23. Role of nano in chemical warfare
• The main use of current nanotechnology in chemical weapons would
be derived from the research into nano-enhanced drug delivery
systems - by nanoformulating chemical agents to be absorbed by the
body more readily, less potent chemicals could be used effectively.
• Lower volumes of toxic chemicals could also be used, removing the
need for industrial-scale chemical production and opening up the
possibility of attacks from parties with fewer resources, like terrorist
cells.

24. Nano sensors in chemical detection
• Nanosensors have the ability to sense the presence of single
molecules of specific substances.
• Companies like Ibis Therapeutics and Cepheid are conducting
research at the nano-scale to detect biological and chemical threats.
• Researchers are also working on integrating nanosensors into
lightweight and ultra-strong nanomaterials for hazardous chemicals
that can be used as weapons.

25. BIOTERRORISM
What is Bioterrorism?
The intended use of biological weapons to cause
disease in humans, animals, and plants, as an act of
war. Biological weapons deliberately disseminate
disease-producing organisms or toxins and achieves
this effect through multiplication within a target
host.

26. Forms of Bioterrorism
• “Classic” Terrorism
Against persons and institutions.
• Agri-Bioterrorism
Against crops/foods/plants
• Product tampering
Directed against consumer/commercial products

27. Biological Agents
• Agents of bioterrorism which include microorganisms
(bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that are capable of entering the
human body by inhalation or digestion, and thereafter
multiplying – causing illness and death
• Capable of causing epidemics.
• Include toxins produced by microorganisms, plants and
animals
• Or synthetic analogues of naturally occurring toxins
• Chemicals that regulate biological functions

28. Biological Agents
Intrinsic Features
* Infectivity
* Virulence
* Lethality
* Pathogenicity
* Incubation period
* Contagiousness
* Stability
Centres for Disease Control have categorised the level of threat
of biological agents based on their above mentioned features into
3 categories.

29. Biological Agents
Category A
• Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
• Smallpox (Variola major)
• Plague (Yersinia pestis)
• Botulism toxin (Clostridium botulinum)
• Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
• Violent Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF)

30. Biological Agents
Other potential agents include:
• Brucellosis (Brucella species)
• Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
• Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
• Cholera (Vibrio cholera)
• Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp.
• Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
• Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
• Ricin (from castor beans)
• T-2 Mycotoxins …and many more!

31. Detection
Investigation on three levels:
 Clinical
 Epidemiological
 Laboratory
Epidemiologic clues for Bioterrorism:
• Tight cluster of cases
• High infection rate
• Unusual or localized geography
• Unusual clinical presentation
• Unusual time of year
• Dead animals

32. So how do we prevent such?
• Active immunization (vaccines) – Exists for smallpox, anthrax,
botulinum toxin, and others
• Smallpox has been successfully eradicated. – Milestone in history!
• Chemoprophylaxis (antibiotics) – Given BEFORE the disease
manifests eg. Anthrax
• Personal protection – HEPA type filters (HEPA masks) for most agents
(respiratory)
• Treatment of the infection

33. CONCLUSION
• The present work has studied potential military applications of NT from a
preventive-arms-control view, necessarily on a rather general level. Future
work is needed to deepen the investigations and make recommendations
more concrete.
• First, military R&D in NT should be followed up continuously.
• special emphasis should be put on those countries that are active in
military high technology but are traditionally less transparent, such
as Russia, China, but also France and Israel.
• Subsequently, analyses of preventive limits and verification should be
done where appropriate.

34. References
• J. Altmann, Routledge, Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and
Preventive Arms Control, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006.
• “Electronics For You” magazine, November 13 adition
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellie
• Digital satellite communication by Tri T Ha.
• Satellite communications by Timothy Pratt, Charles bostian & Jeremy Allnut
• Google image (www.google.com/image)
• www.iitk.org
• www.ieee.org
• www.youtube.com
• www.ask.com
• Geostationary Satellite(Author- Louis E. Frenzel)
(Edition- Third)
(Publication- Tata McGraw-Hill)