Myeloproliferative neoplasms
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presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM university of education LAHORE Pakistan i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore bsc in science college multan msc from lahore
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Physiology case study
A 5-year-old male child presents with nosebleeds daily, fever every 4 days, bone tenderness and pain, and swollen lymph nodes for 10 days. A blood test shows abnormally high white blood cell count with lymphoblasts. This suggests the child has acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that commonly affects children. ALL causes a buildup of immature white blood cells and prevents the bone marrow from producing healthy blood cells, leading to symptoms like infections, easy bruising, and bleeding.
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Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and bone marrow. It occurs when blood cells grow abnormally and crowd out normal cells. The main types are chronic and acute leukemia. Chronic leukemia progresses slowly while acute leukemia worsens rapidly. Symptoms can include fever, weakness, and easy bruising. Diagnosis involves blood tests, biopsy of bone marrow. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, and watchful waiting. A 14-year old girl in Jamaica was diagnosed with leukemia after fainting in school and requires constant antibiotics due to her weakened immune system.
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A 5-year-old male child presents with nosebleeds daily, fever every 4 days, bone tenderness and pain, and swollen lymph nodes for 10 days. A blood test shows abnormally high white blood cell count with lymphoblasts. This suggests the child has acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that commonly affects children. ALL causes a buildup of immature white blood cells and prevents the bone marrow from producing healthy blood cells, leading to symptoms like infections, easy bruising, and bleeding.
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2) The causes of leukaemia are largely unknown but may include genetic abnormalities, radiation exposure, chemicals, and viruses in some cases.
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This document provides information about leukemia, including:
- Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal bone marrow stem cells and causes an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They are distinguished based on the type of blood cell affected and speed of progression.
- Treatment depends on the leukemia type and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or watchful waiting. The goal is to destroy signs of leukemia and induce remission while managing side effects.
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Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. There are many types of leukemia, which can be classified based on the type of blood cell involved and other factors. The most common types are acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia is usually diagnosed based on blood tests, bone marrow examination, and other laboratory tests. Treatment involves chemotherapy, managing infection risk, blood transfusions, and sometimes bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis depends on the specific type and other factors, with remission and long-term survival rates varying.
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Definition
A group of malignant diseases in which genetic abnormalities in a hematopoietic cell give rise to an unregulated clonal proliferation of cells
The progeny of these cells have a growth advantage over normal cellular elements, with an increased rate of proliferation & a decreased rate of spontaneous apoptosis
Disruption of normal marrow function, leading to marrow failure
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introductio to leukemia , type of leukemia ,, and symtoms of leukemia , ect ...
detail and explanation inside slides ...
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Leukemia is a malignant hematologic disorder characterized by a proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. It was first described in the 1800s and results from genetic mutations that allow abnormal cells to proliferate. The main types are acute and chronic leukemias, which are further classified as myeloid or lymphoid. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, bleeding, and infection. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular studies to determine the specific subtype and proper treatment.
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Acute leukemia can be either myeloid or lymphocytic. Acute myeloid leukemia starts in the bone marrow and causes immature myeloid cells to multiply quickly. Symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, bruising, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow tests. Treatment is usually chemotherapy and sometimes stem cell transplants. Acute lymphocytic leukemia is a cancer of lymphocyte cells and is most common in children and young adults. It is diagnosed through blood and bone marrow tests and treated with chemotherapy, steroids, and sometimes transplants. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance involves an abnormal protein and usually causes no problems but may develop into multiple myeloma over time if levels rise.
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Leukemia, often known as leukemia, is a blood cancer. A type of blood malignancy known as lymphocytic leukemias (loo-KEE-mee-uh) produces a large number of abnormal blood cells and typically starts in the bone marrow. These immature blood cells, often known as blasts or leukemia cells, are not fully formed. Signs and symptoms may include bruising and bleeding, bone discomfort, exhaustion, fever, and an elevated susceptibility of infections. The absence of healthy blood cells is the cause of these symptoms. Blood tests or bone marrow biopsy are frequently used to make diagnoses.
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Leukemia‘s precise origin is not known. It is thought that both genetic and environmental (non-inherited) variables are involved. Risk risks include smoking, radiation exposure, certain substances (including benzene), previous treatment, and Down syndrome. Those who have a family history of the disease are likewise more vulnerable. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the four primary kinds of leukemia. There are also a few less frequent varieties. Cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, which include leukemias and lymphomas, are a more general classification of tumors that impact the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.
Symptoms
Whether it is leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, MDS, MPN, or another type of blood cancer, the symptoms of blood cancer differ depending on the disease.
among the signs of blood malignancy are:
Unaccounted-for weight loss
Unaccounted-for bruising or bleeding
swellings or lumps
respiration difficulty (breathlessness)
humid night sweats
severe, recurring, or long-lasting infections
A fever of at least 38 °C that is mysterious
Unaccounted-for rashes or irritated skin
discomfort in your joints, bones, or stomach (stomach area)
the weariness that doesn’t get better with rest or sleep (fatigue)
Paleness (pallor) (pallor)
We now know more specifics regarding the signs and symptoms of many blood cancer types. For more information about the signs and symptoms of blood cancer, scroll down.
Not everyone will experience the same symptoms, and some individuals may experience symptoms not included in this list.
When to See a Doctor
It might be challenging to determine whether you should be concerned because many early cancer symptoms are not very precise. Don’t wait, though, as early diagnosis can result in quicker, more successful therapy.
If any blood cancer symptoms persist for more than a few weeks without getting better, you should visit your doctor.
Some patients worry that if they only have the flu or a cold, they won’t “bother” their doctor. However, your doctor would much rather make that diagnosis when they see you right away.
Tests to diagnose blood cancer
Blood malignancies may be diagnosed using the following tests
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This case presentation describes a 3.5 year old female patient who presented with a submandibular swelling. Examination found an enlarged lymph node. Investigations showed abnormal blood counts including lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Imaging found splenomegaly and enlarged cervical and intraparotid lymph nodes. A biopsy was recommended to diagnose possible lymphoma. Lymphoma was then described, including the types of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Common symptoms, investigations, and treatment options for lymphoma in children were outlined. The prognosis for children with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma is now around 90% survival after treatment.
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obj :
1. Describe the findings from the history and physical exam that suggest malignant disease.
2. Know the incidence rates of the major childhood neoplasms and the significance of neoplasms in childhood mortality.
3. Identify the presenting symptoms, physical findings, and diagnostic tests for the major neoplasms (leukemia, CNS tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and Wilm's tumors).
4. Recognize the major therapeutic modalities for childhood neoplasms and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each (chemotherapy, surgery, irradiation, bone marrow transplants).
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MSC university of education Lahore
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- 1. UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LOWER MALL CAMPUS LAHORE ■Assignment topic= Myeloproliferative neoplasms
- 2. HAFIZ M WASEEM UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE
- 3. Contents ■ Defination ■ Symptoms ■ Types ■ Diagnonis ■ Treatment
- 4. Myeloproliferative neoplasms ■ Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers in which excess red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets are produced in the bone marrow. ■ Myelo refers to the bone marrow, proliferative describes the rapid growth of blood cells and neoplasm describes that growth as abnormal and uncontrolled. ■ This overproduction of blood cells in the bone marrow can create problems for blood flow and lead to various symptoms.
- 5. Symptoms ■ Myeloproliferative neoplasms often develops slowly. Symptoms may not be seen in the very early stages. The first signs are usually due to an enlarged spleen or related to abnormal blood counts. ■ Fatigue, weakness, or shortness of breath. ■ Poor appetite ■ Enlarged liver ■ Pale skin ■ Easy bruising or bleeding ■ Flat, red, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding ■ Excessive night sweats ■ Fever
- 6. Types ■ There are three main types of MPNs: ■ Polycythemia vera (PV) ■ Essential thrombocythemia (ET) ■ Myelofibrosis (MF)
- 7. Polycythemia vera (PV) ■ It thickens the blood which means it doesn’t flow as quickly, so it’s more like maple syrup than water. PV occurs when the body makes too many red blood cells. ■ Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen through the body. ■ Essential Thrombocythemia (ET); ET occurs when the body makes too many platelets, the part of the blood needed for clotting. ■ There is no cure for ET but people with the disease often live normal lives. ■ Myelofibrosis;.People with this have too many immature white and red blood cells. The web of fibers inside the bone marrow becomes thick, like scar tissue. This causes fewer and fewer red blood cells to be made.
- 8. Diagnosis Myeloproliferative Neoplasm is non-curable. Following test are used for diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. ■ Complete blood count: a blood test that measures the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood ■ Ultrasound: uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body (including the spleen) ■ MRI: a scan that uses magnets and radio frequency waves to produce images of the inside of the body
- 9. Continue ■ Bone marrow examination: removal of a small amount of your bone and bone marrow for laboratory analysis ■ Genetic tests: analysis of a sample of your blood or bone marrow tissue to study the genetic make-up.
- 10. Treatment ■ Chemotherapy: Powerful medications are used to kill extra blood cells in your body. You may get this through an IV, or you could be given a pill that you take by mouth. ■ Radiation therapy: High-powered X-rays or other types of radiation can lower the number of blood cells you have and may relieve your symptoms. ■ Phlebotomy: A unit of blood can be removed from you in order to decrease red blood cell counts. ■ Gene therapy: New medications may be able to block or repair the mutated gene that causes MPD.