This document provides an overview of basic MySQL concepts and SQL syntax. It covers topics such as connecting to MySQL, writing SELECT statements to query data, sorting query results, and using clauses like WHERE, BETWEEN, IN and LIKE to filter records. The WHERE clause section specifically demonstrates various operator symbols and words that can be used to check for equality, inequality, null values, ranges, and patterns in a MySQL query.

1. MySQL Basics
Jamshid Hashimi
Trainer, Cresco Solution
http://www.jamshidhashimi.com
jamshid@netlinks.af
@jamshidhashimi
ajamshidhashimi
Afghanistan Workforce
Development Program

2. Agenda
• Introduction MySQL
• Simple Select
• MySQL Connect
• Comments
• Whitespace and Semi-colons
• Case Sensitivity
• SELECTing All Columns in All Rows
• SELECTing Specific Columns
• Sorting Records
• Sorting By a Single Column
• Sorting By Multiple Columns
• Sorting By Column Position

3. Agenda
• Ascending and Descending Sorts
• The WHERE Clause and Operator Symbols
• Checking for Equality
• Checking for Inequality
• Checking for Greater or Less Than
• Checking for NULL
• The WHERE Clause and Operator Words
• The BETWEEN Operator
• The IN Operator
• The LIKE Operator
• The NOT Operator
• Checking Multiple Conditions
• AND, OR, Order of Evaluation

4. Introduction MySQL
• MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS used being used for many small
and big businesses. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single
for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by
Oracle Corporation. MySQL is becoming so popular because of
many good reasons.
• MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have
nothing to pay to use it.
• MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a
large subset of the functionality of the most expensive and
powerful database packages.
• MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
• MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages
including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA etc.

5. Introduction to MySQL
• MySQL works very quickly and works well even with
large data sets.
• MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated
language for web development.
• MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows
or more in a table. The default file size limit for a table
is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your operating
system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million
terabytes (TB).
• MySQL is customizable. The open source GPL license
allows programmers to modify the MySQL software to
fit their own specific environments.

6. Simple SELECT
• A query is a question or a request
SELECT last_name FROM employees

7. MySQL Connect
• Use the PHP mysqli_connect() function to
open a new connection to the MySQL server.
mysqli_connect(host,username,password,dbname);

8. MySQL Connect
<?php
$connection = mysqli_connect("localhost","root","","awd_db");
// Check connection
if (mysqli_connect_errno($connection))
{
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
}
mysqli_close($connection);

9. Comments
# this is a comment
-- This is also a comment
/*
This
is a
comment
*/
SELECT * FROM cms_news;

10. Whitespace and Semi-colons
DEMO

11. Case Sensitivity
• Although database, table, and trigger names
are not case sensitive on some platforms, you
should not refer to one of these using
different cases within the same statement.
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE MY_TABLE.col=1;

12. Case Sensitivity
• Column, index, stored routine, and event
names are not case sensitive on any platform,
nor are column aliases.
• By default, table aliases are case sensitive on
Unix, but not so on Windows or Mac OS X. The
following statement would not work on Unix,
because it refers to the alias both as a and as
A:
SELECT col_name FROM tbl_name AS a WHERE
a.col_name = 1 OR A.col_name = 2;

13. SELECTing All Columns in All Rows
• SELECT Syntax
SELECT expressions_and_columns FROM table_name
[WHERE some_condition_is_true]
[ORDER BY some_column [ASC | DESC]]
[LIMIT offset, rows]
SELECT * FROM tbl_name;

14. SELECTing Specific Columns
• If you do not want to see entire rows from
your table, just name the columns in which
you are interested, separated by commas.
SELECT name_id, firstname, lastname FROM
tbl_name;

15. Sorting Records
• By default, results of SELECT queries are
ordered as they appear in the table. If you
want to order results a specific way, such as by
date, ID, name, and so on, specify your
requirements using the ORDER BY clause.
SELECT name_id, firstname, lastname FROM
tbl_name ORDER BY lastname;

16. Sorting By a Single Column
• The default sorting of ORDER BY results is
ascending (ASC); strings sort from A to Z,
integers start at 0, dates sort from oldest to
newest. You can also specify a descending
sort, using DESC.
SELECT name_id, firstname, lastname FROM
tbl_name ORDER BY lastname DESC;

17. Sorting By Multiple Columns
• You're not limited to sorting by just one
field—you can specify as many fields as you
want, separated by commas. The sorting
priority is by list order, so if you use ORDER BY
lastname, firstname, the results will be sorted
by lastname, then by firstname.
SELECT name_id, firstname, lastname FROM
tbl_name ORDER BY lastname, firstname;

18. Sorting by Column Position
• Columns selected for output can be referred
to in ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses using
column names, column aliases, or column
positions. Column positions are integers and
begin with 1
SELECT name_id, firstname, lastname FROM
tbl_name ORDER BY 2;

19. The WHERE Clause and Operator
Symbols
• We can use a conditional clause called WHERE clause
to filter out results. Using WHERE clause we can
specify a selection criteria to select required records
from a table.
• You can use one or more tables separated by comma
to include various condition using a WHERE clause. But
WHERE clause is an optional part of SELECT command.
• You can specify any condition using WHERE clause.
• You can specify more than one conditions using AND or
OR operators.
• A WHERE clause can be used along with DELETE or
UPDATE SQL command also to specify a condition.

20. The WHERE Clause and Operator
Symbols

21. The WHERE Clause and Operator
Symbols
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE `id` != 1;
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE `id` >= 1;

22. Checking for Equality
DEMO

23. Checking for Inequality
DEMO

24. Checking for Greater or Less Than
DEMO

25. Checking for NULL
• IS NULL: operator returns true of column value
is NULL.
• IS NOT NULL: operator returns true of column
value is not NULL.
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE title IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE title IS NOT
NULL;

26. The WHERE Clause and Operator
Words
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE `id` = 1 OR `id` = 2;
SELECT * FROM cms_news WHERE `id` = 1 AND
`status` = "a”;

27. The BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator allows you to specify a
range to test.
SELECT productCode,
productName,
buyPrice
FROM products
WHERE buyPrice BETWEEN 90 AND 100

28. The IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to determine if a
specified value matches any one of a list or a
subquery.
SELECT column_list
FROM table_name
WHERE (expr|column) IN
('value1','value2',...)
SELECT officeCode, city, phone
FROM offices
WHERE country IN ('USA','France')

29. The LIKE Operator
• The MySQL LIKE operator is commonly used to
select data based on patterns matching. Using
the LIKE operator in appropriate way is
essential to increase the query performance.
– The percentage ( %) wildcard allows you to match
any string of zero or more characters.
– The underscore (_) wildcard allows you to match
any single character.

30. The LIKE Operator
SELECT employeeNumber, lastName, firstName
FROM employees
WHERE firstName LIKE 'a%'
SELECT employeeNumber, lastName, firstName
FROM employees
WHERE lastname LIKE '%on%'
SELECT employeeNumber, lastName, firstName
FROM employees
WHERE firstname LIKE 'T_m'

31. DEMO

32. QUESTIONS?