This document provides an overview of CodeIgniter and the Model-View-Controller (MVC) framework. It discusses the key features supported by CodeIgniter including database classes, validation, security filtering, and more. It explains the basic MVC structure with models representing data, views representing presented information, and controllers serving as intermediaries. The document demonstrates how CodeIgniter handles URLs in a segment-based approach and describes the roles of controllers, views, models, helpers, libraries, and hooks within a CodeIgniter application. Code examples are provided to illustrate how each component works.

1. CodeIgniter & MVC
Jamshid Hashimi
Trainer, Cresco Solution
http://www.jamshidhashimi.com
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@jamshidhashimi
ajamshidhashimi
Afghanistan Workforce
Development Program

2. Agenda
• Supported Features
• Understanding MVC
• Application Flow Chart
• CodeIgniter URLS
• CodeIgniter Controllers
• Views
• Models
• Helpers
• Libraries
• Hooks

3. Supported Feaures
• Model-View-Controller Based System
• Extremely Light Weight
• Full Featured database classes with support for several platforms.
• Active Record Database Support
• Form and Data Validation
• Security and XSS Filtering
• Session Management
• Email Sending Class. Supports Attachments, HTML/Text email,
multiple protocols (sendmail, SMTP, and Mail) and more.
• Image Manipulation Library (cropping, resizing, rotating, etc.).
Supports GD, ImageMagick, and NetPBM

4. Supported Feaures
• File Uploading Class
• FTP Class
• Localization
• Pagination
• Data Encryption
• Benchmarking
• Full Page Caching
• Error Logging
• Application Profiling
• Calendaring Class
• User Agent Class

5. Supported Feaures
• Zip Encoding Class
• Template Engine Class
• Trackback Class
• XML-RPC Library
• Unit Testing Class
• Search-engine Friendly URLs
• Flexible URI Routing
• Support for Hooks and Class Extensions
• Large library of "helper" functions

6. Understanding MVC
• CodeIgniter is based on the Model-View-
Controller development pattern. MVC is a
software approach that separates application
logic from presentation.
– The Model represents your data structures.
– The View is the information that is being presented to
a user.
– The Controller serves as an intermediary between the
Model, the View, and any other resources needed to
process the HTTP request and generate a web page.

7. Application Flow Chart

8. CodeIgniter URLS
• By default, URLs in CodeIgniter are designed
to be search-engine and human friendly.
• CodeIgniter uses a segment-based approach.
example.com/news/article/my_article

9. CodeIgniter URLS
• The first segment represents the controller class
that should be invoked.
• The second segment represents the class
function, or method, that should be called.
• The third, and any additional segments,
represent the ID and any variables that will be
passed to the controller.
example.com/class/function/ID

10. CodeIgniter URLS
• Removing index.php
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond $1 !^(index.php|images|robots.txt)
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /index.php/$1 [L]

11. DEMO

12. CodeIgniter Controllers
• A Controller is simply a class file that is named
in a way that can be associated with a URI.
• When a controller's name matches the first
segment of a URI, it will be loaded.
<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller {
public function index()
{
echo 'Hello World!';
}
}
?>

13. CodeIgniter Controllers
• The second segment of the URI determines
which function in the controller gets called.
<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller {
public function index()
{
echo 'Hello World!';
}
public function comments()
{
echo 'Look at this!';
}
}
?>

14. CodeIgniter Controllers
• If your URI contains more then two segments
they will be passed to your function as
parameters.
<?php
class Products extends CI_Controller {
public function shoes($sandals, $id)
{
echo $sandals;
echo $id;
}
}
?>

15. CodeIgniter Controllers
• Constructors are useful if you need to set
some default values, or run a default process
when your class is instantiated. Constructors
can't return a value, but they can do some
default work.
<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller {
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
// Your own constructor code
}
}
?>

16. DEMO

17. Views
• A view is simply a web page, or a page
fragment, like a header, footer, sidebar, etc. In
fact, views can flexibly be embedded within
other views (within other views, etc., etc.) if
you need this type of hierarchy.
$this->load->view('view.php');

18. Views
• CodeIgniter will intelligently handle multiple
calls to $this->load->view from within a
controller.
<?php
class Page extends CI_Controller {
function index()
{
$data['page_title'] = 'Your title';
$this->load->view('header');
$this->load->view('menu');
$this->load->view('content', $data);
$this->load->view('footer');
}
}
?>

19. Views
• Data is passed from the controller to the view
by way of an array or an object in the second
parameter of the view loading function.
$data = array(
'title' => 'My Title',
'heading' => 'My Heading',
'message' => 'My Message'
);
$this->load->view('blogview', $data);

20. Views
• The data array you pass to your view files is
not limited to simple variables. You can pass
multi dimensional arrays, which can be
looped to generate multiple rows.
<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller {
function index()
{
$data['todo_list'] = array('Clean House', 'Call Mom', 'Run
Errands');
$data['title'] = "My Real Title";
$data['heading'] = "My Real Heading";
$this->load->view('blogview', $data);
}
}
?>

21. Views
<html>
<head>
<title><?php echo $title;?></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1><?php echo $heading;?></h1>
<h3>My Todo List</h3>
<ul>
<?php foreach ($todo_list as $item):?>
<li><?php echo $item;?></li>
<?php endforeach;?>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

22. DEMO

23. Models
• Models are PHP classes that are designed to
work with information in your database.
class Model_name extends CI_Model {
function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
}
}

24. Models
$this->load->model('Model_name');
$config['hostname'] = "localhost";
$config['username'] = "myusername";
$config['password'] = "mypassword";
$config['database'] = "mydatabase";
$config['dbdriver'] = "mysql";
$config['dbprefix'] = "";
$config['pconnect'] = FALSE;
$config['db_debug'] = TRUE;

25. DEMO

26. Helpers
• Helpers, as the name suggests, help you with
tasks. Each helper file is simply a collection of
functions in a particular category.
• Unlike most other systems in CodeIgniter,
Helpers are not written in an Object Oriented
format. They are simple, procedural functions.
Each helper function performs one specific
task, with no dependence on other functions.

27. Helpers
$this->load->helper('url');
$this->load->helper( array('helper1',
'helper2', 'helper3') );
<?php echo anchor('blog/comments', 'Click
Here');?>

28. Helpers
• Extending Helpers
– To "extend" Helpers, create a file in your
application/helpers/ folder with an identical name
to the existing Helper, but prefixed with MY_
– The term "extend" is used loosely since Helper
functions are procedural and discrete and cannot
be extended in the traditional programmatic
sense.

29. DEMO

30. Libraries
• All of the available libraries are located in your
system/libraries folder.
$this->load->library('class name');
$this->load->library(array('email', 'table'));

31. Libraries
• CodeIgniter permits your libraries to extend
native classes if you simply need to add some
functionality to an existing library. Or you can
even replace native libraries just by placing
identically named versions in your
application/libraries folder.
– You can create entirely new libraries.
– You can extend native libraries.
– You can replace native libraries.

32. Libraries
• File names must be capitalized. For example:
Myclass.php
• Class declarations must be capitalized. For
example: class Myclass
• Class names and file names must match.

33. Libraries
<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
class Someclass {
public function some_function()
{
}
}
/* End of file Someclass.php */
$this->load->library('someclass');
$this->someclass->some_function();

34. Libraries
• You can use class constructor for initializing
data
<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
class Someclass {
public function __construct($params)
{
// Do something with $params
}
}
?>

35. Libraries
• Utilizing CodeIgniter Resources
$CI =& get_instance();
$CI->load->helper('url');
$CI->load->library('session');
$CI->config->item('base_url');
etc.

36. Libraries
• Replacing Native Libraries with Your Versions
– To use this feature you must name the file and the
class declaration exactly the same as the native
library.
– Note that most native classes are prefixed with
CI_.
class CI_Email {
}

37. Libraries
• If all you need to do is add some functionality to
an existing library - perhaps add a function or two
- then it's overkill to replace the entire library
with your version. In this case it's better to simply
extend the class. Extending a class is nearly
identical to replacing a class with a couple
exceptions:
– The class declaration must extend the parent class.
– Your new class name and filename must be prefixed
with MY_

38. Libraries
• The parent constructor must be called,
whenever we want to have to use a
constructor in our own library.
class MY_Email extends CI_Email {
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
}
}

39. Libraries
• Setting your own prefix
– To set your own sub-class prefix, open your
application/config/config.php file and look for this
item:
$config['subclass_prefix'] = 'MY_';

40. DEMO

41. Hooks
• CodeIgniter's Hooks feature provides a means
to tap into and modify the inner workings of
the framework without hacking the core files.
– For example, you might want to run a script right
before your controllers get loaded, or right after,
or you might want to trigger one of your own
scripts in some other location.
$config['enable_hooks'] = TRUE;

42. Hooks
• Hooks are defined in
application/config/hooks.php file. Each hook
is specified as an array with this prototype:
$hook['pre_controller'] = array(
'class' => 'MyClass',
'function' => 'Myfunction',
'filename' => 'Myclass.php',
'filepath' => 'hooks',
'params' => array('milk', 'tea', 'fruit')
);

43. Hooks
• class The name of the class you wish to invoke. If you prefer to use
a procedural function instead of a class, leave this item blank.
• function The function name you wish to call.
• filename The file name containing your class/function.
• filepath The name of the directory containing your script. Note:
Your script must be located in a directory INSIDE your application
folder, so the file path is relative to that folder. For example, if your
script is located in application/hooks, you will simply use hooks as
your filepath. If your script is located in application/hooks/utilities
you will use hooks/utilities as your filepath. No trailing slash.
• params Any parameters you wish to pass to your script. This item is
optional.

44. Hooks
• Hook Points
– pre_system: Called very early during system execution.
Only the benchmark and hooks class have been loaded at
this point. No routing or other processes have happened.
– pre_controller: Called immediately prior to any of your
controllers being called. All base classes, routing, and
security checks have been done.
– post_controller_constructor: Called immediately after
your controller is instantiated, but prior to any method
calls happening.
– post_controller: Called immediately after your controller is
fully executed.

45. Hooks
– display_override: Overrides the _display() function, used
to send the finalized page to the web browser at the end
of system execution. This permits you to use your own
display methodology. Note that you will need to reference
the CI superobject with $this->CI =& get_instance() and
then the finalized data will be available by calling $this->CI-
>output->get_output()
– cache_override: Enables you to call your own function
instead of the _display_cache() function in the output
class. This permits you to use your own cache display
mechanism.
– post_system: Called after the final rendered page is sent
to the browser, at the end of system execution after the
finalized data is sent to the browser.

46. DEMO

47. QUESTIONS?