my report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM – 590 018
A Seminar Report On
“WIRELESS SYSTEMS AND CHALLENGES IN 5G”
By
GANESH TIMMAPPA HEGDE
USN: 1OX12EC406
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ECE)
By Visvesvaraya Technological University
Under the guidance of
Mr. JAYARAJ N
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE
TOCE, Bangalore
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BOMMANAHALLI, HOSUR ROAD, BANGALORE – 560 068
FEB-MAY 2015

THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BOMMANAHALLI, HOSUR ROAD, BANGALORE – 560 068
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar work entitled “WIRELESS SYSTEM AND
CHALLENGES IN 5G” is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. GANESH TIMMAPPA
HEGDE in partial fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING under VISVESVARAYA
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the year FEB-MAY 2015. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the dissertation accordingly. The seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements required for the B.E degree.
Mr. JAYARAJ N Dr. VIVEK MAIK Dr. P.RAJENDRA PRASAD
Asst. Professor, Head of the Department Principal, TOCE
Dept. of ECE, TOCE Dept. of ECE, TOCE
NAME OF THE EXAMINERS:- SIGNATURE
Examiner1:-
Examiner2:-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Success is the abstract of hard work and perseverance but most important of all
is the encouraging guidance “So, I acknowledge all those whose guidance served as a
beacon of light and crowned our efforts with success.
I have a great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to Sri. S Narasa
Raju, Founder Chairman & to Sri S.N.V.L. Narasimha Raju, Executive Director, The
Oxford Institutions for providing me with a great infrastructure.
I specially thank our principal Dr. P.Rajendra Prasad for his constant
encouragement.
I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards the HOD of the
department, Dr. Vivek Maik, for the continuous support and guidance given throughout the
period of my dissertation and study.
I also thank my guide,Mr. JAYARAJ N Asst.Professor , Seminar Coordinator
Mrs. A.Chrispin Jiji (Asst. Professor), without whose patience and guidance; I wouldn’t have
been able to do the Seminar.
Last but not the least I extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents and all my friends for
their encouragement, moral support and affection throughout my dissertation and study.
GANESH TIMMAPPA HEGDE
(10X12EC406)

Wireless systems and challenges in 5G
Dept. of ECE, TOCE Page 1
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging from the
smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and
so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and Bluetooth technology data sharing has
become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight
that means the two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth
you can transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50
meters. The creation and entry of 5G technology into the mobile market place will launch a new
revolution in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile phone is upon
the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G technologies will hit the mobile
market with phones used in China being able to access and call locally phones in Germany.
Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used. With the
emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have your whole office
within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal
computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory storage and the
latest operating systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real
bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its
customers. Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart
phones take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard
Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants. 5G's technology
intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the building.
While an al dente character of 5G is yet to emerge, network densification, miscellany of
node types, split of control and data plane, network virtualization, heavy and localized cache,
infrastructure sharing, concurrent operation at multiple frequency bands, simultaneous use of
different medium access control and physical layers, and flexible spectrum allocations can be
envisioned as some of the potential ingredients of 5G. It is not difficult to prognosticate that with
such a conglomeration of technologies, the complexity of operation and OPEX can become the

biggest challenge in 5G. To cope with similar challenges in the context of 3G and 4G networks,
recently, self-organizing networks, or SONs, have been researched extensively. However, the
ambitious quality of experience requirements and emerging multifarious vision of 5G, and the
associated scale of complexity and cost, demand a significantly different, if not totally new,
approach toward SONs in order to make 5G technically as well as financially feasible. In this
article we first identify what challenges hinder the current self-optimizing networking paradigm
from meeting the requirements of 5G. We then propose a comprehensive framework for
empowering SONs with big data to address the requirements of 5G.
Under this framework we first characterize big data in the context of future mobile
networks, identifying its sources and future utilities. We then explicate the specific machine
learning and data analytics tools that can be exploited to transform big data into the right data
that provides a readily useable knowledge base to create end-to-end intelligence of the network.
We then explain how a SON engine can build on the dynamic models extractable from the right
data. The resultant dynamicity of a big data empowered SON (BSON) makes it more agile and
can essentially transform the SON from being a reactive to proactive paradigm and hence act as a
key enabler for 5G’s extremely low latency requirements. Finally, we demonstrate the key
concepts of our proposed BSON framework through a case study of a problem that the classic
3G/4G SON fails to solve.

CHAPTER 2
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS
Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us know
the technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I have also intrigued
about the type of technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies? 1G,
2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom
connectivity. In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile
Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support
the automatic change of channel frequency during calls. 1G (Time Division Multiple Access
and Frequency Division Multiple Access) was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's
out-dated now. The analog “brick phones” and “bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell
phones era began with 1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their
first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from
analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is
still the most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional
service, is provided over GSM for the purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and
thus, EGPRS was created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS. Then 3G came, the new
Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless telecom technology that provides
broadband-speed internet connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the
demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the creation of 3.5G, which
provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A smart
phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and 3.5G are ideal for
this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, its not as popular as GSM
yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was
an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-
transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has
meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more.

2.1 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An analog or analogue
signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,
developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems,
1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are
digital. Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to
digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and
up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern
Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United
States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan,
C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service
is being phased out in most places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which
featured mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),
and Push to Talk (PTT).
* Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s
*1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell phones speed up to
2.4kbps.
* Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G
mobile system
* Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991.
2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various
mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and

MMS (multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient
security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This
digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can
receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access
(TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into
timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical
channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-
95. GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for
mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.
Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than 212
countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming.
This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different
countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to
transfer Analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services
(SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to
anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network
operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's
digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away
from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G
handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is
due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a
jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would
gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2Ghandset would fail completely. Data transfer in
speeds is up to 64kbps.
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G
technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased

bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The
spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the
measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known
as IMT-2000.
* Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps
* In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking
(WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)
*Data are sent through technology called packet switching
* Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
* Access to Global Roaming
* Clarity in voice calls
* Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi
Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming, etc. are also available
With 3G phones.
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G
and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in
the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and
new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation
Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global
positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third
Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates.
* Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where
it can be watched.
* Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
* Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
* Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially
isolated subscriber.
* Mobile ultra-broadband(gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

CHAPTER 3
3. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has
changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever
before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features
which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic
array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G technologies
which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar
modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband
internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone
memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking
fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.
*If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.
* If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.
* If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.
* We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do so.
* Our mobile can share your work load.
* 5G Mobile can identify the best server.
* Mobile can perform Radio resource management.
* If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.
* Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your mobile as per your desire.
* If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.
* If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.
* If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your bedroom.
* Mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your healthiness.
* Mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.
*Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode.

(1) High speed ubiquitous mobile access to global Internet and high bandwidth
services, including the creation of an environment where miniaturized smart
systems (with in-built “intelligence”) are able to provide more intelligent services
anytime anywhere
(2) High level of democracy as a fast medium for the population of high diversity
cultural groups to access to information related to candidates and parties standing
for election at national and European level.
(3) Higher individual and societal wellbeing by allowing for mobile health and
wellness services anytime anywhere
(4) Booming generation of jobs in a diverse pool of activities and business models as
well as across many sectors, created by the information highway network.
(5) Generation of high level of cooperative and collaborative works by different
businesses around Europe and intercontinental commercial entities.
Fig 1. Dimensions and quantification of projected capacity growth in 5G
There is hardly an aspect of human life that will not benefit from high-speed wireless
communication, including health care, mobility, education, governance, manufacturing, smart
grids, entertainment, sports, and much more. The“limitless” and “seamless” connectivity from
anything to anything, from anywhere to anywhere, can open new horizons for unforeseen

innovations and bring a new level of services and lifestyle to society. Therefore, no single
application should be targeted while designing 5G. Figure 1 illustrates how innovations at the
crossroads of the three key thrusts in the emerging wireless landscape can be harnessed together
to achieve 600× to 2500× capacity increase for 5G. While these projections promise that
capacity targets of 5G are theoretically achievable, it is alarming to note that the complexity of
operation, OPEX, CAPEX, and shrinking profit margins are already major challenges for
operators of state-of-the-art cellular networks. The typical 2G node has 500 parameters to be
configured and optimized, a 3G node has 1000, and a 4G node has 1500. If this trend continues,
a typical 5G node is expected to have 2000 parameters. expected to have 2000 parameters. With
this backdrop in mind, analyzing the three dimensions of capacity growth (Fig. 1), we can
assume that the operational complexity of the 5G network will scale linearly only with the
densification (i.e., the number) of network nodes. The rationale behind this assumption can be
that the other two capacity growth dimensions are expected to mostly affect the complexity of
user equipment and hardware design. Thus, they may not have a drastic impact on the
operational complexity of the 5G networks. Even with these rather optimistic assumptions, to
avail of the 40×–50× capacity gain from densification only, if no disruptive measures are taken,
erational
complexity and hence OPEX in 5G compared to 4G. The added challenge is that this complexity
will be on top of the complexity of the concurrent operation of 2G, 3G, and 4G. Consequently, in
contrast to current networks where SON is still a choice and has sporadic penetration so far, for
5G, full embodiment of SON right from the conception level is inevitable to ensure a profitable
business model. Furthermore, the fact that major capacity gain in 5G has to come from mostly
impromptu densification and network-level efficiency enhancement the technical viability of
5G almost exclusively also hinges on the self-organizing capability of the 5G network.
Therefore, the SON paradigm has to evolve radically to enable 5G. In the next section we
highlight the challenges in SON that have to be addressed before it can become capable of
enabling 5G.

CHAPTER 4
5G ARCHITECTURE
Fig 2: 5G Architecture
 Amazingly Fast scenario
 high data rates
 high network capacities
 UDN
 ISD down to about 10 m outdoors
 radio nodes per room
 Local break out
 Accelerated content delivery
 Distributed mobile core functions

CHAPTER 5
5. CHALLENGES IN SON FOR ENABLING 5G
Fueled by the mounting pressure to reduce OPEX and improve Fueled by the mounting
pressure to reduce OPEX and improve efficiency in legacy networks, the SON paradigm aims to
replace the classic manual configuration, post deployment optimization, and maintenance in
cellular networks with self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-healing functionalities In
the following we only highlight the challenges in SON in the context of 5G.
5.1 What does this mean?
New types of connected devices – from electricity meters to cars to household appliances
and many more will be supported by future mobile networks. A wide range of new services will
run on them, many that we can’t even imagine today.
Future mobile broadband users will expect “unlimited” performance: up to multiple Gbps
in some cases, and hundreds of Mbps generally available, and that while traffic volumes can be
as much as 1 000 times higher than what we see today. The Internet of Things and the large-scale
introduction of communicating machines will put many diverse requirements on the network in
terms of, for example, latency, battery consumption, device cost, and reliability.
The combination of extreme reliability and ultra-low latency provides a particularly
interesting challenge! Reliability requirements are very tough in industrial communication
applications and for societal functions like e-health, smart city management and traffic safety.
Ultra-low latency is needed for some traffic safety cases and in industrial control applications.
This will require different trade-offs and design choices than those made for today’s mobile
broadband systems.
Network energy efficiency will remain very important in the future and is a key
requirement for 5G. Reduced link distances in a dandified network, smart functionalities for
node sleep and minimization of signalling for network detection and synchronization are some
things that will enable energy efficient 5G networks.

More spectrums will be needed by 2020 and beyond. It’s needed in the frequency ranges
of today’s systems to improve the service levels in the wide area. It’s needed in higher frequency
ranges where it can provide larger bandwidths, enabling extremely high service levels for special
scenarios.
5G will meet the diverse requirements of this future. In our view, 5G is a system solution
which combines several radio-access technologies. Existing mobile-broadband technologies,
primarily HSPA and LTE, will continue to evolve. They will provide the backbone of the overall
radio-access solution beyond 2020. But we will also see new complementary radio-access
technologies for specific use cases. Smart antennas, more spectrum – including higher
frequencies – and improved coordination between base stations will all be important components
in 5G.The research towards 5G is already well underway.
Fig 3: How Son Works

5.2 Underutilized Intelligence: 5G SONs Need Massive Intelligence for End-
to-End Network Visibility
Figure 2 explains the generic methodology followed in state- of-the-art 2G, 3G, and 4G
SON. Current SON solutions generally assume that the spatiotemporal knowledge of a problem
that requires SON-based compensation is fully or at least partially available; for example,
location of coverage holes, handover Ping-Pong zones, or congestion spots are assumed to be
known by the SON engine. In state-of-the-art networks this knowledge is obtained through either
drive test data, logs of customer complaints, or operation and maintenance center (OMC) reports,
this approach cannot deliver the stringent resource efficiency and low latency expected of 5G as
it cannot be used to construct dynamic models to predict system behavior in live-operation
fashion.
5.3 Need for Self-Coordination: 5G Needs Conflict-Free Reliable SON
When operating concurrently in the same network, different SON functionalities can have
parametric or objective-based conflicts. Such conflicts may undermine the overall gains of SON.
Therefore, self-coordination among SON functions has been emphasized by the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in order to ensure stable network operation; however, so
far it remains an under-addressed problem even for 3G and 4G. From a 5G perspective, given the
complexity of the envisioned network architecture, the analysis of potential conflicts generated
by the numerous autonomous SON functionalities and the design of an appropriate self-
coordination framework can be extremely challenging. Therefore, unlike 4G, where a
retrospective approach has been taken to embed self-coordination into relatively independently
developed SON functionalities, for 5G self-coordination has to be considered at the grassroots
level of the SON functions’ design .

5.4 5G Requires Faster SON: The Need for a Paradigm Shift from Reactive to
Proactive SON
SON functions in 3G/4G in general have a reactive line of action; that is, 3G/4G SON
functions are designed to kick in when a problem has occurred. For example, a load balancing
SON function is triggered when congestion is observed and diagnosed. Given the 5G target of
creating perception of zero latency, this type of reactive SON will not be able to meet the
performance requirements of 5G. This is because in classic SON, certain time is required to
observe the situation, diagnose the problem, and then trigger the compensating action.
The resultant intrinsic delay is not compatible with 5G targeted QoE levels. Therefore,
for 5G, the SON paradigm needs to be transformed from reactive to proactive. This
transformation is possible if, instead of waiting to observe and spot the problem, the problem can
be predicted beforehand. This can be done by inferring network-level intelligence from the
massive amount of control, signaling, and contextual data that can be harnessed in mobile
networks to predict the problem in its infancy, and then take preemptive actions to resolve the
problem before it occurs, resulting in a proactive SON. Even if all problems cannot be predicted
beforehand, this approach can substantially reduce the intrinsic delay between the observation
and compensation phases compared to current state-of-the-art SON. Empowering SON with big
data is the key to transforming SON from being reactive to proactive, as we explain in the rest of
this article.
5.5 “Big Data” and Its Utility in Future Networks What Is Useful “Big Data”
5G SON Can Exploit?
The exact definition of big data is context-specific. In the context of cellular networks,
Fig.4 elucidates and classifies the huge amount of the diverse data that can be available from the
mobile network. Given its volume, variety, velocity, and veracity, this data as whole is big data
in the context of mobile networks. In the following we further delineate key elements and
sources of big data in the mobile network as listed in Fig. 3 by discussing their potential utilities
in this specific context.

Identifying Utilities of Big Data in 5G Subscriber-Level Data The first column in Fig. 3
lists the data streams, which we label subscriber-level data. It contains control data and
contextual data, which not only can be exploited to optimize, configure, and plan network-centric
operations, but are equally useful for supporting key business processes such as customer
experience and retention enhancement.
Fig 4: Description Of Information That Can Be The Part Of Mobile Networking Big Data
5GSON Can Exploit

Fig 5: BSON framework
• Full intelligence of the current network status
• Capability of predicting user behavior
• Capability of dynamically associating the network response to the network parameters (NPs)
These three capabilities can go a long way to design SON that can meet 5G requirements.
In the following, we explain the operation and functional blocks of the BSON framework. The
framework involves the following steps:
1. Gather data from all sources of information into an aggregate data set, big data (Fig.3).
2. Transform big data into the right data by developing its blueprint. The knowledge building
steps in this transformation are explained below. The underlying machine learning and data
analytics are explained subsequently.
a. Classify: Classify data with respect to key operational and business objectives (OBOs).
b. Unify/diffuse: Unify multiple performance indicators (PIs) into more significant KPIs.
c. Rank: Rank KPIs within each OBO with respect to their impact on that OBO.

d. Filter: Filter out KPIs that impact the OBO below a pre- defined threshold.
e. Relate: For each KPI, find the NP that causes an effect on that KPI.
f. Order: For each KPI, order the associated NP with respect to the strength of their
association.
g. Cross-correlate: For each NP, determine a vector quantifying its association with each KPI.
3. Model: Develop a network behavior model by learning from the right data obtained from
step Run SON engine: Use the SON engine on the model, to determine a new NP and
expected new KPIs.
4. Validate: If a new NP can be vetted by the expert knowledge or prior experience of the
operator, proceed with changes. Otherwise, determine the simulated behavior of network for
new NPs. If simulated behavior tallies the expected behavior (KPIs), proceed with new NPs.
5. Relearn/improve: If validation in step 5 fails, feedback to the concept drift block, which in
turn will update the behavior model. Even if validation returns a positive outcome, the
concept drift block can be triggered periodically to maintain accuracy of the model. In the
following we further explain the steps outlined above.

CHAPTER 6
5G CHANNEL MODEL
With the novel system design of 5G networks the knowledge of the propagation and
channel conditions in a radio link needs to improved, during communication, so that the system
can take advantage of this, hence, increasing performance in coverage, interference, data rate,
capacity, delay, dependability, and set-up, among many other metrics. Furthermore, many
aspects still need a better understanding, like Whitepaper for public consultation, August 2014
32 depolarization and influence of vegetation and new materials. Antennas are part of the radio
cannel, and their increasing active role in the communication link implies that new approaches
are taken not only on antenna design (considering both the electrical specifications and the
increasing mechanical constraints) but also on their performance characterization in random
operating conditions. Therefore, the existence of accurate propagation and channel models for
both mobile and satellite are a key component in the quest for 5G, supported by theoretical
development, simulation approaches, and measurements. Concerning the last ones, given the
human and financial effort required to perform them, a coordinated perspective is strongly
desirable. Given the rationale above, quite a number of research priorities can be established,
addressing the many dimensions at stake, and crossing them (actually, the simultaneous
consideration of multiple of theses dimensions is quite a challenge per se) . Further research and
development is required in the following areas of propagation and radio channels models:
 very high speed scenarios, associated to transportation (e.g., trains) and to environment
variation (e.g., vehicle to infrastructure);
Multiband and wideband signals, and carrier frequencies above UHF, namely millimeter waves,
and not neglecting Tera-Hertz; accounting for the impact of small scale fading in channel
estimation problems;
Very short range communications, accounting for the influence of the surrounding
environment;

Statistical characterization of complex environments, addressing space, time, space-time and
frequency correlation, obstacles and vegetation, polarization;
Characterization of antenna performance, namely a statistical approach for radiation patterns
and beam forming, and in near-field conditions;
 Integration of systems to provide improved coverage and user QoE, e.g., via satellite and
cellular integration;
 An explicit (striving to be implicit) consideration for security and resilience, considering all
aspects of availability, confidentiality and integrity. Furthermore, other axes should be
considered, complementary to the previous ones:
More efficient tools and algorithms (e.g., on ray-tracing), namely for full three dimensional
characterization of environments, but dealing with the complexity-accuracy trade-off;
Propagation and channel measurement techniques, enabling to obtain time and spatial
characteristics in a more efficient way, taking both deterministic and statistical approaches;
Enablers of accurate position estimation, security, maximum capacity and massive MIMO,
energy efficiency, and other applications of these models for “high layers”.
Fig6:12 Test Cases Mapped Onto The Five Scenarios

CHAPTER 7
7. APPLICATIONS OF 5G CHALLENGES
7.1 5GNOW
5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling is the evolution
of mobile communication network technology such as LTE-Advanced toward emerging
application challenges like the Internet of Things, the Digital Agenda and Heterogeneous
Networks.
Fig 7: Application Challenges In 5G
LTE and LTE-Advanced have been optimized to deliver high bandwidth pipes to wireless
users. The transport mechanisms have been tailored to maximize single cell performance by
enforcing strict synchronism and orthogonality within a single cell and within a single

contiguous frequency band. Various emerging trends reveal major shortcomings of those design
criteria:
 The fraction of machine-type-communications (MTC) is growing fast. Transmissions of
this kind are suffering from the bulky procedures necessary to ensure strict synchronism.
 Collaborative schemes have been introduced to boost capacity and coverage (CoMP), and
wireless networks are becoming more and more heterogeneous following the non-
uniform distribution of users. Tremendous efforts must be spent to collect the gains and
to manage such systems under the premise of strict synchronism and orthogonality.
 The advent of the Digital Agenda and the introduction of carrier aggregation are forcing
the transmission systems to deal with fragmented spectrum.
5GNOW will question the design targets of LTE and LTE-Advanced having these
shortcomings in mind. The obedience of LTE and LTE-Advanced to strict synchronism and
orthogonality will be challenged. 5GNOW will develop new PHY and MAC layer concepts
being better suited to meet the upcoming needs with respect to service variety and heterogeneous
transmission setups. A demonstrator will be built as Proof-of-Concept. 5GNOW will build upon
continuously growing capabilities of silicon based processing.
Wireless transmission networks following the outcomes of 5GNOW will be better suited to
meet the manifoldness of services, device classes and transmission setups being present in
envisioned future scenarios like smart cities. The integration of systems relying heavily on MTC,
e.g. sensor networks, into the communication network will be eased. The per-user experience
will be more uniform and satisfying. To ensure this 5GNOW will contribute to upcoming 5G
standardization.
7.2 How does Event’s 5G Telephony System Work?
When you place a phone call, the Cisco IP-PBX intelligently chooses the most
appropriate route. If the Destination is a non-Mobile number, then the IP-PBX passes the request
to the Gateway Provider. This checks to see if the person you are calling is also a VoIP User. If

so, the call is routed over the Internet to their Gateway Provider, and then on to their IP-PBX
System at no cost to you, irrespective of where they are in the world.
If the destination telephone is on the Public Network, then the Gateway Provider will find
the Least-Cost route and connect the call through the Public network completely seamlessly.
If your company operates a Mobile telephone "Call-Plan" where "internal calls" are free, then
calls to and from those Mobiles can be automatically routed through a Mobile Gateway, thus
Ensuring that Mobile calls are free as well. If you have remote offices or even International
branches or partners, you can connect two or more systems together to remove your call costs to
these systems and improve communications between these offices.
Fig 8: Event’s 5G Solution
Remote offices or home workers can connect to your system anywhere they can connect
to the Internet, therefore creating a "tele-presence". This could be anywhere in the world and
adds flexibility to your company as these Handsets "appear" to be on your Network and so
benefit from all the same advantages as the "local" handsets.
Switch now to modern ADSL/Broadband for your telephone system, and you can benefit
from the lower prices that come from competition, and a wider choice of suppliers.
The savings from ditching your old leased lines, pays for the switch-over, instantly!

CHAPTER 8
5G NETWORK STRUCTURE
The new 5G technology want to be able to deliver up to 10Gbps internet connectivity for
each mobile terminal. Of course, this tremendous speed can be reached only if necessary, for any
particular purpose. On the other cases, we can connect at lower speeds. For example, 1Gbps
internet connectivity to access other services and even a lot less speed.
At present, the millions of interconnected computers that communicate with each other and with
the rest of the Internet. The 5G Evolution is thinking higher, they expect to exceed 100,000
million connected objects in the coming years.
Of course, the 5G networks must be more flexible, adaptable, inter-operable and
especially scalable. 5G Network is not dependent on a single network protocol. It can make use
of, to have available around you at every moment (LTE , HSPA , GSM , WiFi and new protocols
that are coming)with the spectrum Wireless.
Fig 9: 5G Network Structure

CHAPTER 9
FUTURES OF 5G
Running short of dramatically new phone designs, leaders of the world's wireless industry
showcased their next big idea 5G, shorthand for the fifth generation of networks they expect to
have up and running by 2020, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.
But first the industry will have to decide what 5G needs to do that the current, fourth
generation of wireless networks, don't offer. With discussions on setting 5G technical standards
yet to begin, a final standard is expected in 2019, experts say.
That will not stop network equipment makers such as China's Huawei and France's
Alcatel and dozens of newer players from touting projects as ready for 5G. Most industry experts
expect the first commercial deployments of 5G in the run-up to the Tokyo Olympics in 2020.
Huawei and other companies will use software to power 5G, relying less on hardware
than in the past.
"For the 5G architectures, what they do is with just one physical infrastructure to enable
different network licences for different industry applications. How it will work? It will be based
on SDN-NFV (Software Defined Network and Network Functionality Virtualisation
technology), to enable that," Daisy Choo, marketing director for 5G at Huawei said.
In that vein, Sweden's Ericsson and Finland's Nokia, will join a parade of equipment
makers expected to unveil their latest 5G demonstration projects with telecom operators at
Mobile World Congress, the largest annual trade show for the global wireless industry.
"I think we will see the early launches by 2020," Kester Mann, an analyst at CCS Insight,
said. "Docomo, the leading Japanese operator, looking at a solution to the Tokyo Olympic
Games in 2020. I know SK Telecom, the South Korean operator talked about by 2018 for the
winter Olympics in South Korea, but the reality is that it will be later than that, certainly for
European markets and other parts of the world."Major vendors predict a 100 to 1,000 fold

increase in network capacity over 4GBut the technology will also have to grapple with a new
challenge: the fact that much of the world's spectrum in lower frequency bands is used up. What
remains is higher frequency spectrum that can only carry traffic over shorter distances.
Fig 10: Future Of 5G
Ericsson, the world's leading maker of mobile network equipment, has forecast 50 billion
connected objects by 2020.
"5G in terms of the capacity will enable these huge numbers of objects to be connected.
Say 50 to 100 billion objects potentially by 2020 is a huge number and we need technology in
place to enable that. Alongside extremely good reliability, faster speed and of course very, very
low latency to enable this to happen," Mann added.
That's the vision, but then the mobile industry has a history of over-promising what it
actually delivers with each G.

The GSMA estimates operators will spend $1.7 trillion on equipment upgrades between
now and 2020. Most of that is simply to add 4G network capacity and improve coverage in
densely trafficked areas.
The "Advanced 5G Network Infrastructure for Future Internet" PPP will deliver
solutions, architectures, technologies and standards for the ubiquitous 5G communication
infrastructures of the next decade. The following high level Key Performance Indicators (KPI's)
are proposed to frame the research activities:
 Providing 1000 times higher wireless area capacity and more varied service capabilities
compared to 2010.
 Saving up to 90% of energy per service provided. The main focus will be in mobile
communication networks where the dominating energy consumption comes from the radio
access network.
 Reducing the average service creation time cycle from 90 hours to 90 minutes.
 Creating a secure, reliable and dependable Internet with a “zero perceived” downtime for
services provision.
 Facilitating very dense deployments of wireless communication links to connect over 7 trillion
wireless devices serving over 7 billion people.
 Enabling advanced user controlled privacy.

CONCLUSION
While the SON paradigm has evolved over the past decade to automate 2G, 3G, and 4G, we
explain why it may not meet the requirements of 5G, mainly, because of its intrinsically reactive
design approach and lack of end-to-end knowledge of the network. To address these problems
we have laid down a vision for empowering SON with big data. We provide a detailed frame-
work for implementation of big data empowered SON (BSON) in 5G. We detail the deluge of
largely untapped data that can be harnessed in future cellular networks to realize BSON. We
explain how well established and powerful tools from the domain of machine learning and data
analytics can then be leveraged to structure, analyze, and utilize this information to create end-to-
end visibility of the network to implement SON that is faster and more transparent, and can be
proactive instead of reactive, thus meeting the diverse and acute 5G requirements including
extremely low latency. We also demonstrate the viability of proposed ideas through a brief case
study. Additionally, the vision laid out in this article has two further ramifications in the context
of 5G. First, BSON in its broader manifestation can allow service providers to create new
business models by monetizing the knowledge base gained by the non-intrusive user- based
profiling for applications in vertical sectors such as health care research, transportation, urban
planning, marketing, governance, security, and administration. Second, we imply that to realize
the projected benefits, BSON requirements need to be incorporated into 5G design and
standardization at its very earliest stage to ensure the availability of sufficient and necessary data
without compromising user privacy.

REFERENCES:
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[4] T. Alsedairy et al. , “Self Organizing Cloud cells: A Resource Efficient Net- work
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[5] T. Taleb and A. Ksentini, “Follow Me Cloud: Interworking Federated Clouds & Distributed
Mobile Networks,” IEEE Network , vol. 27, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2013. pp. 12–19.
[6] G. Wunder et al. , “5GNOW: Non-Orthogonal, Asynchronous Waveforms for Future Mobile
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[7] T. Taleb, “Towards Carrier Cloud: Potential, Challenges, & Solutions,” IEEE Wireless
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