This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including: 1. Conjugations for the preterite, imperfect, and future tenses as well as irregular verbs. 2. Examples of trigger words that indicate which tense to use. 3. Comparisons of por vs para and their uses. 4. Additional topics covered include verb forms like gustar verbs, comparisons, transitions, and helping verbs.

1. My Grammar Notebook Created By: Adriano Sharkasi

2. Part One: The Prederite

3. El Preterito Yo- e Tu- aste El, ella, usted- O Nosotros-amos Ustedes- aron Yo- i Tu- iste El, ella, usted-io Nosotros- imos Ustedes-ieron Ar Infinitives Er and Ir Infinitives

4. Trigger Words for the Prederite These are some trigger words or “signal” words that should tell you that the prederite form must be used they inclulde: Anoche Ayer Anteayer El anopasado La semanapasada

5. Car, Gar, and Zar verbs Infinitives that end in these endings are irregular in the yo form Car verbs end in qu, Gar verbs end ingu, and zar verbs change z to c Examples Jugar= Jugue Tocar= Toque Empezar = Empece

6. Spock Verbs Dar and Ver. Ir and Ser Hacer

7. Snake and Snakey verbs e->i pedir preferir competir repetir servir sentir venir Only change in the 3rd person

8. Snakey verbs Includes leer and oir Use “y” in the usted and ustedes

9. Cucaracha verbs Andar – Anduve Estar- Estuve Poder- Pude Poner- Puse Querer- Quise Saber- Supe Tener- Tuve Venir- Vine Conducir-Conduje Traducir- Traduje Decir- Dije Traer- Traje

10. Part two: the imperfect

11. The Imperfect The imperfect is something that happened in the past but was a habitual/ continual action. It differs with the preterit in that while the preterit was a completed action, the imperfect is something that a person continually used to do Examples I set the table last night. (Preterit) When I was a little kid, I set the table every night. (Imperfect)

12. Conjugations for the Imperfect

13. Trigger words for the Imperfect Some trigger words for the Imperfect include: Cuando era nino/nina. A menudo A veces Cadadia Con frequencia Cadaano Cadames De vez en cuando Generalmente

14. Imperfect Irregulars There are only three imperfect irregulars: Ser, Ir, and Ver.

16. Verbs like Gustar aburrir to bore fascinarto be fascinating to bastarto be sufficient importarto be important to caerbien (mal) to (not) suit interesarto be interesting to darasco to be loathsome molestarto be a bother disgustarto hate something parecerto appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picarto itch encantarto "love" something quedarto be left over, remain faltarto be lacking something volver

17. D- description O- origin C- Characteristic T-time O-occupation R-Relationship P E-event D-date H- E-emotion L-location P-position I N G ING= ando, iendo, Ser Estar

19. Transitions Transitions add flow and continuity to a text, thus creating a better understanding to the reader. Some common Spanish tranistions include: Aunque= even though Tambien= also Por lo tanto= therefore Sin embargo= nevertheless Pero= but Mientras= contrast to A pensar de= in spite of

20. Part four: the future

21. The future The future tense is something that will happen. It is one of the easiest tenses to learn, as there is no removing of the infinitive and that there are few irregulars.

22. Conjugation of the Future tense

23. Future Irregulars Here are some irregulars in the Future tense. Dir Har Pondre Saldr Tendr Cabr Valdr Sabr

24. Trigger words for the future Here are some signal words for the future tense: Mañana En el añonuevo En el mesnuevo En la semananuevo Despues de manana

25. Part five: Por and para

26. Por Por is generally used when Passing through a place; it is more general rather than specific. Location (PORtugal) How long something lasts (PORever) The cause of something (POR’pus) An exchange (imPORt, exPORt) Doing something in place of or instead of someone else TransPORtation

27. Para For whom something is done (PARAty) Destination (PARAguay) The purpose for which something is done (PARAsites) To express an opinion (PARAdon me, but…) To contrast or compare To express idea of deadline (PARamedic)