7.42 muslim spain

7.42 Outline the decline of Muslim
rule in the Iberian Peninsula that
culminated in the Reconquista,
Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish
and Portuguese kingdoms.
I can outline the decline of Muslim
rule in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Museum Entrance
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modified by Jean Provine
Curator’s Office
moon_phase13@yahoo.com
This presentation was created by So Yun
Jhang and Kyllie Chang.
There is a ton of information about
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Other Resources:
http://explorethemed.com/reconquista.asp?c=1
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/crusades.htm
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml
A Muslim general from North Africa sent to
invade the Iberian peninsula. Tariq bin Ziyad
and his army landed at Gibraltar, which was
named after him. He and his army defeated the
Visigoths and the Muslims conquered most of
the peninsula without much opposition.
Return to
Exhibit
Tariq bin Ziyad

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml
During this period of Muslim rule in Spain,
libraries, colleges, and public baths were
established. Many different types of arts,
literatures, and architecture flourished. Also
during this Golden Age, different ethnicities and
religions were tolerated for instance Christianity
and Judaism.
Return to
Exhibit
The “Golden Age”

Harvesting figs provided a greater diversity of
fruits for consumers. Malaga (a city in Spain)
was one of the most important centers for
growing figs. The city is surrounded on all sides
by fig trees. These figs were exported by
Muslims and Christians and were sold in
Baghdad as well as India and China. The fig
was valued for its taste as well as its ability last
for a full year.
http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=Return to
Exhibit
Figs

http://www.hispanicmuslims.com/andalusia/andalusia.html
After the Muslims Berbers crossed Straight of
Gibraltar in 711, they established control over
most of the Iberian Peninsula. This area that
the Muslims controlled was called Al-Andalus
(now Andalusia). This area included Portugal,
Southern France, and the Balearic Islands.
Return to
Exhibit
Andalusia

Division Between Religions
In Muslim Spain, there were three main
monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism,
and Islam. These three religions have a
number of differences. Jews, who were the first
to discover the path towards salvation, thought
that they were setting an example by
worshiping God as a nation. But Christians
thought that this was possible by individual
means, and could be achieved by anyone
regardless of race or sex. In Islam, the world is
divided into two groups, with one subjugating
control over the other. During the period of
Islamic Spain, the three religions lived together
peacefully. Return to
http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/26814
Exhibit

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/arabconquest.html
After the Muslim conquest of Spain, the region
expanded over west Africa, and north Africa,
but this area was lacking a central control.
Eventually, the Muslim Emirs (of Spain)
recognized the sovereignty of the Umayyad
Caliphate, but legal policies were mostly
determined by the settlers, even though the
governors of Muslim Spain were appointed in
Kairouan, Tunisia.
Return to
Exhibit
Government

Emir Abd al-Rahman I
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sumay/hd_sumay.htm
After the Umayyad caliphate of Damascus was
overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids, the last
surviving member of the Umayyad dynasty fled
to Spain and named himself Emir Abd al-
Rahman I. He then created the Umayyad
emirate and made Cordoba the capital. He also
took al-Andalus and established diplomatic ties
with the northern Christian empires, the
Byzantine empire, and North Africa.
Return to
Exhibit

http://www.sunnah.org/history/moors.htm
The irrigation system that was imported from
Syria and Arabia turned the dry plains of al-
Andalus into very fertile land. Pomegranates,
oranges, lemons, aubergines, artichokes,
cumin, coriander, bananas, almonds, pans,
hennas, woad, madder, saffron, sugar-cane,
rice, cotton, figs, grapes, apricots, and peaches
soon were added to the list of the foods grown
there. Olives and wheat were native to al-
Andalus,
Return to
Exhibit
Plain of al-Andalus

http://www.sunnah.org/history/moors.htm
The period of economic, and intellectual
prosperity eventually began to decline. There
were internal rifts within the Arab power
structure, as well as different warring factions
between the Moors. The caliphs were
eliminated and Cordova fell to other Arabs. In
1013, the great library in Cordova was
destroyed, but the new leaders allowed the
books and Cordovan scholars to be dispersed
between different capital towns of small
emirates.
Return to
Exhibit
Decline

Women in Muslim society were active in
http://books.google.com/books?id=t8toAmyqmN0C&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Subh+-+political and cultural affairs. An example of such
a woman would be Subh. She was the wife of
al-Hakam al-Mustansir, the ninth Umayyad
caliph. Subh was very ambitious, but she had
two major faults: she was a foreigner and a
Christian. Subh is a perfect example of being
well versed in the history and the power of
words. She was both a poet and a linguist.
Because her husband was more interested in
knowledge and books, he left all the
management of political affairs to Subh.
Return to
Exhibit
Subh

http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/asia/6/fc46b
After the Muslims took over al-Andalusia, the
economy slowly began to grow. Agriculture
especially flourished with new foods. This was
made possible by the extensive irrigation
system that was copied from the Syrians.
Better agriculture produced a larger, healthier
population. This in return allowed the
government to lower tax rates, and this
encouraged urban growth and more industries.
Return to
Exhibit
Agriculture

http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/dba104.html
During the early eighth century, Abd-ar-
Rahman, who assumed control as an
independent emir of Cordova, invaded across
the Pyrenees into France. But in 732, he was
defeated by Charles “The Hammer” Martel and
his Frankish army at Tours, which is near
Poiters. Despite this, Umayyad rulers have
continued to dominate Muslim Spain, and they
have overcome a period of internal uprisings
and “autonomous inclinations.”
Return to
Exhibit
Invasion into France

The Great Mosque of Cordoba
In 784, Abd al-Rahman I begins the
construction of the Great Mosque of Cordoba.
He uses recycled columns, capitals, and bases
from other sites. The height and lightness for
the building is achieved through the idea of
double arches. Today, it is one of the oldest
places of worship that is still intact.
http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Return to
Exhibit

The Reconquista officially started in 722, after
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/332578/the_reconquista_the Battle of Covandonga. Because of the
internal feuding between the Moors, the
Spaniards (Christians in Spain) were able to
repopulate their kingdoms and strengthen their
borders for the campaign against the Moors.
Eventually Taifas, independent Muslim-ruled
principalities, formed because of the civil wars.
The Reconquistadors were able to turn the
Taifas against each other through a series of
bribes. After 800 years of fighting, Spain was
able to reunite, and the Muslims were finally
expelled with the surrender of Abu ‘abd Allah
Muhammad XII (Boabdil) in 1492. Return to
Exhibit
The Reconquista

Walladah bint Mustakfi
Walladah was the daughter of the caliph of
Cordoba. In Cordoba, many women were often
scholars. Walladah inherited enough wealth
after her father’s death to guarantee her
independence. She was a well-known poet as
well the host of literary gatherings for both men
and women. Her surviving poetry describes her
free spirit. She was also known for designing
robes with embroidered sleeves.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/Return to
Exhibit

http://www.sispain.org/english/history/muslim.html
The Andalusian economy was comprised of
trade, manufacturing, and agriculture which
was more efficient than the rest of Europe. The
Caliphate had a currency-based economy and
it played a role in its financial grandeur. The
gold coin became the principle currency of this
period.
Return to
Exhibit
Economy

Abd al-Rahman III became the first Spanish
Caliph. He had two purposes: one was to
strengthen the Peninsular kingdom, and the
other was to consolidate the commercial routes.
This would guarantee an economic relationship
with the east (Byzantium) and guarantee the
supply of gold. Melilla, a Spanish city located
on the Mediterranean on the north coast of
Africa, was occupied in 972. Later in the same
century, the Umayyad controlled the triangle
formed by Algeria, Siyima, and the Atlantic.
Return to
Exhibit
Trade

After the second and third Taifas were created
as a result of fragmentation of the Peninsula,
north Africa took this advantage to invade. The
first to invade were the Almoravids, the second
were the Almohads, and the third were the
Banu Marins. By the middle of the 13th century,
Islamic Spain, due to their progressive
weakening, was reduced to Nasrid kingdom in
Granada, which is located between the Strait of
Gibraltar and the Cape of Gata.
Return to
Exhibit
Spain After the Taifas

http://www.kalamullah.com/spain.html
The moors were actually Arabs who had left
their homeland in the Middle East and traveled
across North Africa.
The Berbers were inhabitants of Morocco that
had been conquered by the Arabs and
converted to Islam.
Return to
Exhibit
Moors and Berbers

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Boabdil
Boabdil was the last Moorish king of Granada.
In 1482, he was proclaimed the king in place of
his father who had been driven from the land.
He invaded Castile in order to gain prestige, but
was taken prisoner. He was only granted
freedom if he held Granada as a tributary
kingdom under King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella. In 1941, he was asked by the king and
queen of Castile to hand over Granada, but
because he refused, it was besieged by the
Castilians. After about a year, Granada
surrendered. This picture shows the last spot
that Boabdil was said to have looked at
Granada from and is known as the “last sigh of
the Moor.”
Return to
Exhibit
Boabdil

The Spanish Inquisition
http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/westeurope/sp
aninqui.html
The Spanish Inquisition was used both
politically and religiously. Ferdinand and
Isabella asked the pope to establish the
Spanish Inquisition, and they began to drive out
Jews and others who were not of the Christian
faith, because they were considered a threat to
the king and queen’s ambitions. In 1483,
Tomas de Torquemada became the inquisitor-general
for Spain. He is believed to have
executed 2,000 people.
Return to
Exhibit

http://www.inter-islam.
org/Pastevents/andalus1.htm
After the Spanish Inquisition was created, King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to drive
out the Muslims and Jews, because they were
considered a threat to their ambition. The army
was to capture anyone who didn’t follow the
Roman Catholic faith. To do this, the army
would check to see if they were circumcised.
The army would spy on them, and if they
bathed on Fridays or wore beautiful clothes of
Eid, then they were killed. Even some weak
and frail Muslims who thought the only way to
be saved was to denounce Islam and convert to
Christianity were also killed.
Return to
Entrance
Muslim Oppression

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/histo
ry/spain_1.shtml
Islamic Spain began in 711 after the invasion of
the Iberian peninsula, and ended in 1492. It is a
multi-cultural mix of the three greatest
monotheistic religions: Christianity, Islam, and
Judaism. Even though Christians and Jews had
to live under restrictions (for instance they had
to pay jizya), the religions managed to get
along and benefit from one another. This
brought a degree of civilization to Europe that
was able to match that of the Roman Empire’s.
Return to
Entrance
Islamic Spain

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/histo
ry/spain_1.shtml
http://www.orbilat.com/Encyclopaedia/M/Mozarab
s.html
Many Christians living in Muslim Spain adapted
to the culture. Some people learned Arabic, and
wore the same clothes as their rulers. Some
women even began wearing the veil. Some
changed their names to Arabic names. The
Christians who did this were known as
Mozarabs. Christians had their own rulers
known as counts. These counts were directly
responsible to the Muslim emir of caliphate.
Their taxes were collected by special agents,
and they were allowed to retain their social
hierarchy, as well as use Visigoth canon law
instead of the Muslim law.
Return to
Exhibit
Adaption

7.42 muslim spain

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