There are numerous research studies focused on the brain’s processing of information and on finding patterns and strategies to improve cognitive processes. To increase the capacity of memory and concentration we need to understand both the physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and the role of the external factors on these processes. The suggestions and harmonic combinations of music have proven their effectiveness by acting as a major influence in the field of neurophysiology, ameliorating a wide spectrum of memory and attention issues. Dr. Liliana Neagu "Music Therapy and Suggestibility – Methods of Activating Mechanisms to Improve Cognitive Processes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38421.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38421/music-therapy-and-suggestibility-–-methods-of-activating-mechanisms-to-improve-cognitive-processes/dr-liliana-neagu
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to adjust thinking to new problems and environments. Intelligence consists of specific abilities like adaptability, reasoning, and judgment. Intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment. It is measured using individual verbal tests like the Stanford-Binet test and individual performance tests like the Wechsler scales. Group tests can measure intelligence verbally or through performance. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores classify intelligence levels based on mental age and chronological age.
Intelligence can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Intelligence refers to an individual's ability to adapt, learn, reason, and understand their environment. There are many theories about the nature of intelligence, including that it consists of general cognitive abilities as well as more specific abilities like linguistic, spatial, and interpersonal skills. Intelligence is measured through standardized tests that assess abilities related to problem-solving, learning, and adapting to new situations.
Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.
This document discusses several theories of intelligence, including:
- Spearman's two-factor theory which proposed a general intelligence factor "g" and specific factors "s".
- Thurstone's multi-factor theory which identified seven primary mental abilities.
- Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence theory distinguishing between innate and learned capacities.
- Vernon's hierarchical theory proposing intelligence exists at different levels of generality from a general factor "g" to specific factors.
It also summarizes Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development and Bruner's emphasis on the social context of learning.
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to adjust thinking to new problems and environments. Intelligence consists of specific abilities like adaptability, reasoning, and judgment. Intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment. It is measured using individual verbal tests like the Stanford-Binet test and individual performance tests like the Wechsler scales. Group tests can measure intelligence verbally or through performance. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores classify intelligence levels based on mental age and chronological age.
Intelligence can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Intelligence refers to an individual's ability to adapt, learn, reason, and understand their environment. There are many theories about the nature of intelligence, including that it consists of general cognitive abilities as well as more specific abilities like linguistic, spatial, and interpersonal skills. Intelligence is measured through standardized tests that assess abilities related to problem-solving, learning, and adapting to new situations.
Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.
This document discusses several theories of intelligence, including:
- Spearman's two-factor theory which proposed a general intelligence factor "g" and specific factors "s".
- Thurstone's multi-factor theory which identified seven primary mental abilities.
- Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence theory distinguishing between innate and learned capacities.
- Vernon's hierarchical theory proposing intelligence exists at different levels of generality from a general factor "g" to specific factors.
It also summarizes Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development and Bruner's emphasis on the social context of learning.
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Major theories of intelligence
The document discusses several theories of intelligence, including Spearman's two-factor theory, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. It also covers early intelligence tests developed by Binet, Simon, and Wechsler. Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn, remember information, apply concepts, and adapt behaviors. Theories view intelligence as consisting of general and specific factors, or involving components of experiential, componential, and contextual intelligence.
1. The document discusses various topics related to thinking, language, intelligence, and problem solving including concepts, problem solving strategies, intuition, functional fixedness, biases, intelligence testing, and theories of intelligence.
2. It examines research on animal communication and cognition as well as the nature vs nurture debate regarding intelligence.
3. The text also explores factors that influence IQ scores such as culture, environment, heredity, and social discrimination.
There are several theories about the nature of intelligence. Some psychologists believe there is a general intelligence factor, while others argue there are different types of intelligence, such as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Intelligence can be measured through IQ tests, but the concept of IQ and what it measures is debated. Factors like genes, environment, education and culture all likely influence a person's intelligence, but their relative impacts are still being studied.
The document discusses various definitions of intelligence proposed by theorists over time. It also summarizes different approaches to assessing intelligence, including psychometric theories, developmental theories, and information processing theories. Standardized tests are discussed as a key tool used to measure intelligence, along with considerations of reliability and validity in the assessment of intelligence.
This document discusses various theories of intelligence proposed by different psychologists and researchers. It summarizes Sternberg, Wechsler, Wagnon and Woodworth's definitions of intelligence. It then explains theories by Thorndike, Spearman, Thurstone, Vernon, Cattell, Gardner, Sternberg, Eysenck, Ceci, Goldman and Piaget. It also discusses various types of intelligence tests like Stanford-Binet, Wechsler scales and Raven's matrices. It provides details about the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Fifth Edition including age range, content, scoring and interpretation.
This document provides an overview of theories of intelligence and psychological assessment. It discusses several theories of intelligence, including unitary theories proposed by Binet and Spearman, as well as multiple factor theories proposed by Thurstone and Gardner. It also summarizes Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and its three components: componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence. Additionally, the document outlines different methods of psychological assessment including tests, interviews, observation, and self-reports.
theories and Definitions of IntelligenceClowie Lim
This document summarizes several theories and definitions of intelligence proposed by prominent psychologists over time:
1. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale, to identify students needing special education and measure intellectual development in children ages 3-12.
2. Charles Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor ("g") used across intellectual tasks and specific factors ("s") specific to individual tasks. He believed measuring an individual's "g" could predict performance on other tasks.
3. Robert Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory that intelligence involves interactions between internal mental mechanisms, external environment, and experience over time. He defined three types
This document discusses theories and assessments of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. Several theories of intelligence are described, including Spearman's theory of a general intelligence factor ("g") and specific factors, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests discussed include early tests developed by Galton and Binet-Simon, as well as modern tests like the WAIS and WISC that assess verbal and performance abilities. The document also notes individual variations in intellectual ability.
The document discusses several key topics related to intelligence and intelligence assessment:
1. It explores various definitions of intelligence and the history of intelligence testing from Galton to modern IQ tests.
2. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's theory of general intelligence (g) and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
3. It discusses issues and controversies surrounding intelligence testing including the influence of environment and genetics, as well as differences in average IQ scores between racial groups.
Based on these research findings, both heredity and environment play a role in intelligence, but heredity seems to have a slightly stronger influence. Identical twins raised together or apart show high correlations, suggesting a strong genetic component. However, environment also influences intelligence as unrelated children raised together are more similar than those raised apart, and correlations decrease for siblings and parents/adopted children who do not share genes. Overall, an interactionist perspective seems most accurate - both nature and nurture impact intelligence.
Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence and TestingMrsERivera
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity for learning, reasoning, and problem solving. The document outlines several theories of intelligence, including Spearman's two-factor theory, Thurstone's seven abilities theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. It also discusses how intelligence can be assessed through individual and group intelligence tests that measure verbal and nonverbal abilities. The document suggests intelligence involves both inherited and environmental factors and can be increased through practices like deep thinking and learning from experience.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence:
- Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor (g) that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks.
- Louis Thurstone identified seven primary mental abilities rather than a general intelligence.
- Robert Sternberg described intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
- Daniel Goleman's model of emotional intelligence focuses on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
The document also reviews intelligence testing approaches and factors that can influence measured intelligence.
This document defines intelligence and discusses several theories of intelligence. It describes how Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test in 1905 to distinguish between bright and dull students. The Binet test introduced the concepts of mental age and intelligence quotient (IQ). The document also discusses how David Wechsler developed intelligence tests specifically for adults and children, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
The document discusses various theories and approaches to defining and measuring intelligence. It covers early definitions from Binet & Simon and Wechsler, as well as theories including Spearman's G factor theory, Thurstone's group factor theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and Sternberg's triarchic theory. It also addresses measuring intelligence through individual tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, and group tests used in military screening. Finally, it covers mental retardation in terms of definition, levels, characteristics, study methods, causes, and prevention/management.
Vernon (1950) proposed a hierarchical group factor theory of intelligence that suggests intelligence tests measure an overall general factor ("g") as well as two major group factors: verbal, numerical, and educational abilities (V.Ed); and practical, mechanical, spatial and physical abilities (K.M). During childhood, intelligence operates as a single factor, but from ages 12-14 it branches into the two major factors which then generate minor group factors from ages 14-18 as intelligence continues developing in complexity resembling a growing tree.
This document will describe developmental theories of intelligence, including the information processing theory and biological theories. It will contrast the theories of fluid and crystallized intelligence proposed by Raymond Cattell and John Horn. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems, while crystallized intelligence involves skills and knowledge gained from experience. The document will also discuss how fluid intelligence tends to decrease with age while crystallized intelligence is less affected by aging. Additional topics include the relationships between intelligence and factors like brain size, reaction time, brain energy consumption, gender, age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and heredity versus environment.
2010 Washington #1 State, Seattle, April 2010LevineMadori
The document summarizes the TTAP Method, a 9-step structured therapeutic intervention for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. It stimulates multiple brain regions through creative arts activities. Research studies have found the TTAP Method significantly improves cognition, mood, and quality of life. It also enhances the remaining cognitive and functional abilities of individuals. The method is being further researched and implemented in long-term care settings in the United States and Finland.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Major theories of intelligence
The document discusses several theories of intelligence, including Spearman's two-factor theory, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. It also covers early intelligence tests developed by Binet, Simon, and Wechsler. Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn, remember information, apply concepts, and adapt behaviors. Theories view intelligence as consisting of general and specific factors, or involving components of experiential, componential, and contextual intelligence.
1. The document discusses various topics related to thinking, language, intelligence, and problem solving including concepts, problem solving strategies, intuition, functional fixedness, biases, intelligence testing, and theories of intelligence.
2. It examines research on animal communication and cognition as well as the nature vs nurture debate regarding intelligence.
3. The text also explores factors that influence IQ scores such as culture, environment, heredity, and social discrimination.
There are several theories about the nature of intelligence. Some psychologists believe there is a general intelligence factor, while others argue there are different types of intelligence, such as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Intelligence can be measured through IQ tests, but the concept of IQ and what it measures is debated. Factors like genes, environment, education and culture all likely influence a person's intelligence, but their relative impacts are still being studied.
The document discusses various definitions of intelligence proposed by theorists over time. It also summarizes different approaches to assessing intelligence, including psychometric theories, developmental theories, and information processing theories. Standardized tests are discussed as a key tool used to measure intelligence, along with considerations of reliability and validity in the assessment of intelligence.
This document discusses various theories of intelligence proposed by different psychologists and researchers. It summarizes Sternberg, Wechsler, Wagnon and Woodworth's definitions of intelligence. It then explains theories by Thorndike, Spearman, Thurstone, Vernon, Cattell, Gardner, Sternberg, Eysenck, Ceci, Goldman and Piaget. It also discusses various types of intelligence tests like Stanford-Binet, Wechsler scales and Raven's matrices. It provides details about the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Fifth Edition including age range, content, scoring and interpretation.
This document provides an overview of theories of intelligence and psychological assessment. It discusses several theories of intelligence, including unitary theories proposed by Binet and Spearman, as well as multiple factor theories proposed by Thurstone and Gardner. It also summarizes Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and its three components: componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence. Additionally, the document outlines different methods of psychological assessment including tests, interviews, observation, and self-reports.
theories and Definitions of IntelligenceClowie Lim
This document summarizes several theories and definitions of intelligence proposed by prominent psychologists over time:
1. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale, to identify students needing special education and measure intellectual development in children ages 3-12.
2. Charles Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor ("g") used across intellectual tasks and specific factors ("s") specific to individual tasks. He believed measuring an individual's "g" could predict performance on other tasks.
3. Robert Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory that intelligence involves interactions between internal mental mechanisms, external environment, and experience over time. He defined three types
This document discusses theories and assessments of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. Several theories of intelligence are described, including Spearman's theory of a general intelligence factor ("g") and specific factors, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests discussed include early tests developed by Galton and Binet-Simon, as well as modern tests like the WAIS and WISC that assess verbal and performance abilities. The document also notes individual variations in intellectual ability.
The document discusses several key topics related to intelligence and intelligence assessment:
1. It explores various definitions of intelligence and the history of intelligence testing from Galton to modern IQ tests.
2. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's theory of general intelligence (g) and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
3. It discusses issues and controversies surrounding intelligence testing including the influence of environment and genetics, as well as differences in average IQ scores between racial groups.
Based on these research findings, both heredity and environment play a role in intelligence, but heredity seems to have a slightly stronger influence. Identical twins raised together or apart show high correlations, suggesting a strong genetic component. However, environment also influences intelligence as unrelated children raised together are more similar than those raised apart, and correlations decrease for siblings and parents/adopted children who do not share genes. Overall, an interactionist perspective seems most accurate - both nature and nurture impact intelligence.
Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence and TestingMrsERivera
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the capacity for learning, reasoning, and problem solving. The document outlines several theories of intelligence, including Spearman's two-factor theory, Thurstone's seven abilities theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional intelligence. It also discusses how intelligence can be assessed through individual and group intelligence tests that measure verbal and nonverbal abilities. The document suggests intelligence involves both inherited and environmental factors and can be increased through practices like deep thinking and learning from experience.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence:
- Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor (g) that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks.
- Louis Thurstone identified seven primary mental abilities rather than a general intelligence.
- Robert Sternberg described intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
- Daniel Goleman's model of emotional intelligence focuses on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
The document also reviews intelligence testing approaches and factors that can influence measured intelligence.
This document defines intelligence and discusses several theories of intelligence. It describes how Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test in 1905 to distinguish between bright and dull students. The Binet test introduced the concepts of mental age and intelligence quotient (IQ). The document also discusses how David Wechsler developed intelligence tests specifically for adults and children, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
The document discusses various theories and approaches to defining and measuring intelligence. It covers early definitions from Binet & Simon and Wechsler, as well as theories including Spearman's G factor theory, Thurstone's group factor theory, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and Sternberg's triarchic theory. It also addresses measuring intelligence through individual tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, and group tests used in military screening. Finally, it covers mental retardation in terms of definition, levels, characteristics, study methods, causes, and prevention/management.
Vernon (1950) proposed a hierarchical group factor theory of intelligence that suggests intelligence tests measure an overall general factor ("g") as well as two major group factors: verbal, numerical, and educational abilities (V.Ed); and practical, mechanical, spatial and physical abilities (K.M). During childhood, intelligence operates as a single factor, but from ages 12-14 it branches into the two major factors which then generate minor group factors from ages 14-18 as intelligence continues developing in complexity resembling a growing tree.
This document will describe developmental theories of intelligence, including the information processing theory and biological theories. It will contrast the theories of fluid and crystallized intelligence proposed by Raymond Cattell and John Horn. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems, while crystallized intelligence involves skills and knowledge gained from experience. The document will also discuss how fluid intelligence tends to decrease with age while crystallized intelligence is less affected by aging. Additional topics include the relationships between intelligence and factors like brain size, reaction time, brain energy consumption, gender, age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and heredity versus environment.
2010 Washington #1 State, Seattle, April 2010LevineMadori
The document summarizes the TTAP Method, a 9-step structured therapeutic intervention for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. It stimulates multiple brain regions through creative arts activities. Research studies have found the TTAP Method significantly improves cognition, mood, and quality of life. It also enhances the remaining cognitive and functional abilities of individuals. The method is being further researched and implemented in long-term care settings in the United States and Finland.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions, dataset of 1157 cases and...Maciej Behnke
Subjective experience and physiological activity are fundamental components of emotion. There is an increasing interest in the link between experiential and physiological processes across different disciplines, e.g., psychology, economics, or computer science. However, the findings largely rely on sample sizes that have been modest at best (limiting the statistical power) and capture only some concurrent biosignals. We present a novel publicly available dataset of psychophysiological responses to positive and negative emotions that offers some improvement over other databases. This database involves recordings of 1157 cases from healthy individuals (895 individuals participated in a single session and 122 individuals in several sessions), collected across seven studies, a continuous record of selfreported affect along with several biosignals (electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, electrodermal activity, hemodynamic measures, e.g., blood pressure, respiration trace, and skin temperature). We experimentally elicited a wide range of positive and negative emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, excitement, fear, gratitude, sadness, tenderness, and threat. Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions (POPANE) database is a large and comprehensive psychophysiological dataset on elicited emotions.
This document discusses planning a 12-week scheme of work for a BTEC ND e-Media Production course, outlining key considerations for lesson planning including content, teaching methodology, learning theories, and assessment. It provides examples of how the first two sessions would address cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains through activities delivered in 15-minute blocks with introduction, development, and conclusion sections. The overall goal is for students to develop skills in reading, analyzing, and deconstructing e-media through this planned curriculum.
fpsyg-08-01454 August 22, 2017 Time 1725 # 1REVIEWpublJeanmarieColbert3
fpsyg-08-01454 August 22, 2017 Time: 17:25 # 1
REVIEW
published: 24 August 2017
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454
Edited by:
Beatrice de Gelder,
Maastricht University, Netherlands
Reviewed by:
Douglas Watt,
Boston University School of Medicine,
United States
Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy,
Neurons Inc. and Singularity
University, Denmark
*Correspondence:
Aamir S. Malik
[email protected]
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Emotion Science,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 29 November 2016
Accepted: 10 August 2017
Published: 24 August 2017
Citation:
Tyng CM, Amin HU, Saad MNM and
Malik AS (2017) The Influences
of Emotion on Learning and Memory.
Front. Psychol. 8:1454.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454
The Influences of Emotion
on Learning and Memory
Chai M. Tyng, Hafeez U. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Saad and Aamir S. Malik*
Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including
perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has
a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of
attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive
control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional
capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding
and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning
and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either
enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on
a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala
and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner
that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex
mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful
learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional
control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to
achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights
a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on
learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and
their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the
current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications
for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of
emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on
learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effectiv ...
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Cerebral Palsy Patients Receiving Rehab...inventionjournals
Objective: To find out the effect of music therapy in cerebral palsy (CP) patients between who received conventional rehabilitation treatments and who additionally received music therapy Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 CP patients who received rehabilitation treatments on a day-ward basis for at least six months, between March 2013 and February 2015, were selected as subjects. Of the 50 patients, 25 received only conventional rehabilitation treatment (rehabilitation group), and the remaining 25 received both the conventional rehabilitation treatment and music therapy (music therapy group). In this study, the results of the Korean-version Denver Developmental Screening Test 2 (DDST-2) and the social quotient (SQ) were confirmed, before and after the treatments. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the rehabilitation group and the music therapy group in terms of gender, age, and diagnosis. Korean-version DDST-2 scores and the SQ score also did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. With the intervention, the music therapy group showed more statistically significant improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts than the rehabilitation group. The music therapy group also showed greater improvement in SQ score than the rehabilitation group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the current music therapy program and to investigate the area in which the therapy produces the greatest effect. It is hoped that the therapy would find wider application among children in the future as it showed significant functional improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts in this study
This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It explains that CBT is a form of psychotherapy that explores the relationship between one's thoughts, beliefs, interpretations and their resulting emotions and behaviors. Rather than focusing on external factors, CBT posits that changing one's cognitive processes can significantly reduce symptoms and improve functioning. The document notes that CBT is frequently used to treat anxiety disorders and that anxiety is a normal human emotion characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension.
The document provides a critical analysis of claims made in a 2012 study by Lozano et al regarding the rationale for selecting the subcallosal cingulate gyrus as a target for deep brain stimulation to treat treatment-resistant depression. The analysis finds that the evidence cited by Lozano et al. to support the involvement of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus in processing acute sadness is insufficient. Several of the cited studies do not specifically implicate this brain region or have limitations such as small sample sizes that weaken their conclusions. The analysis concludes the evidence presented is not adequate to definitively support targeting the subcallosal cingulate gyrus with deep brain stimulation.
Most research has been seen the growing interest in the neurobiological correlates of meditation. They omitted the philosophical aspects of meditation on human being and its wider implications on human. Hence the following issues like definition, study design, and its outcomes need to be study. In meditation research the effects of meditation practice need to examine and also how meditation works is need to study and examine. Some meditation techniques reduce pain, but how meditation affects the brain’s response to pain is not been studied. The brain structural differences between a well-matched sample of long-term meditators and controls using whole-brain cortical thickness also need to analysze. This paper describes the issues related to meditation and their effects on the study of meditation with some explanation of methods in meditation research.
QHRN Presentation: Somnus bind: Explanatory model of mental illnessFAMalik3
This study explored how individuals with mental illness use sleep as an explanatory model for their condition. Semi-structured interviews found that patients develop meaning around sleep issues as the cause of their problems. They experience social and personal impacts from lack of sleep. Patients also feel lonely due to a lack of understanding from others. Over time, their model of illness evolves through experiences. Patients have certain expectations and beliefs about treatment that influence health-seeking behaviors.
Summary Report: "Mental Health Throughout Life"
Herrenhausen Conference on Mental Illnesses, Hanover, April 3-5, 2013
Mechanisms of vulnerability for mental illnesses over lifetime were the focus of the Volkswagen Foundation’s second Herrenhausen Conference. Concentrating on particularly sensitive and susceptible phases of mental development, renowned experts shared their latest research and insights into risk for and resilience against mental illnesses. Building on this material, in a concluding Session new approaches for improving mental health and treating mental disorders were highlighted.
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This document discusses neuroethics and its relationship to educational issues. It begins by defining neuroethics and cognitive neuroscience. It then examines various ethics issues related to neuroscience research and its applications, including impacts on individuals and society. It discusses how the scientific understanding of the brain can influence views of humanity. It also explores the neuroscience of moral decision making and how an understanding of brain mechanisms can inform views of living. The document traces the history of neuroethics back to the 2000s and conferences/publications that helped establish the field. It analyzes challenges of communicating neuroscience research to the public and proposes ways to enhance communication. Many neuroethical issues are also relevant for education and cognitive science due to the study of
The document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, outlining key concepts in the first session. It defines qualitative research as a strategy for collecting and interpreting non-numerical data through methods like observation and interviews. The characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena in their natural settings and interpreting findings from an emergent and holistic viewpoint. Examples of qualitative research types discussed are narrative research, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The document concludes by listing common steps and examples of qualitative studies conducted in healthcare contexts.
Spencer M. Robinson has extensive experience in research and education related to applied social neuroscience, cognitive neuroeducation, and cognitive remediation. He is currently the Executive Director of the Center for Applied Social Neuroscience in Japan. Previously he held research and teaching positions in New Zealand, Japan, and elsewhere focused on developing new approaches to cognitive enhancement, rehabilitation for cognitive disorders, and diagnosing and treating autism spectrum disorders.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of a 3-month music intervention on sleep quality in 64 community-dwelling elderly people aged 60 or older in China. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group that received sleep education and telephone calls, or an intervention group that additionally listened to 30-45 minutes of soothing music each night. The intervention group demonstrated continuous improvements in sleep quality scores over the study period, while the control group also improved but to a lesser extent. Statistical analysis found the music intervention significantly improved overall sleep quality and aspects of sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction compared to the control group. The study concluded that music is a safe and effective non-pharmacological approach to enhance sleep quality in elderly
Knowledge and tools aimed at characterizing sleep in physiological and
pathological conditions. Develops and tests approaches and tools aimed at intervening on sleep to modify its efficiency and functions.
This document discusses the relationship between biological psychology and cognitive psychology. Biological psychology deals with brain functioning and how the brain influences behavior, while cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and learning. Both fields contribute to understanding behavior and mental illnesses. The document outlines some of the main theories and contributors to biological psychology, like Lashley, and cognitive psychology, such as Hebb. It also describes how biological and cognitive approaches can be applied therapeutically.
The Psychology Of Childhood Social And Emotional DevelopmentKristen Stacey
The document discusses the Laboratory of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning and Memory which seeks to understand neural plasticity mechanisms related to memory functions. The lab is led by Dr. Sheri Mizumori, and the author has been shadowing Dr. Phillip Baker on a study examining the role of the lateral habenula in cue-related behavior switching. The initial study focuses on the lateral habenula's involvement in behavior switching when presented with a cue.
Similar to Music Therapy and Suggestibility – Methods of Activating Mechanisms to Improve Cognitive Processes (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38421 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 278
The use of Mozart's music has proved useful even inthecase
of the elderly, suffering of Alzheimer's disease [6]. A team of
musicologists and neurologistsfromtheUniversityofIllinois
believes that the already demonstrated “Mozart effect”,that
improves spatial thinking, is involved.
THE PLACEBO EFFECT
‘The Placebo effect’ consists of the physiological and
psychological manifestations that determine the
improvement of a patient's health condition following the
administration of a drug without pharmacodynamic action.
[7]
The perception, codes and symboles that the brain uses in
processing the internal and external information strongly
determine the placebo effectiveness, form and response.
The thought that a drug is effective can cause the body to
release its natural analgesics, the endorphins. Dr. Dragoş
Popa [8] states that ‘important changes have been observed
in the thalamus, in the anterior cingulate cortex, the
prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. Each of these
areas has its function. Tomas Furmark of the Uppsala
University (Sweden) states that a genehasbeenlinkedto the
placebo effect.[9]
The placebo effect is a dynamic,multi-variablephenomenon,
in which factors such as personality, cognition and
conditioning influencethehumanbodythroughmechanisms
which are still not quite clarified. In addition to the
pharmacodynamic actions, the nonspecific effects of
psychopharmacological drugs raise the issue of the
psychological effects that accompany all therapeutic
actions.[10]
PERSONAL RESEARCH ON THE USE OF COGNITIVE AND
SUGGESTIVE METHODS FOR IMPROVING MEMORY AND
ATTENTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS VS DEPRESSIVE
SUBJECTS
I. PROBLEM
There is continuous technological progress and people are
being bombarded with information, images,sounds,andour
brain is becoming more saturated. In this context, more and
more people are beginning to take an interested in their
intellectual abilities and are scared by the poorperformance
of their memory. Their concern is justified, because factors
such as: stress, caused by the anguish of tomorrow,
emotional trauma, depression,a seriesofinfectiousdiseases,
advanced age, etc., lead to memory impairment. Therefore,
scientists are more and more concernedinfindingstrategies
and techniques of stimulation andactivesustenancetoserve
in the interest of memory performance.
For this purpose, many self-training guides have been
developed, for solving exercises to train memory.
II. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The objective of the research is to find ways to actively
sustain and improve cognitive and regulatory capacities,
taking into account the efficacy, the effectiveness, the costs
and benefits of using them, on the one hand, and
understanding the mechanisms underlying the activating of
different types of memory and attention, on the other hand.
For this purpose, I compared the effectiveness of three
different interventions by manipulating the independent
variables represented by: 1. baroque music; 2. rhythmic
music; 3. placebo substances, on dependent variables: 1.
semantic memory; 2. visual memory; 3. contextual memory
(work memory); 4. focused attention; 5. distributed
attention/multitasking/the ability to multitaskboth in
healthy subjects, as well as with depressive subjects.
III. HYPOTHESES
The hypotheses are the following:
A. Does music therapy have an effect on improving
cognitive processes?
B. Does the placebo effectinfluencememoryandattention?
C. Are there significant differences in healthy population's
outcomes comparedtothegroupofdepressivepatients?
IV. RESEARCH METHOD
1. Subjects
In the samples used, there have been 260 healthy subjects
included, divided in four equal groups aged between 17– 19
years and 260 depressive patients that meet the DSM-IV
criteria for depressive disorder, who achieved a score of at
least 10 points at the HAD-S – Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale, aged between 24 - 65 years.
2. Tools/materials
For dependent variables the tools used to assess the results
were the following:
Semantic memory has been evaluated using a test that
included words starting with the same letter, from four
different categories –execution time: 10 minutes;
Visual memory has been measured usingtheRay-Claparedé
test, which includes 30 images– execution time:10minutes:
Work (contextual) memory has been assessed using a test
that comprised three different texts, out of which five
questions were asked from eachone,marking withonepoint
the correct answers – time used: 20 minutes;
Focused attention has been measured using theToullouse–
Pieron test.
Distributed attention has been measured using the D.A. and
Praga tests.
V. DESIGN
1. The design used is an experimental one and it includes
the following variables:
A. Independent variables are represented by
interventions involving the use of two different stylesof
music, namely baroque music (Vivaldi, Haendel, Bach,
Telemann) vs rhythmic music (Michael Jackson), and
syrup-like placebo substances.
B. Dependent variables are those to which the expected
effect refers, namely: semantic memory, visual
memory, contextual (work) memory, focused
attention, and distributed attention.
2. Basic concepts about the dependent variables included
in the experiment
Visual memory has a duration of approximately 100 ms,
with unlimited capacity. It is used to extract the physical
features of the stimulus (colors, contour, intensity, etc)
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Semantic memory refers to the memory of meanings,
significances...
Work (contextual) memory is involved in a widevarietyof
complex cognitive behaviors, such as understanding,
reasoning, or problem solving.
Focused attention is the function of attention which
ensures the selection and convergent organisation of
operations and actions of behavior adjustement.
Distributed attention is the function of attention that
allows multiple activities to take place at the same time.
The correlated numerical values
Effectiveness coefficient: reflects the speed of
perception and observation processes indicating the
dynamism of nervous processes;
Accuracy coefficient: reflects the capacity of selection,
orientation, and optimal focus of the psycho-nervous
energy towards an activity;
Mnemonic coefficient: reflects the memory's
operativity which consists of the duration of the
learning period, the durabilityoftheoperational scheme
over time.
VI. PROCEDURE
The measuring was made before and after the introduction
of independent variables. Each group was originally given
memory and attention tests, taking into accountthefeatures
contained in the monographmentionedinthe“tools”section.
VII. DATA ANALYSIS
In order to substantiate the conclusions a sample of 65
subjects was selected for each group.
VIII. RESULTS
Results of the T test in depressive subjects
Table no.1(meaning of the results)
Baroque music Placebo effect Rhythmic music Control group
Semantic memory Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Visual memory Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Contextual memory Significant - Insignificant Significant - Significant -
Focused attention
Eff. c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Acc. c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
mn. c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Distributed attention
Eff.c. Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Significant -
Acc.c. Significant + Insignificant Significant + Significant +
Mn. c. Significant + Insignificant Significant + Significant +
Table no. 2 (values of T test )
Baroque music Placebo effect Rhythmic music Control group
Semantic memory 3.711 2.345 5.212 3.795
Visual memory 7.195 6.386 5.485 2.653
Contextual memory (-)2.831 0.049 (-)4.675 (-)3.866
Focused attention
Eff.c. 4.78 5.809 7.511 5.835
Acc.c. 3.102 3.702 2.198 2.121
Mn.c. 3.102 3.213 2.213 2.121
Distributed attention
Eff.c. (-)1.405 (-)1.987 (-)3.407 (-)2.966
Acc.c. 3.258 0.563 2.978 3.779
Mn.c. 3.238 1.531 3.21 3.792
Fig. no. 1
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Results of T test in healthy subjects
Table no. 3 (meaning of results)
Baroque music Placebo effect Rhythmic music Control group
Semantic memory Significant + Significant + Insignificant Insignificant
Visual memory Significant + Significant + Insignificant Significant -
Contextual memory Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Focused attention
Eff.c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Acc.c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Mn.c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Distributed attention
Eff.c. Significant + Significant + Significant + Significant +
Acc.c. Significant - Significant - Significant - Significant -
Mn.c. Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant
Table no. 4 ( values of T test)
Baroque music Placebo effect Rhythmic music Control group
Semantic memory 3.934 3.977 0.468 (-)0.132
Visual memory 2.004 4.713 0.911 (-)2.606
Contextual memory 7.345 9.866 6.393 2.563
Focused attention
Eff.c. 5.532 4.314 8.729 6.642
Acc.c. 5.243 4.586 4.921 4.724
Mn.c. 5.243 4.636 4.921 4.724
Distributed attention
Eff.c. 6.176 7.119 3.746 4.451
Acc.c. (-)2.932 (-)4.773 (-)3.690 (-)4.323
Mn.c. 0.056 (-)1.247 (-)0.579 (-)0.891
Fig. no. 2
IX. DISCUSSIONS
Regarding the placebo effect, the results obtained in
healthy subjects were favorable for almost all components,
while depressive subjects had a decrease in the degree of
influence.
In the specialty literature, it is known that young people are
less responsive and unlike normal people,patientsgenerally
have more suggestibility and therefore a greater
responsiveness to placebo, but the motivation to improve
their cognitive capacities (memory and attention) was
higher for students, given the fact that high-school
graduation exams were approaching. Some of them were
clearly interested in asking even the source of where they
could buy their substance to better memorize before the
exams. The marked difference of the placebo effect between
depressive subjects as opposed to healthy subjects is
explained by the symptomatology of these patients,
expressed by the lack of hope and interest, anhedonia,
fatigability – making it impossible for the mobilization of an
additional and equitable energy to determine the placebo
efficacy and response.
Regarding the influence of music on mnemonic and
prosexic processes, we can ask the following questions:
Does the sound background modify the material substratum
of memory or that of the electrical activity of the brain when
we memorize or pay attention? Which of these favours
cognitive processes?
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Dr. Aryel Routtenberg [11] was among the first to discover
that electrical stimulation of certain areas of the brain
engages the release of large amounts of neurotransmitters
involved in memory processes. Dr. Capel [12] found that
different forms of the waves trigger the release of different
neurotransmitters. For example, frequencies of 90-111 Hz
produce endorphins, and frequencies of 4 Hz –
catecholamines, which are important in the process of
memory and attention.Researchshowsthatafterlisteningto
high-frequency music for a certain period of time, the mind
harmonizes itself, charging itself with energy, and it
sharpens. Then, the brain starts to emit the signals
corresponding to the rest ofthesystemand easereplaces the
learning difficulty. Mozart's tempo at high frequencies, as a
background for material reading,givesanenergystimulusto
the brain cortex to recharge and rebalance the brain and the
body, stimulating the connections betweentheneurons.The
„Mozart effect” would be explained by the fact that the
rhythm of his music reproduces thecyclical rhythmsofbrain
cells. Dr. Lozanov [13] found that 60 beats/minute music
increases alpha activitywith6%(associatedwithrelaxation)
and lowers beta activity by 6% (associated with the state of
readiness), creating a collage of baroque music whichfavors
the conditions for a global improvement of memory.
Transmitting specific frequenciesinthebrainstimulatesitto
produce specific chemicals to restore memory.
The material substratum of memory is not yet elucidated.
Penfield assumed that memories would be located in the
temporal lobe, but this assumption was not accepted. There
is a hypothesis in the case of short-term memory that could
be explained by the existence of „reverberating” circuits:
neuron chains forming a closed circuit. When an excitation
comes from the outside it oscillates for several seconds in
this circle – which would explain the persistenceofmemory.
There are many such circuits in the hippocampus, and the
lesions caused in this region generate serious disorders of
the memory. Eccles argues anotherhypothesisthatrepeated
neuron excitation leads to the emergence of new contact
points, either with the dendrites or with the body of another
cell, which would facilitate the circulation of the nervous
influx and implicitly the possibilities of remembrance. It is
certain that there are no special areas for memory and there
are multiple and unlimited possibilities of engraming.
X. CONCLUSIONS
A. For healthy subjects all processes have a degree of
influence, with significant values for almost all components.
Compared to the control group (without music therapy and
placebo substances), the three forms of psychotherapeutic
intervention had the following effects:
1. Baroque music (creations of Bach, Haendel, Vivaldi,
Telemann) has statistically improved the performance of
subjects in semantic memory tests in Significant mode, –
being on the first position (it increases the power of
evoking), in visual and work memory, as well as focused
attention – the influence being average, but significant, and
distributive attention (the effectiveness coefficient and less
the mnemonic one).
It can be concluded that baroque music has a homogeneous
influence on the types of memory and attention, confirming
the data from the literature that referred totheperformance
of the memory in general without diferentiating them.
Semantic memory, linked to the complex processes of
reasoning, registered the highest score against the other
methods, justifying the hope that baroque music, used as a
background sound during study favors long lasting
mnemonic engraming and an easy updating of the data.
2. Rhythmic music (Michael Jackson's repertoire)
improves focused attention for the three coefficients –
especially the coefficient of effectiveness,whichobtained the
best score. This highlightsincreasedpossibilitiesofconstant,
voluntary orientation, channeling and focusing of the nerve
energy. It can be said that rhythmicmusicdeterminesa well-
adapted and controlled effectiveness, committed voluntary
effort, developed psychomotorskills,goodcalibrationability
between what the task demands to do. During the hearing,
subjects performed the tasks more quickly and correctly. In
terms of semantic and visual memory, rhythmic music has
not achieved significant values, as well as distributed
attention, being a mild inhibitor of these forms of memory,
compared to baroque music and the placebo effect thathave
achieved a superior effect increase.
3. The placebo effect was the surprise of the study by its
particular influences on contextual memory (increasing the
power of recording), especially – obtaining the highest
values on the difference between the average rates and the
other forms (visual and semantic) and – quite a lot – on
focused attention (the accuracy and mnemonic coefficient).
For the distributed attention, the effectiveness coefficient is
the highest, but there is a decreased precision, clarity of
perception – the accuracy coefficient, characteristic of a
mobile nervous system, dominatingtheprocessofexcitation
which determines a less stable keeping of orientation and
channeling of the nerve energy. It is worth mentioning the
fact that the placebo effect can be invoked in the case of its
favorable influence, in percentages exceeding 30-35%, this
possibility being signaled back in 1967, by Janke (quot.
Iamandescu, 1997), the author estimating that a
doctor/psychologist, with a high therapeutic prestige can
induce a placebo effect in 80% of his patients. Nevertheless,
these suppositions can not shade the favorable role ofmusic
in stimulating the mnezico-prosexic capacity.
4. In the control group there is a decrease of the
differences between the averages, some being significantly
negative, others positive, but compared to the other
interventions, the results are weaker, which may mean that
simply repeating the questionnaires without a sound
stimulus or suggesting an increase in performance after the
administration of a placebo substance does not have the
same effect, a certain lack of interest in performing tasks
emerging, which can be interpreted as a weak resilience to
monotony. Thus, we can say that in the course of a
monotonous unilateral activity, themobilizingprocesses are
estinguished. Therefore, a complementary stimulus can
disinhibit them, favoring attention and memory.
B. Depressive subjects have heterogeneous reactions to
the influence of independent variables, compared tohealthy
subjects who had homogeneous results, this aspect being
related to their mental dynamics, explained by the
polymorphism of psyhcological mechanisms prevailing in
this patients and the intensity of depression, illustrated by:
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diminished interest, reduced emotional tonus, fatigability,
bradykinesia, bradypsychia, etc.
1. Baroque music particularly influences visual memory
obtaining the highest difference of the average rates and
semantic memory – to a lesser degree, and in focused
attention the scores of the coefficientsarehomogeneous,but
compared to other methods the accuracy and the mnemonic
coefficient of focused attention is higher, indicating an
optimal alternation of inspection-exploration operations.
2. Rhythic music has favorably influenced semantic
memory and focused attention – theeffectivenesscoefficient
obtaining the highest score, but other coefficients recorded
small differences – the speed of perception increases, but
precision and clarity are superficial. Distributed attention
records a decrease of the effectiveness coefficient and an
increase of the other coefficients. This highlights that
hyperprosexic polarization to a particular domain is
associated with hypoprosexia for the rest of the domains. It
would be a decrease in commutativity with an increase of
concentration or the opposite way.
3. The placebo effect records significant results in visual
memory, but does not generate significant improvements
compared to the control group. It doesnothaveanimpacton
the overall community, as there are big changes in each
individual, especially women obtaining significant positive
differences. For work memory (contextual) negative
significant results have been recorded, both in the case of
listening to baroque music and rhythmic music, some of the
subjects being disturbed by the sound stimuli, highly
disturbing for them when they had to memorize (record) a
text, expressing their wish to work quietly. However,
compared to the other methods and comparedtothecontrol
group, where results were negative at the second test, the
placebo effect managed to obtain a constant score on the
work memory, albeit insignificant from a statistical point of
view.
This research confirms the data in the literature, both in
terms of music therapy and the placebo effect, being
performed according to the EBM requirements, through a
rigorous process of evaluation and objective data recording.
In conclusion, after an overall evaluation,takingintoaccount
the results that had the most powerful effect, we can state
that:
1. At the fisrt hypothesis the answer is affirmative,
statistically validated, both for baroque music, which has
proven its superiority through its action on improving
semantic memory (healthy subjects) and visual memory
(depressive subjects) – placing on thefirst positions,someof
the secrets of music being the power to slow down
brainwaves to the α level, and also for rhythmic music,
improving focused attention (healthy and depressive
subjects), the tasks being performed faster and more
accurately under the influence of this music that determines
the brain to resonate on β waves.
2. The placebo effect activates almost all components in
healthy subjects, especially inthecaseofwork memory,with
the exception of depressive subjects, where there is a large
dissemination of answers from an individual to another,
determined by the polymorphism of mental disorders
present in these patients.
3. Results revealed in healthy subjects that the placebo
effect increased distributed attention, more exactly the
effectiveness coefficient (involving the posterior cingulate
cortex and the reticular formation of the middle brain), and
in depressive subjects rhythmic music increased focused
attention (involving the anterior cingulate cortex). Also, in
healthy subjects, distributed attention recordshighvaluesin
the effectiveness coefficient and low values in other
coefficients – the process of excitation prevales
characteristic to a mobile nervous system, but unbalanced,
with difficulties in channeling andfocusingthenerveenergy,
which may also indicate some superficiality or a lack of
interest in performing the tasks, regardless of the method
used, and in depressive subjects the effectivenesscoefficient
of distributed attention is low compared to the other
coefficients (accuracy and mnemonic), meaning thatintheir
case, a type of inertial nervoussystemandmajordifficultiesin
forming a perceptual strategy predominates, indicating
difficulties in overcoming the state of emotional inhibition.
There is a significant difference of the placebo effect in
depressive subjects compared to healthy subjects (who
obtained significant differences in almost all components)
which are explained by the characteristics of
symptomatology illustrated by lack of hope and interest,
negative expectations, anhedonia, likelytogeneratereduced
chances of producing the placebo effect.
As a general appreciation, the results obtained reveal the
beneficial role of music therapy and the placebo effect in
cognitive processes (especially memory and attention). The
examples presented, we hope to incite both to an extension
of the indications of these therapeutic methods, and to the
research of new possibilitiesofapplicationandrefinementof
the observations regarding the brain's responsestoexternal
influences.
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Capel, P., apud Iamandescu, I.B., Psihologie medicală,
Partea I – Psihosomatica generală, Ed. Infomedica,
Bucureşti, 2008, cap.IX, pp. 297 – 311;[12]
[2] Croisile, B. et al., Memoria Noastră/Larousse; trad. şi
adapt. Calangiu, A., Enciclopedia RAO, Bucureşti,
2006; [10]
[3] Furmark, T., sursa internet:http://www.referate.com
(accesat nov. 2018);[9]
[4] Iamandescu, I.B., Către o muzicoterapie formativă, Ed.
Infomedica, Bucureşti, 2004, 3(121):38-41; [3]
[5] Iamandescu, I.B., Muzicoterapia receptivă – premise
psihologice şi neurofiziologice, aplicaţii profilactive şi
terapeutice, Ed. Infomedica, Bucureşti, 2004; [1]
[6] Ionescu, G., Tratat de Psihologie Medicală şi
Psihoterapie, Ed. Asklepios, Bucureşti, 1995, cap. VII,
pp. 195-196;[2]
[7] Lozanov, G., apud Luban – Plozza. B., Pozzi, U. şi
Carlevaro T., Convivere con lo stress, 1990, Ed.
Românească “Viaţa alături de stres”, 1997;[13]
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38421 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 283
[8] Luban-Plozza, B., Iamandescu, I.B., Dimensiunile
psihologice ale muzicii. Introducere in muzicoterapie.
Romcartexim, Bucuresti, 1997[4]
[9] Penfield, W., şi Perot, P., The brainʼs record ot visual
and auditory experience: Afinal Summary and
discussion, 1963, Brain 86: 595 – 696;[6]
[10] Popa, D., apud Iamandescu, I.B., Manual de psihologie
medicală, Ed. Infomedica, Bucureşti, 2010; [8]
[11] Pritbram, K., Broadbent,D, Biologie de memorie,
Academic Press, New York, 1970;[7]
[12] Routtenberg, A., apud Iamandescu, I.B., Muzica –
element terapeutic antistress. Al VII-lea Simpozion
Naţional de Psihoneuroendocrinologie, Poiana
Braşov, 1997; [11]
[13] Sacks, O., (trad. Bărbulescu, A.), Muzicofilia – povestiri
despre muzică şi creier, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti,
2009;[5]