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Mushroom cultivation
- 2. Mushroom’s • Mushroom is a fungi producing a fleshy fruiting body • It consist of stalk(stipe)with umbrella cap • It has two major part:- CAP part(PILEUS) and thread like structure(MYCELIA) • Mycelia absorb nutrient from soil. It does not require sun light for their growth
- 3. Types of mushroom’s Edible mushroom +The fungi who have desirable taste and aroma +They bear hypogeous or epigeous fruiting bodies which can be hand picked +High in nutritional value +Many mushroom are used as food and some are used as medicinal NonEdible(Poisonous) mushroom +The fungi does not have desirable taste and aroma for humans +The fungi contains many toxins in which some can be fatal for humans +Only 1% of mushroom population are poisonous Therefore the mushroom needs to be tested for toxins before use as it is very difficult to figure out the poisonous mushroom
- 5. Why mushroom’s are considered healthy? +Mushroom has high nutritional value such as +Protein:- they are high in protein around 20-30% by dry weight +Fiber:- they are good fiber which help in lowering cholesterol and good for digestive system +It contains vitamin D, Copper, Selenium(reduce risk of cancer and many diseases), Potassium and many other minerals +They are low in fat, calories and sodium +They do not contain any cholesterol increasing element
- 6. Mushroom in natural habitat + Mushroom is a fruiting body of fungi + To propagate, it forms a mycelium initiates growth stage generating spores in the gills for dispersal + The tropics are the richest in overall fungi, and the northern temperate climate is richest in mushrooms. They require a fair amount of water, and not too hot or cold extremes. Over 80% of known mushrooms are symbiotic with plants, and are most common in young-mid age forests. + Asia is perfect for mushroom cultivation
- 7. Mushroom Cultivation + Much of Asia's environment is suitable for cultivating many different types of mushroom + The cultivation is low cost which help farmers good and financial returns + They help in decomposing dead plant + Due to high use in medicinal and food industry the needs of edible mushroom increased which results in high profitable mushroom industry
- 8. Mushroom species which are cultivated Shiitake mushroom Button mushroom Milky white mushroom Paddy mushroom Oyster mushroom Reishi mushroom Winter mushroom
- 10. Cultivation of Agaricus bisporous (button mushroom) + For better cultivation there are some conditions to keep in mind • The location should be easily accessible for manure and casing soil • Room should be ventilated • No direct sunlight • The temperature of the room should be approx. 15*C • Soil should not be too moist ± STEPS OF CULTIVATION ARE:- Preparation of compost Filling of beds with compost Spawning(inoculation) of beds Casing Watering of beds Harvesting of mushroom storage
- 11. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter Kacha mushroom house Pucha mushroom huse
- 12. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter Concrete cement platform for compost
- 13. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter Tray beds for cultivation
- 14. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter compost
- 15. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter Spawn of button mushroom
- 16. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter Casing soil
- 17. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter
- 18. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter
- 19. Requirements for cultivation • Mushroom house • Cement concrete platform • Tray beds • Compost • Spawn of button mushroom • Casing soil • Sprayer • Box for gathering mushroom • Sterilization facility • Wooden mould • Wodden board • Newspaper sheets • Lime or carbonate of lime • pH meter
- 20. Preparation of compost + Compost is the substrate on which mushroom grows + Process is known as composting + A synthetic compost is made out of wheat straw which contains + For 25 tray beds Chopped wheat straw(3-6 cm long) 300kg Wheat bran 15kg Calcium ammonium substrate 6kg Superphosphate 7.5kg Urea 2.4g potassium sulfate 3kg Gypsum 30kg Saw dust 10-12kg
- 21. Spread the pre mixed constituent over the wheat straw surface and mix thoroughly Stack the mixture into a pile of 1.30 m and allow it to compost for 28-30days under aerobic condition Dismantle the heap and prepare pile again by placing the outer compost inside and vice versa this is known as TURNING OF THE COMPOST First turning:-6th day, add more CAN and urea and wheat bran Second turning:-10th day add gypsum and more water Third turning:- after every 3rd day. Last turn on 25th day
- 22. Prepared compost should be brown to dark brownin colour
- 23. Filling of tray beds +Spread the prepared compost on the platform +Mix 3kg of calcium carbonate to it +Compress the compost in the tray using a wooden board leaving 1 cm clear space on the top of the tray
- 24. Spawning + Spawning means planting mushroom mycelium + A.bisporus spawn is especially grown on wheat or sorghum grains in specialized spawn laboratories (NCMRT) + Process after spawn are prepared + Maintain the room temperature between 24*C to 25*C for 12-15 days for formation of mycelium strand all over the tray + White cottony mycelium over the compost and change of compost colour from dark to light brown confirm the completion of spawn running period Spread the pawn on tray beds when half filled with compost and again after the tray is filled Gently mixed spawn with fore fingers uniformly Cover the tray with newspaper and sprinle some water for humidity Stack the tray on one other Continue water spraying twice a day depending on the humidity in weather
- 26. Casing + Casing means covering the compost with a thin layer of soil or soil like material after the spawn run + Normal soil cant be used in india we use many combination some are + Well rotten cow dung with light soil(3:1) + Soil and sand(1:1) + Farm yard manure and gravel(4:1) + Farm yard manure and loam(1:1) + Soil and peat(2:1) + Spent compost, sand and slaked lime(4:1:1) (commonly used) + There are three steps for proper casing i.e., preparation, sterilization and casing the beds
- 27. Preparation of casing soil +Mix four parts of spent compost with one part of sand and 5kg of slaked lime per cubic of compost +Treat the mixture with nemagon(nematicide) +Leave the pile under tree for over year +Turn inside out the pile every 4 months +Sieve the spent compost which is now black soil after a year whose pH is between 8 and 8.5(adjusted by lime or carbonate of lime or free stone)
- 28. Sterilization of casing soil +Sterilization is done either by chemicals or by heating or by - steam, boiler (70-75*c temp) +Chemicals are formalin, chloropicrin, methyl bromide or vapam
- 29. Casing of beds Removal of newspaper sheets after 3 weeks Gently press the compost with the help of wooden board Cover the beds with 2-2.5 cm thick layer of sterilized casing material • Spray water over the casing to maintain 70 to 80 per cent • Observe the beds for mushroom crop which can be expected After 5 to 20 days • Mushroom mostly appear in flushes • After 7 to 8 days at 15*C the button stage form after the first Appearance of the formation of a pun head
- 31. Harvesting of mushroom + Harvesting time depend on the market demand + Hold the cap with forefinger slightly Pressed against the soil and twist it out The mycelium and soil particles are cut out with knife The mushroom are then stored in wodden multistory trays for resting
- 32. Storage of mushroom +Store the mushroom at 4*C in a refrigerator for few days to avoid quality deterioration +If not stored properly white colour of mushroom turns into brown and then black which is unfit for cooking +Then mushroom are packed and sold in market