Teaching and learning

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
By Salma Mohamed
And
Noreen Wamaitha.

2. Muscular system
• A system that gives the ability to movement of the
body,maintains posture and circulates blood
throughout the body.

3. Types of muscles
1. Skeletal Muscle or Striated Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle or Involuntary
3. Cardiac Muscle

4. Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle attached to the bones and allows
movement.
• Muscle produces contraction and relaxation.
• Also named striated muscles because they are dark
and light bands within the muscle fibers that create
a stripped appearance.
• These muscles attach to the skeleton and make
voluntary bodily motion possible for
example,running ,chewing.
• Also known a Voluntary muscles,so named because
we have conscious control over these muscles. For

6. Smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle fibers move the internal organs,for
example, Digestive tract,blood vessels,secretory
ducts leading from the glands,Iris of the eye and
respiratory tract.
• Produce slow contraction and involuntary.
• Smooth muscles are also known as
unstriated,Involuntary or visceral muscles.
• Unstriated because the do not have dark and light
bands that produce striped appearance.
• Involuntary muscles because they are under the
control of the autonomic nervous system and are

8. Cardiac muscle
• Cardiac Muscle is found in the heart and are
responsible for pumping blood.
• Form the walls of the heart and contraction of this
muscle results in the heartbeat.
• Cardiac muscle is so durable because It combines
the power of voluntary muscles with the steady
reliability of involuntary muscles.

10. Functions of the muscular system
Mobility-Enables movement, attached to the bones
and joints to ease movement for example,
running,walking and swimming.
Stability-Muscle tendons stretch over joints and
contribute to joint stability.Core muscles are those in
the abdomen,back and pelvis they also stabilize the
body and assist in tasks such as lifting weight.
Posture-Skeletal muscles help keep the body in the
correct position when someone is sitting or standing.

11. Circulation-heart is a muscle that pumps blood
throughout the body.Smooth muscles in the arteries
and veins play a role in the circulation of blood around
the body.The muscles maintain blood pressure and
circulation in the event of blood loss or dehydration.
They expand to increase blood flow during times of
exercise when the body requires more oxygen.
Respiration-Breathing involves the use of the
diaphragm which consists of the smooth
muscle.When the diaphragm contracts, It pushes
downward causing the chest cavity to get bigger,lungs
fill with air.When the diaphragm muscle relaxes It
pushes air out of the lungs.

12. Digestion-smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal
control digestion it stretches from the mouth to
the anus.Food moves through the digestive
system with a wave-like motion called
peristalsis.Smooth muscles in the walls of the
hollow organs contract and relax to cause this
movement which pushes food through the
oesophogus in the stomach
Urination-urinary system comprises of both
smooth and skeletal muscles including those in
the bladder kidneys penis or vagina prostate
ureters and urethra.Muscles and nerves work
together to hold and release urine from the
bladder

13. Diseases and disorders of the
muscular system
Myositis-group of inflammatory muscle disease
that cause muscle inflammation and weakness
including blood vessels.
Symptoms
• Falling and problem getting up.
• Dry cough.
• Difficulty in swallowing.
• Inflammation.
• Weakness.
• Skin rash
• Fatigue.
Treatment
• Physiotherapy to help you stay
active and improve your muscle
strength.
• Medicines such as steroids to
reduce swelling .

15. Myasthenia Gravis-autoimmune neuromuscular
disease caused by problems with how the nerves
and muscles work together.
Symptoms
• Muscle weakness
• Eyelid droopiness
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Trouble in breathing
• Double vision
• Impaired speech
Treatment
• Surgery to remove thymus
gland
• Medication like
immunosuppresants
• No cure but treatment can help
improve the quality of life.

17. Muscular Dystrophy-A group of inherited
myopathies,conditions cause muscle loss and
weakness.There are two types;Duchene and
Becker.
Symptoms
• Progressive muscle weakness
• Difficulty with motor skills
• Difficulty in walking and
standing
• Muscle and Joint deformities
Treatment
• Medications
• Physical therapy
• Speech therapy
• Surgery
• Orthopedic devices e.g canes
and walkers.

19. Dermatomyositis-Inflammatory muscle disease
(rare) on any sex or age but mostly affects women.
Symptoms
• Skin rash
• Fatigue
• Difficulty rising from a seated
position
• Muscle weakness
Treatment
• Medication like
immunosuppressive often used
to manage inflammation.
• Therapies.

21. Rhabdomyolysis-Is the condition that causes the
breakdown of the skeletal muscle that releases
myoglobin into the bloodstream.Myoglobin is the
protein that stores oxygen in the muscles,too much
of it in the blood can lead to kidney damage.
Symptoms
• Severe muscle pain and
stiffness
• Dark urine due to myoglobin
release
• Fatigue
• Vomiting
• Kidney dysfunction and failure
Treatment
• Kidney damage may not be
reversible but one can use
medication to control the
quality of life.

23. Cardiomyopathy-Muscle disease affects the cardiac
muscle the heart becomes abnormally
enlarged,thickened and stiff and makes it harder for
the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently.
Symptoms
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Heart failure
• Enlarged, thickened and stiff
heart.
Treatment
• Surgically implanted device that
helps maintain proper heart
rhythm
• Ablation procedure(removing
extra heart tissue to reduce
thickening)
• Heart transplant (for severely
damaged heart)
• Lifestyle change. Stopping
alcohol use and monitoring salt
intake.

25. Interaction of the muscular system
with other systems
Digestive system-Muscles in the digestive system
help move food through gastrointestinal tract.
Excretory system-Muscles in the urinary system
help push urine from the bladder out of the body
when voiding.
Respiratory system-Muscles such as the diaphragm
contract and expand enabling inhalation and
exhalation.

26. Endocrine system-Hormones released can affect
muscle function and growth e.g,growth hormone
and testosterone influence muscle development.
Nervous system-Controls muscle
contractions.Motor neurons send signals to
muscles,initiating and coordinating movements.
Sensory neurons provide feedback to the brain
about muscle position and tension.
Cardiovascular system-Muscles in the heart are
responsible for pumping blood throughout the
body.The system ensures that muscles receive
oxygen and nutrients necessary for their function.