Multiple sclerosis
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Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. The immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. This demyelination slows nerve impulses and causes neurological symptoms. There are four main types: relapsing-remitting, progressive relapsing, primary progressive, and secondary progressive. Symptoms vary widely and can include physical, visual, and mental/mood problems. Genetics, environment, and lifestyle factors all contribute to risk and prevalence around the world, which ranges from 1-300 per 100,000 depending on location. Diagnosis involves MRI, spinal fluid analysis, and evoked potential tests. Treatment focuses on modifying the disease
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MS: In a Nutshell
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheathing around nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This damage to myelin interrupts signals from the brain and causes various symptoms such as fatigue, numbness, vision problems, and more. There are four types of multiple sclerosis and while it is not usually fatal, it can cause disability. The causes of MS involve both genetic and environmental factors such as genetics, infectious agents like Epstein-Barr virus, low vitamin D levels, and smoking. Currently there is no cure for MS but treatments can help reduce relapses and manage symptoms.
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Genes + Environment
This document summarizes research on genetic and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). It finds that MS is influenced by both hereditary and non-hereditary factors. Major genetic risk factors identified include the HLA-DRB1*1501 locus, the interleukin 7 receptor gene, and the interleukin 2 receptor gene, which together account for about 50% of MS's hereditability. Environmental factors associated with increased risk include Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, low vitamin D levels, and smoking.
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Report multiple sclerosis
This project was developed for a competitive intelligence company by mining data from the various information sources e.g. Company (News, Investor Section, SEC filings, Annual Reports, Presentations etc), Universities/Medical Schools/Organizations, Medical Affairs Companies, Non- Profit Medical Agency, Government Agencies, Drug Delivery Companies, Contract Manufacturing Organizations, Contract Research Organizations, Consultancies and Financial Institutions. The complete information available there complied into a single MS word document, listed in MS Excel and then by using MS publisher it was converted into the report which finally converted into PDF.
Multiple Sclerosis
The document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including its history, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. MS is an inflammatory disease that damages myelin in the central nervous system. It most commonly affects people aged 20-40 and is more prevalent in women. There are four main types of MS based on symptoms and progression. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, MRI scans, and spinal fluid tests. While there is no cure, current treatments aim to reduce relapses and slow progression by managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system.
Multiple sclerosis rehab
This document discusses rehabilitation principles for multiple sclerosis (MS). It begins by defining MS as a chronic, progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination of the brain and spinal cord. It then covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, subtypes, common symptoms and signs, diagnosis using the McDonald criteria, disease severity as measured by EDSS, disease-modifying therapies, and approaches to managing common issues like gait impairment and fatigue through rehabilitation and exercise.
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MS: In a Nutshell
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheathing around nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This damage to myelin interrupts signals from the brain and causes various symptoms such as fatigue, numbness, vision problems, and more. There are four types of multiple sclerosis and while it is not usually fatal, it can cause disability. The causes of MS involve both genetic and environmental factors such as genetics, infectious agents like Epstein-Barr virus, low vitamin D levels, and smoking. Currently there is no cure for MS but treatments can help reduce relapses and manage symptoms.
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This document summarizes an architecture capstone project for a client named Mrs. Fore. It outlines the following steps:
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Multiple Sclerosis
The document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including its history, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. MS is an inflammatory disease that damages myelin in the central nervous system. It most commonly affects people aged 20-40 and is more prevalent in women. There are four main types of MS based on symptoms and progression. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, MRI scans, and spinal fluid tests. While there is no cure, current treatments aim to reduce relapses and slow progression by managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system.
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Several health effects have been reported from Cell Tower radiation much below the radiation norms adopted by most countries.
Common problems that occur among below living near and below cell towers are Sleep Disturbance, concentration problem, memory loss, heart palpitations, etc. The radiations can also aggravate / lead to Alzheimer's and Parkin's disease.
Children are more prone to these radiations as their skulls are thinner and still developing. Studies by Dr. Om Gandhi show that radiation penetration in the head of an adult while using a mobile phone is 25%, in a 10 year old it is 50% and in a 5-year old it is 75%. Also pregnant women and older people are more susceptible to radiations.
All these health effects have been observed at levels much below the ICNIRP and FCC guidelines adopted by many countries.
Similar health effects have been observed in people in Germany, Israel, Sweden, Spain, UK, France etc.
Also lots of cancer cases have been reported among people living within 300 to 400 meter distance from the tower.
In a country like India where the population is very dense, achieving this is very difficult, hence it all the more calls for lower radiation norms.
At the end some case studies have been reported. These are only a few examples. The damage which has already occurred to the human race including environment, plants, animals, birds bees etc is phenomenal.
According to Australian Health Research Institute, if this trend continues, by 2020 - "2 Billion People will suffer from cell phone cancer". Even if 1% comes true, it will have devastating consequences to so many of us!!
All this calls for immediate need to adopt strict and lower radiation norms.
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Presentation at Bombay Telephone User’s Association ( BTUA ), Mumbai on Jan 2010 - Consumer Awareness and Radiation Health Hazards from cell phones and mobile towers - Myth or Reality
Several health effects have been reported from Cell Tower radiation much below the radiation norms adopted by most countries.
Common problems that occur among below living near and below cell towers are Sleep Disturbance, concentration problem, memory loss, heart palpitations, etc. The radiations can also aggravate / lead to Alzheimer's and Parkin's disease.
Children are more prone to these radiations as their skulls are thinner and still developing. Studies by Dr. Om Gandhi show that radiation penetration in the head of an adult while using a mobile phone is 25%, in a 10 year old it is 50% and in a 5-year old it is 75%. Also pregnant women and older people are more susceptible to radiations.
All these health effects have been observed at levels much below the ICNIRP and FCC guidelines adopted by many countries.
Similar health effects have been observed in people in Germany, Israel, Sweden, Spain, UK, France etc.
Also lots of cancer cases have been reported among people living within 300 to 400 meter distance from the tower.
In a country like India where the population is very dense, achieving this is very difficult, hence it all the more calls for lower radiation norms.
At the end some case studies have been reported. These are only a few examples. The damage which has already occurred to the human race including environment, plants, animals, birds bees etc is phenomenal.
According to Australian Health Research Institute, if this trend continues, by 2020 - "2 Billion People will suffer from cell phone cancer". Even if 1% comes true, it will have devastating consequences to so many of us!!
All this calls for immediate need to adopt strict and lower radiation norms.
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All these health effects have been observed at levels much below the ICNIRP and FCC guidelines adopted by many countries.
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Also lots of cancer cases have been reported among people living within 300 to 400 meter distance from the tower.
In a country like India where the population is very dense, achieving this is very difficult, hence it all the more calls for lower radiation norms.
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All these health effects have been observed at levels much below the ICNIRP and FCC guidelines adopted by many countries.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems
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This document discusses the potential causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its relationship to cancer. It introduces the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of MS, which proposes that MS is caused by an increase in reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species inside cells. This oxidative stress damages mitochondria and leads to inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. The document reviews several studies that link mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage to MS. It also discusses how cancer cells revert to an ancient fermentation process instead of using mitochondria, in order to avoid apoptosis. Therefore, both MS and cancer may be caused by mitochondrial damage and the resulting oxidative stress.
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Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that arises in the brain and spinal cord. It represents around 1% of brain tumors. Most cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with very rapid growth. Presentations include cognitive decline, headaches, and seizures. Diagnosis involves brain imaging, spinal fluid analysis, and biopsy. Treatment typically involves high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy with or without whole brain radiation. Prognosis is generally poor despite treatment.
L03 Biological Effects
The document discusses the biological effects of ionizing radiation, including:
1) Radiation can cause both deterministic effects (effects above a threshold dose like cataracts) and stochastic effects (effects like cancer that have no threshold) through damage to cells.
2) Factors like dose rate, cell type, and oxygen levels affect radiosensitivity. Highly mitotic and undifferentiated cells are more sensitive.
3) Dose response curves show the relationship between dose and effect. Skin effects range from erythema to necrosis depending on dose.
4) Whole body irradiation can cause acute radiation syndrome depending on dose, with effects on bone marrow, GI tract and CNS. Fetal exposure
Similar to Multiple sclerosis (20)
Effects of Mobile Tower Radiation and Cases reported worldwide
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Multiple sclerosis and newer concept in management till 2014 may
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Short summary for what is supposed to be in the Departmental Manual according to the Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI).
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Refractive changes in Diabetic Mellitus (Optometry Management)
A 41-year-old female presented with difficulty reading small prints and using her cellphone for 6 months. She was diagnosed with hyperopic presbyopia but returned with worsening vision. Her blood sugar was found to be elevated, diagnosing her with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can cause refractive changes, cataracts, and retinopathy due to physiological changes in the eye. A full ocular examination is important for managing diabetic patients.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis: a Structural & Functional...
This document analyzes optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a potential biomarker for central nervous system degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). OCT and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness showed high sensitivity in detecting neurodegeneration in MS patients, correlating with visual functions and disability levels. RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in MS patients, especially those with optic neuritis, and correlated with disease severity measures. OCT may thus serve as a valuable tool to quantify neurodegeneration in MS for use in clinical trials, patient monitoring, and treatment assessment by providing a window into central nervous system changes.
Duane syndrome
This case study describes an 8-year-old female patient presenting with Duane syndrome in her left eye. Examination found limited abduction and adduction of the left eye with upshoot on adduction. The patient was diagnosed with Duane syndrome type 2 in the left eye along with alternating decompensated exophoria and hyperopic astigmatism. She was prescribed glasses and part-time occlusion therapy for the left eye, and showed improved vision and eye alignment after 6 months of follow up.
Brown syndrome
A 5-year-old girl who was born prematurely presented with limited upward gaze of her right eye. Examinations found her right inferior oblique and superior rectus muscles had limitations, while her left eye had full range of motion. She was diagnosed with Brown syndrome in her right eye along with hyperopic astigmatism in both eyes. Prescription glasses were provided and she was scheduled for follow up in 2 months.
Dry eye
Dry eye, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition caused by inadequate tear production or unstable tear film. It results in ocular irritation, redness, and visual disturbance. The tear film consists of an outer lipid layer, middle aqueous layer, and inner mucin layer. In chronic dry eye, tears have increased salts and decreased proteins and lipocalins. Treatment focuses on lubricating the eyes, managing underlying conditions like blepharitis, and occasionally punctal plugs or anti-inflammatory drugs. Diagnosis involves tests of tear production, stability, and ocular surface staining to determine the best lubricating and anti-inflammatory treatments.
Age related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration is a progressive degeneration of the macula that occurs in elderly patients. It is characterized by the formation of drusen, geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, and choroidal neovascularization. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, and light exposure. Late stage AMD can be either dry, characterized by drusen and macular thinning, or wet, characterized by neovascularization, bleeding, and leakage of fluid. Treatment options for wet AMD include laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, and injections of anti-VEGF drugs.
Choroidal thickness in normal eyes journal critique
This study evaluated the ability of Cirrus HD-OCT to accurately measure choroidal thickness and area in normal eyes. Two independent observers used the device to measure choroidal thickness at 500 μm intervals from the fovea in 34 normal eyes. Average subfoveal choroidal thickness was 272 μm. Choroidal thickness measurements showed strong inter-observer correlation but weak correlation with retinal thickness. The study provides baseline data on normal choroidal thickness but had limitations due to its small sample size and unclear visualization of choroidal boundaries in some eyes.
Color vision
Color vision is initiated by light absorption in three types of cones in the eye that are sensitive to short, middle, and long wavelengths. While light itself is not colored, the human visual system interprets wavelengths of light to produce the perception of color. There are three key dimensions to human color experience: hue describes the color label like red or blue, saturation describes how pale or vivid a color appears, and brightness describes the apparent lightness or darkness of a color. Small color differences can be difficult to discriminate when the areas are small or not immediately adjacent. Color vision deficiencies refer to the inability to distinguish some color shades and can be inherited or acquired through illness, injury or other causes.
Eye Embryology- basic (my notes)
1. Embryogenesis begins with fertilization and progresses through cleavage, blastocyst formation, and gastrulation to form the three germ layers.
2. The optic vesicle invaginates to form the optic cup, which will give rise to the retina. The lens placode forms the lens.
3. By 8 weeks gestation, the neural tube has closed and the eye has developed into three layers - the retina, lens, and surrounding mesenchyme tissues.
Embryology of the eye
The eye develops from tissues originating from both the ectoderm and mesenchyme. By the fifth week of development, the optic cup and lens vesicle have formed from invaginations of the ectoderm and overlying surface ectoderm. The neural retina develops within the optic cup as the neuroblastic layers proliferate. The optic stalk contains fibers that will form the optic nerve. Additional structures including the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, cornea and extraocular muscles arise from the surrounding mesenchyme and ectoderm. Failure of structures to develop properly can result in various congenital eye abnormalities.
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Multiple sclerosis
- 1. Multiple Sclerosis: An Inclusive Look Manal Al-Romeih
- 2. A chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune, demylenation disease affecting CNS where the person's own immune system attacks the insulating mylin sheath of the brain, spinal cord and the optic nerve. Lublin, Baier, Cutter (2003)
- 3. Defect of the mylin sheath affects stability and speed of nerve impulse conductivity resulting in neurological impairment, symptoms, functional limitations and potentially permanent disability.
- 4. Types • Relapsing –remitting 76% • Progressive relapsing 3% • Primary progressive 4% • Secondary progressive 7% (MSIF,2012)
- 5. Symptoms
- 6. Genetics: Saudi 1/5th World 20% Twins 200-300 x (Al-Jumah et al, 2012) Cluster: Scotland Frontier between Croatia and Slovenia –that have a large proportion of the population from a Germanic descent. Variation in Canada (Rosati, 2001)
- 8. Environmental factors: Geographical distribution relative to the equator (Latitude theory) Temperature & sun light exposure UV immunosuppressive (2nd trimester) Migration Russians in Southern USSR Poliomyelitis hypothesis & Epstein-Barr virus infection (Hygiene theory) Age of infection Sanitization
- 9. Vitamin D Month of birth 3rd trimester T lymphocyte Low production & intake Sun light exposure Immuno- suppressive UV 2nd trimester Hypovitaminosis D
- 11. Vaccination & childhood infections
- 14. Prevalence Prevalence (100.000)country 8 (40)? Yagob & Daif, 1998Saudi Arabia 31.15Kuwait 92.69Qatar 39Jordan (Amman) 35.3Arabs (Israel) 6Libya 10Tunisia
- 15. Prevalence Prevalence (100.000)country 193, 168Scotland & N. Ireland 110Switzerland 37France 50Spain 11- 33Australia 55- 91,196Canada 22- 160USA
- 16. Prevalence Prevalence (100.000)country 5, 30Brazil & Uruguay 41Siberia 1-28India 1, 4Taiwan & Japan 3South Africa *reduction in infant mortality
- 17. Impact of the disease Interaction & connection Employment Family support
- 18. The picture in Saudi Arabia
- 19. The picture in Saudi Arabia
- 20. The picture in Saudi Arabia 27% Didn’t receive any
- 21. The picture in Saudi Arabia 50% 75.5% 33% 23% 21.6% 16.2%
- 22. The picture in Saudi Arabia
- 23. The picture in Saudi Arabia
- 25. Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- Only one third of the participants received basic info