The document discusses the health benefits and characteristics of groundnut oil, particularly its fatty acid composition of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). It emphasizes the importance of balancing different fats in the diet, the role of these fats in cardiovascular health, and the presence of phytosterols in groundnut oil that may help reduce cholesterol levels. Additionally, it addresses concerns about aflatoxins in groundnuts and the need for proper handling and storage to minimize risks.

1. KTV 1
FILTERED GROUNDNUT OIL
INTELLECTUAL CREATION & PROPERTY OF :
PROCON K.R.SATHYA VENDAN , B,TECH (CHEM.ENGG), MBA , CQM,CFQI
MARKETING ADVISOR - KTV GROUP
COPYRIGHT RESERVED - COPYING RIGHTS NOT ALLOWED! !!!😋
200119
ERRORS & OMISSIONS EXCEPTED AS I AM ALSO A STUDENT AND NOT A TEACHER

2. INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDY
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UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE A
NON SCIENCE PERSON
6) ALL WE NEED ARE SCIENTIFIC PEOPLE AND NOT SCIENCE
PEOPLE
7) GOOD LUCK

3. PRODUCT NEED
• DUE TO COUNSELLING FROM DOCTORS,
, FOOD AND NUTRITION WEBSITES AND
PROGRAMMES ON MASS MEDIA
SPREADING AWARENESS WITH SOME
FAKE NEWS , SPREAD OF WORD OF
MOUTH , PRODUCT PROMOTIONS BY
EARLY ENTRANTS AND ABOVE ALL
SHELF SPACE INTRUSION BY FGNO AND
CHEKKU LABELS ,THE USAGE OF
GROUND NUT HAS IMPROVED AND
INCREASED DRAMATICALLY.

4. GNO
• MUFA RICH FGNO
• OIL SOURCES
• SFA- MUFA- PUFA
• MUFA IS MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• WHO , MEDICAL SCIENCE INCLUDING AMERICAN HEART
ASSOCIATION MENTIONS THAT THE HUMAN BODY DERIVES
ENERGY FROM ALL 3 SOURCES:
• CARBOHYDRATES OR CARBOS FOR SHORT
• PROTEINS
• FATS
• OF THE ABOVE 3 , THE ENERGY SATURATION OR CONTENT
IS HIGHEST IN OILS AND FATS AT 9KCAL PER GRAM VS JUST
4KCAL PER GRAM IN CARBOS & PROTEINS
• OILS AND FATS ARE OF 2 MAKEUPS –
• SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ( அடர்த்தி)
• UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE AGAIN OF 2TYPES
• MONO ( SINGLE ) UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS – MUFA
• POLY ( MANY OR பல) UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS - PUFA

5. NO
• WHY MUFA / PUFA CLASSIFICATION AT
ALL?
• BODY GENERALLY OPERATES ON 3 MODES IN ALL
CASES
• ABSORB ( FROM FOOD)
• USE OR STORE (AS ENERGY AFTER
BREAKDOWN)
• EJECT OR EXCRETE ( AS BY PRODUCTS)
• EACH TYPE OF SFA OR MUFA / PUFA HAS DIFFERENT
ABSORPTION , STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS BASED
ON ITS DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND CHEMICAL ACTIVITY
WHICH IS SOLELY BASED ON ITS CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE .
• THE ABSORPTION / STORAGE / RESUSE
CHARACTERISTICS ARE AGAIN BASED ON OTHER
FACTORS LIKE AVAILABILITY OF SUFFICIENT
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE BODY AND THE
FUNCTIONAL STATE ( GOOD OR AFFECTED ) OF THE

6. PUFA
• POLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
(PUFA) WITH MULTIPLE DOUBLE
BONDS
• SUNFLOWER OIL / SOYABEAN OIL ARE
RICH IN PUFA
PUFA
• POLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ( PUFA) WITH
MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS
• PLUS :
• BODY NEEDS BUT CANNOT MAKE OR SYNTHESIZE
SOME OF THE PUFA LIKE LINOLEIC (2 DOUBLE BONDS)
AND LINOLENIC (3 DOUBLE BONDS) – HENCE THEY
ARE CALLED ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS – SUNFLOWER
OIL IN RICH IN EFA LIKE LINOLEIC ACID (71%) AND
LESS THAN1% ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID( OMEGA3 )
• MINUS:
• ARE SUBJECT TO EASIER OXIDATION ( PRIMARY &
SECONDARY) AUTO- TRIGGERED BY MOISTURE, HEAT
AND LIGHT BESIDES RESIDUAL FFA ITSELF AND
CONSEQUENT RANCIDITY ( HENCE REFINING IS
ESSENTIAL TO KEEP FFA AT LOW LEVELS, NEED FOR
ANTI-OXIDANTS OR PRESERVATIVES LIKE TBHQ)

7. OILS AND THE KEY
ISSUES
• BLOOD :
• BLOOD IS MADE OF SERUM , RBC, WBC , PLATELETS AND CLOTTING AGENT
FIBRINOGEN
• BLOOD PLASMA = SERUM + FIBRINOGEN
• ( VIT K IS REQD FOR FIBRINOGEN, SESAME OIL HAS VITAMIN K BUT TOO MUCH OF IT
CAN CAUSE UNWANTED CLOTTING AND SCARRING OF TISSUES AS IN VERICOSE VEINS
– SO MORAL OF STORY , EVERY ELEMENT HAS A MAIN AND SIDE EFFECT)
• BLOOD PRESSURE IS BASED ON THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY A PUMPING HEART
ON BLOOD VESSELS ( SYSTOLIC OR PUMPING) AND THE REDUCED PRESSURE IN
THE HEART WHEN IT IS TAKING IN OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM LUNGS (
DIASTOLIC)
• BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE –
• NORMAL – LESS THAN 120
• ELEVATED – 120 TO 129
• HIGH BP – STAGE 1 HYPERTENSION -130-139
• HIGH BP – STAGE 2 HYPERTENSION-140-180
• MORE THAN 180 – HYPERSENSITIVE CRISIS
• BLOCKS INDICATE RESISTANCE TO BLOOD FLOW AND HENCE PRESSURE RISES
– BLOCKS CAUSED BY SOME TYPE OF LDL CHOLESTEROL AMONG OTHER RISK
FACTORS
IMPACT ON :
BLOOD & BLOOD PRESSURE
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD
TRIGLYCERIDES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
STROKE
BRAIN FUNCTION
HORMONES
TOCOPHEROLS
TOCOTRIENOLS
PHYTOSTEROLS
VITAMIN PRECURSORS

8. OILS AND THE KEY
ISSUES
• BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
• BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IS A WHITISH YELLOW WAXY SPHERICAL STRUCTURED ELEMENT
WHICH IS A FATTY PROTEIN CALLED LIPOPROTEIN
• CHOLESTEROL IS PRODUCED BY THE LIVER 80% AND ALSO CONTAINED IN THE FOODS WE EAT20%
• CHOLESTEROL IS NOT BAD – AS IT IS REQUIRED FOR BUILDING CELL MEMBRANES , HORMONES AND
EVEN VITAMIN D- ONLY EXCESS OF IT IS BAD
• CHOLESTEROL OR LIPOPROTEIN IS MAINLY OF 2TYPES ( THERE ARE 3 MORE FORMS TOO)
• HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OR HDL CHOLESTEROL – GOOD ONE
• ( VERY )LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OR(V) LDL CHOLESTEROL – BAD ONE
• HDL + LDL + VLDL = TC OR TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AS MEASURED IN BLOOD
AS MG/DL
• GENERALLY HDL IS EASILY TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD TO LIVER AND EXCESS IS
EXCRETED
• CHOLESTEROL INTAKE SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 300 MG PER DAY( EGG
YOLK=200 MG)
• LDL CHOLESTEROL CAN GET DEPOSITED IN WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS
LEADING TO PLAGUE OR SOLIDIFIED DEPOSITS WHICH CAN EITHER REDUCE
OR PREVENT BLOOD FLOW LEADING TO BLOOD CLOT ( ATHEROSCLEROSIS)
OR REDUCED BLOOD TO HEART( ANGINA OR CHD) OR BREAKFREE AND
TRAVEL UPSTREAM AND AFFECT BLOOD FLOW TO HEART OR BRAIN ( STROKE)
– LDL SHOULD BE LESS THAN 100 UNITS
• HDL CHOLESTEROL HELPS IN REMOVING LDL BY COMBINING WITH LDL AND
HENCE THE RATIO OF LDL/ HDL IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN JUST LDL
MEASURE ALONE
IMPACT ON :
BLOOD & BLOOD PRESSURE
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD
TRIGLYCERIDES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
STROKE
BRAIN FUNCTION
HORMONES
TOCOPHEROLS
TOCOTRIENOLS
PHTOSTEROLS
VITAMIN PRECURSORS

9. OILS AND THE KEY
ISSUES
• TRIGLYCERIDES IN BLOOD:
• EXCESS ENERGY IN THE BODY IS CONVERTED
TO TRIGLYCERIDES AND STORED IN FAT CELLS
AROUND THE BODY AND RELEASED
PERIODICALLY DURING THE GAP BETWEEN
MEALS
• SO MORE CARBOHYDRATES , MORE ALCOHOL
WHICH IS RICH IN CALORIES AND SUGAR ETC
ALL CONTRIBUTE TO HIGHER TRIGLYCERIDES
• HIGHER TRIGLYCERIDES CAUSE PROBLEMS
SIMILAR TO LDL AND HENCE ARE A RISK
FACTOR
• TRIGLYCERIDES ABOVE 199 ARE A HIGH RISK
FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH HEART DISEASE
• SATURATED FAT OR TRANSFAT, ALCOHOL,
TOO MUCH SUGARS CAN ALL CAUSE HIGHER
TRIGLY BUILDUP
IMPACT ON :
BLOOD & BLOOD PRESSURE
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD
TRIGLYCERIDES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
STROKE
BRAIN FUNCTION
HORMONES
TOCOPHEROLS
TOCOTRIENOLS
PHTOSTEROLS
VITAMIN PRECURSORS

10. KTV1- FGNO
ON THE LEFT IS A DIAGRAM OF MUFA
– PUFA
2 numbers of
double bonds –
location at
Double bond is shown by RED circle
If only ONE DOUBLE BOND , it is
designated as MUFA : eg Oleic Acid has
only 1 double bond at n=9 position
If with TWO OR MORE , it is PUFA
Example:
Linoleic Acid has 2 double bonds – 1 at
6 and another at 9 C position
End of chainStart of chain
Saturated fatty acids - no double line or
bond
Mono ( single ) Saturated fatty
acids - one double line or bond
- MUFA
Poly ( more than 1 ) Saturated fatty acids - two
double lines or bonds - PUFA
Contrary to conventional wisdom , higher number of double bonds means more weakness instead of strength , so a single double
bond means a weaker chain than the saturated chain and many double bonds in a chain make it more weaker as these denote
unsaturation and not saturation

11. AHA
RECOMMENDED
ENERGY SOURCES
• OUR DAILY ENERGY NEEDS SHOULD BE SOURCED AS FOLLOWS :
• 30% FROM OILS/ FATS ( OF WHICH ONLY 10% FROM SFA)
• 70% FROM CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS
• OILS ARE ENERGY INTENSIVE AT 9KCAL/ GRAM UNLIKE PROTEINS AND CARBOS WHICH CONTAIN
JUST 4KCAL/ GRAM
• EVEN FROM AMONGST OILS/ FATS THE ENERGY SOURCES SHOULD BE AS FOLLOWS:
• SFA- 1 PART OR 8.5% OF DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
• MUFA -1.5 PARTS OR 13% OF DITTO
• PUFA-1 PART OR 8.5% OF DITTO
• SFA : EVEN AMONGST SFA ENERGY FROM C16 OR C18 (PALMITIC ACID , STEARIC ACID
RESPECTIVELY ) IS SAID TO BE SAFER THAN FROM C10-C12 ( COCONUT BASED LAURIC ACIDS ETC)
• PUFA: TWO COMMON TYPES LINOLEIC ACID ( LA) LINOLENIC ACID ( LLA) ARE NOT SYNTHESIZED BY
THE BODY BUT ARE REQUIRED FOR PROPER BODY FUNCTIONS. HENCE THEY ARE CALLED
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND LA ACCOUNTS FOR 72% OF SUNFLOWER OIL
• OF THE TWO, LA OR LINOLEIC ACID IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR MAINTAINING THE CORRECT
BALANCE OF LDL TO HDL CHOLESTEROL - MAIN CONSTITUENT OF SUNFLOWER OIL
• LINOLENIC ACID ( ALSO CALLED ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID OR ALA ) IS A OMEGA 3 FATTY
ACID THAT HAS A POSITIVE IMPACT ON REDUCING DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD
VESSELS, SKIN CANCER, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS , DEPRESSION , ULCER, DIABETES ETC –
FOUND IN FLAX SEED OIL, WALNUTS , SOYABEAN OIL ETC
AHA OR AMERICAN HEART
ASSOCIATION IS ONE OF THE
WORLD'S LEADING DISSEMINATOR OF
AUTHENTIC INFORMATION BASED ON
RESEARCH
AHA RECOMMENDATIONS:

12. PUFA
• ONE TYPE OF IMPORTANT PUFA IS OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS
• FOUND AS ALPHA – LINOLENIC ACID ( ALA) IN SOYABEAN
OIL,FLEXSEED OIL
• ALSO FOUND AS EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID ( EPA) AND
DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) IN FISH OIL
• IMPORTANT FOR REDUCING DISEASES OF THE HEART AND
BLOOD VESSELS, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS , DIABETES, CURING
ULCER, DEPRESSION , SKIN CANCER , ANTICLOTTING , ANTI
INFLAMMATORY ETC
• OMEGA 3 FA GENERALLY ARE NOT KNOWN TO REDUCE
CHOLESTEROL BUT BY THINNING BLOOD , REDUCING ITS
PRESSURE , REDUCING THE FORMATION OF CLOTS OR
PLAQUES ,THEY HELP REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• OMEGA 3 FA ALSO HELP MAINTAIN REGULAR HEART BEATS
AND THEREBY REDUCING THE RISKS OF HEART RELATED
DISEASES LIKE ARYTHYMIA
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS
 ALA
 EPA
 DHA

13. OMEGA 6:OMEGA
3 RATIO
EARLY MAN WAS CONSUMING MORE OF OMEGA 3 THAN OMEGA 6 BUT WITH THE
WESTERNISATION OF DIET, OMEGA 6 OILS STARTED DOMINATING THE OMEGA 3 LEADING
TO A HUGE IMBALANCE.
THE IDEAL RATION BETWEEN OMEGA 6 TO OMEGA 3 IS SAID TO BE BETWEEN 7:1 TO 10:1 .
HOWEVER POPULAR OILS LIKE SUNFOWER OIL HAVE ABOUT 71% OMEGA 6 LINOLEIC ACID
AND JUST ABOUT 1% OMEGA 3 LINOLENIC ACID . HENCE NUTRITIONISTS ARE ALWAYS IN
SEARCH OF THE BEST MIX OF EDIBLE OILS.
HOWEVER , IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT THE BIGGEST CONTRIBUTION OF OMEGA 6 OILS
IS TOWARDS REDUCING THE TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVEL AS WELL AS THE LDL-C LEVEL.
ESPECIALLY SO, IF THE SFA IS LEANING MORE TOWARDS C16-C18 PALMITIC, STEARIC ACIDS
THAN THE COCONUT BASED LAURIC ACIDS.
BASED ON ALL THESE INPUTS , CONSUMERS PREFERRED THE USE OF OMEGA 6 RICH
SUNFLOWER OIL BECAUSE OF ITS IMPACT ON REDUCING TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND THE
BAD LDL-C. BUT BY USING SUNFLOWER OIL PREDOMINANTLY , THE USE OF OMEGA 6 FATTY
ACIDS HAS INCREASED TO A POINT THAT THE AHA RECOMMENDED RATIO OF 1:1.5:1 OF
SFA: MUFA: PUFA IS BADLY SKEWED IN FAVOUR OF PUFA.
HENCE THERE IS A GROWING NEED TO REBALANCE THE OIL MIX RATIO IN FAVOUR OF MUFA
, THE PREDOMINANT SOURCE OF WHICH IS OLIVE OIL AND GROUNDNUT OIL.
PROGRESSION FROM BALANCED
OMEGA 3 :OMEGA 6 TO HIGH OMEGA
6 OILS
NEED TO REBALANCE MUFA : PUFA
RATIO IN LINE WITH AHA RECO

14. MOVE TO MUFA
• AS CAN BE SEEN WHILE THE HIGHER USE OF PUFA RICH SUNFLOWER
OIL HAS ITS BENEFITS IN TERMS OF REDUCING TC, REDUCING BAD
LDL-C, THE GOOD HDL-C IS ALSO REDUCED THUS CRITICALLY
IMPACTING THE LDL/HDL RATIO.
• SINCE IT IS NOT ONLY THE REDUCTION IN TC BUT ALSO THE OPTIMAL
LDL/HDL RATIO THAT ARE BOTH IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS
CARDIOVASCULAR AND HEART RELATED ISSUES ( AS HIGHER HDL IS
REQUIRED TO OFFSET THE NEGATIVES OF LDL-C ), THERE IS A
PRESSING NEED TO CONFIGURE THE OIL MIX THAT A PERSON
CONSUMES
• CURRENTLY MANY HOMES CONSUME REFINED PUFA OILS LIKE
SUNFLOWER WITH MINOR % OF SESAME OIL FOR SEASONING AND
FLAVOURING
• BOTH OLIVE OIL AND SESAME OIL HAVE VERY SIMILAR FATTY ACID
PROFILES AS THAT OF GNO.
• .
AHA RECOMMENDS :
SFA:MUFA: PUFA:: 1:1.5:1
FOR MODERATE FAT DIET ( THAT IS
30% OF DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT
MET BY FATS )

15. FGNO
• REPLACES THE SATURATED FATS AS FILLER WITH BETTER HEALTH
BENEFITS
• WHEN USED IN THE SAFE RATIO , MUFA HELPS REDUCE TC, LDL-C
AND INCREASE HDL-C ,REDUCES TRIGLYCERIDES , THUS
IMPROVING THE BLOOD FATTY ACID PROFILE
• HDL IN MUFA PLAY MAJOR ROLE :
• IN LINING UP OF INTESTINAL WALLS AND PROTECTING THEM FROM
THE LDL DEPOSITION AND OXIDATION THUS REDUCING RISKS OF
FATTY PLAGUE FORMATIONS
• REDUCED RISKS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS , CORONARY HEART DISEASES,
STROKES, ARRYTHMIAS,
• IMPROVING COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS , REDUCING DEPRESSION ,
• REDUCING RISKS OF SOME TYPES OF CANCER,
• REDUCING BELLY FATS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH BMI ( HIGH WHEN BMI
EXCEEDS30)
• LEADING TO WEIGHT LOSS
• VASTLY REDUCES STIFFNESS AND PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
HEALTH BENEFITS

16. FGNO
• PHYTOSTEROLS ARE PLANT STEROLS THAT ARE
FOUND IN ABUNDDANCE IN GROUNDNUTS (65MG
PER 100 GRAM )
• THE MAJOR FORM IS BETA -SITOSTEROL
• THEY ACT BY PREVENTING THE EASY ABSORPTION
OF DIETARY CHOLESTEROL FROM THE BLOOD
STEAM AND ALSO BY PREVENTING THE RE-
ABSORPTION OF CHOLESTEROL FROM LIVER
THEREBY REDUCING THE OVERALL CHOLESTEROL
CONTENT
• THEY ALSO SCAVENGE FREE RADICALS THEREBY
REDUCING THE RISKS OF BREAST, COLON AND
PROSTRATE CANCER
• VEGETARIANS NATUARLLY TAKE HIGHER
PHYTOSTEROLS THAN NON VEGETARIANS, HENCE
LESS PRONE FOR HEART DISEASES
• KTV 1 ~ FGNO IS TESTED TO HAVE 818 PPM OF
BETA STEROL
THE + FACTOR IN
FGNO
- THE CANCER
FIGHTER

17. PLUS
• BEING A NATURALLY EXPRESSED OIL ,
THERE IS NO CHEMICAL USED
ANYWHERE IN THE MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
• HAS A NATURAL NUTTY , SWEET MILD
OR STRONG FLAVOUR
MINUS
• AFLATOXINS
• SHORTER SHELF LIFE THAN REFINED OILS
DUE TO HIGH MUFA / PUFA BEING LOW
ON OXIDATIVE STABILITY UNDER HEAT
AND LIGHT
• SOME PEOPLE MAYBE ALLERGIC TO
GROUNDNUT OIL
• PV RISE RAPID AFTER A FEW WEEKS , SO
MAY AFFECT SMELL AND TASTE

18. FGNO
• AFLATOXINS ARE A BIG SCARE IN PRODUCTION OF GROUNDNUTS
• AFLATOXIN IS AN INFESTATION OF FUNGUS ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS DURING
THE GROWTH AND STORAGE OF GROUNDNUTS
• THIS ATTACK HAPPENS ESPECIALLY WHEN THE LATER GROWTH STAGE IS
AFFECTED BY DROUGHT – SO NEW VARIETIES WITH SHORTER GROWTH
PERIOD HAVE BEEN FOUND TO REDUCE THE ONSET OF THIS FUNGUS
TOGETHER WITH APPLICATION OF LIME ETC
• WET STORAGE CONDITIONS OF GROUNDNUTS ALSO CAUSE THE GROWTH
OF AFLATOXINS –HENCE COMPLETE DRYING TO LESS THAN 8% MOISTURE IS
A GOOD STORAGE PRACTICE
• AFLATOXINS LEVEL SHOULD BE LESS THAN 20 PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) BUT
IN INDIAN GROUNDNUTS IT CAN GO UPTO40 PPB
• REFINING REMOVES AFLATOXINS FROM GROUNDNUT OIL
• ALSO BY HEATING OIL TO 150DEG C FOR 10 MIN ,50% OF AFLATOXINS CAN
BE REMOVED AND BY HEATING TO 250 DEG C , 100% CAN BE REMOVED
• MASS SPECTROMETRY, HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
TESTS CAN ESTABLISH THE PRESENCE OF AFLATOXINS AND HENCE WE CAN
REJECT SUCH OIL WHILE AT PURCHASING STAGE ITSELF
AFLATOXINS

21. THE AUTHOR
Shri.K.R.Sathya Vendan
CHEMICAL ENGINEER