4.2 Hypothesis Testing 4.3 Null Hypothesis 4.4 Errors in Hypothesis Testing 4.4.1 Basic Experimental Situations in Hypothesis Testing 4.5 Confidence Limits 4.5.1 Meaning and Concept of Level of Significance 4.5.2 Application and Interpretation of Standard Error of the Mean in Small Samples 4.5.3 The Standard Error of a Median, σ Mdn 4.6 Setting up Level of Confidence or Significance 4.6.1 Size of the Sample 4.6.2 Two-tailed and One-tailed Tests of Significance 4.6.3 One Tailed Test 4.7 Steps in Setting up the Level of Significance 4.7.1 Formulating Hypothesis and Stating Conclusions 4.7.2 Types of Errors for a Hypothesis Testing

20. 𝑺𝑬 𝑴𝒅𝒏 =
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝝈
𝑵

39. • 𝑧 =
𝑥−𝜇
𝜎 𝑥

44. 𝛼
𝛽