Motivation refers to factors that activate, maintain, and direct behavior towards a goal. The document discusses several general theories of motivation including instincts, drive reduction theory, homeostasis, arousal theory, cognitive approaches, and incentives approaches. It also describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs model which arranges human motivation needs in a pyramid with basic physiological and safety needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top. Maslow's theory is that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs.

1. MOTIVATION

2. Lecture Outcomes
Define Motivation and related terms
Discuss the General
Theories/approaches to Motivation
Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
and its application in nursing

3. Motivation
Motivation refers to factors that activate,
maintain, and direct behavior towards a
goal
◦ Factors include needs, desires, interests

4. General Theories of
Motivation
Instincts refers to inborn behavioral
patterns
◦ Instincts are biologically determined
always expressed in the same way,
and are universal within a species
◦ E.g. sexual behavior is a response to
an instinct to reproduce

5.  Drive Reduction: a biological need
produces the drive to , satisfy that
need
 Hunger drives one to seek food.
 Drive : it is a motivational tension
that energizes behavior to fulfill a
need.

6. A drive can be primary or secondary
Primary drive : behavior fulfills an
obvious biologic need
Secondary drive :Behavior fulfills non
obvious biologic need but learned
needs

7. Homeostasis

8. Arousal approach to
motivation
Human being try to maintain a certain
level of activity and stimulation.
The level is adjusted as necessary
E.g.

9. Cognitive Approach
 Motivation is a result of people’s
thoughts and expectations
 Intrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation

10. Incentives approach
Motivation is driven from a desire
to obtaining external incentives.

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of need
model
 Puts human motivation needs in a
hierarchy
Suggests that primary needs (basic
needs) have to be met before
secondary needs
The model is presented in a
pyramid with basic needs at the
bottom

13. At the top of the pyramid is self
actualization
Self actualization is a state of self
fulfillment when an individual reaches
their own highest potential