MOTIVATION

PSYCHOLOGY
FOR JULY 2008
INTAKE
BY MR. JONES H.M-MBA
8/26/2019Jones H.M-MBA
1

MOTIVATION
• Definition: It is the process involved in
starting, directing and maintaining
physical and psychological activities
(Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G Zimbardo)
• It is the internal stimulus causing the
mobilization of chemical, metabolic and
physiological energy into a unifying force
ti achieve a goal. (Fisher E.E)
• Borrowing from the above definitions we
can say Motivation is the internal state
that arouses and sustains behavior
2

MOTIVATION CONTINUES
• In most cases we may wonder why people don’t give
up despite several set backs.
• The reason is the motivation behind that particular
activity e.g. motivation to relieve hunger, thirsty, desire
for sex, desire to gain recognition ,etc.
3

CHARACTERISTICS OF
MOTIVATION
• In order for a stimuli to qualify as a basic drive or
motivation it needs to posses the following
characteristics:
Intensity; the stimulus should be able to absorb
the individual’s to the exclusion of other
motivations, that at that particular time nothing
else should matter. E.g. a mans love for one
woman may make him disregard other women
and any set back in order to win her love.
4

CHARACTERISTICS OF
MOTIVATION CONTINUES
Persistence; The goal behind the motivation must
be constantly recurring in the mind until the goal
is met. For instance a student may keep re-sitting
for particular course until he /she passes.
Variability: motivation may take various forms,
adapting them selves to many different contexts
and persisting all the way eg a person motivated
by hunger may find various means to relieve it
such as eating wild fruits in time of famine
5

MOTIVATION THEORIES
• There are various source of motivation and a number
of scholar have come up with a number of theories to
explain motivation. Some of these theorist include;
• Abraham Maslow-Need drive theory
• Hertzberg F.-The two factor theory
• Porter and Lawler – Expectancy theory.
• For this discussion only Maslow and Hertzberg
theories will be discussed
6

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS THEORY
• He agued that human being have a hierarchy of
needs ranging from Physical, Safety and social,
Love and belonging, self esteem and self
actualization needs.
• He went on to say that the higher needs emerge
when the lower need have been met e.g. Physical
needs like food, sleep, have to be met before
safety and security need are considered. For
instance a man may do some thing very
dangerous in order get food.
7

NEEDS CONTINUES
1. Physical Needs: These are considered essential
for survival and are the most basic that every
human being should meet. They include food,
air, fluids ,rest ,activity, elimination, maternal
response, etc. Sex is also regarded as a
physical need though not essential for
individual survival but group survival. These
need may help to explain the motivation
behind any persons behavior. If these needs
are not met all other need do not matter e.g.
when a person is thirsty nothing else matter
until this need for fluid is met, he may stop
what ever he is doing to find the fluids to
quench his thirsty. When a patient is
incapacitated the nurse must ensure that
these needs are met e.g. by feeding via nasal
gastric tube.
8

NEEDS CONTINUES
2 . Safety and security needs: This implies
physical environment free from threats
and fear it also include dependable
social structure which is free from
Bodily harm, and wars. Protection from
gems and natural disasters including
financial security. This need dominates
and are urgent in disasters,
emergencies, war ,disease and injury. It
is without any doubt that most of the
individuals actions may by motivated
by the need to meet safety and security
need.
9

NEEDS CONTINUES
3. Love and belonging: Every person would
like to be loved and feel a sense of
belonging. This is met through our love
partners, parents and friends. If this is
not met the person feels unloved
,rejected abandoned and restless.. This
can be seen in patients such as
children's who feel unloved start
showing signs of maladjustment and
psychopathological tendencies .This can
be addressed by ensuring the
availability of loved ones when patients
are hospitalized.
10

NEEDS CONTINUES
4 Self esteem: This is the fourth in the
hierarchy of needs according to Maslow.
This is concerned with self respect,
recognition, honor, status, independence
and freedom and dignity. When met the
person feels a sense of fulfillment, self
worth, with a health self concept and they
feel that they are a contributor to society.
If not met however the individual has a
feeling of inferiority and hopelessness.
They may end up with the compensatory
behavior mechanisms. As a nurse you
need to treat you client with respecting
order to preserve their dignity.
11

NEEDS CONTINUES
5.Self actualization: This is a stage of self fulfillment and
usually confined to adults. At this stage a person will
have achieve all their goals. These are usually
financially and socially independent.
12

CONCLUSION
• Maslow postulated that every individual would like to
meet these need and the desire to meet self
actualization may remain the motivation behind their
resilience in whatever they are doing.
• Even patient will still maintain these need despite
being ill.
13

HERZBERG’S THEORY OR TWO
WAY THEORY OF MOTIVATION
• This theory was proposed by Fredrick Hertzberg
1968.This theory was sparked up by the research
work of Brayfield and Crocket. They modified
their theory which was closely related to Maslow's
theory. Hertzberg intended to find a two factor
explanation of motivation related to
organizational policy and administration,
supervision, worker’s conditions, inter personal
relationships, salary status, job security and
personal life.
14

HERZBERG’S THEORY CONTINUES
• Hertzberg and his associate found these to be
dissatisfiers and not motives. They found that if they
existed in large quantity and quality in a working
environment they yield no dissatisfaction however
their lack would result in dissatsfaction.
• Secondly Herzberg listed certain factors which he
called satisfiers, which were in fact according to him
real motivators.
15

• All of them relates to jobs. there existence at a place of
work will yield a feeling of satisfaction. The first factor
were called “Maintenance” or “Hygiene” factors. Their
presence will; not directly motivate people in an
organization, however they must be present in order
to avoid dissatisfaction. He also said motivation will
not be effective if these factors are missing
16

• The second group of factor he came up with he called
it “Job content” These were found to be real motivator
because they have the [potential to yield a sense of
satisfaction. This theory clearly state that job content
job content must be up graded in order to enhance
the feeling of job satisfaction and also to keep the
worker motivated
17

COMPARING MASLOW AND
HERZBERG THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Self actualization Challenging work,
achievement, growth in
the job responsibility
Esteem or status Advanced recognition of
status
Love and belonging Interpersonal relations,
organizational policy and
administrative quality of
supervision
18

COMPARING MASLOW AND
HERZBERG THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Security and safety Working conditions and
job security
Physiological needs Salary and personal life
19

REASONS FOR MOTIVATION
• Past events: Past events have a bearing on
motivation e.g. if a patient has suffered from a
particular disease like malaria he may be
motivated by the fear of suffering or enduring the
same pain encountered in the past, hence may
take the prescribed drug.
• Purpose: This is another reason for motivation.
The purpose for undertaking any activity may
account for the the resilience exhibited by
someone.
20

REASONS FOR MOTIVATION
CONT
• Emotional state or drive; This may motivate an
individual e.g. a drive such hunger may be the reason
for motivation.
21

TYPES OF MOTIVATION
• There are basically two types of motivation i.e. Intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation.
22

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• This is a type of motivation that emanates from
within an individual.
• Intrinsic motivation has the following attributes;
• Self adopted standard or goal
• Motivation is by the set goals
• It is self regulating
• E.g. student may chose to pass an exam and set
her own strategy like studying hard
23

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• This is the type of motivation that comes from the
outside or the surrounding environment.
• The best example is a grade oriented person.
• Such people are motivated by the fact that they are
going to out do everybody by getting the best grades.
24

FUNCTIONS OF MOTIVATION
• To relate biology to behaviour. As biological
beings we have a complex internal mechanism
that regulates our bodily functions and help us
survive. We feel hunger ,thirsty etc.
• To account for behaviour variability. Why is it
possible for the same person to do well on one
occasion and poorly the next day. Motivation
motivate behavior while its lack yields the
opposite result.
25

FUNCTIONS OF MOTIVATION
CONT
• Assigning responsibility for action: Why would a
person reject the use of conventional medicine? or
why would a person reject transfusion?. This action
could have been motivated by adherence to religious
belief.
26

RELEVANCE OF MOTIVATION
TO NURSING PRACTICE
• In your practice you need to motivate
your clients in order to promote and
sustain desirable behaviour.
• Some actions by your clients will be
motivated by their beliefs e.g. refusing a
transfusion.
• Some of the pre operative patient who
have been starved may fail to adhere to
the instructions because they may be
overwhelmed by the hunger which may
act as a biological motivation.
27

RELEVANCE OF MOTIVATION
TO NURSING PRACTICE CONT
• Some of your clients with the same problem may
demonstrate variability of behaviour.
The end
28

MOTIVATION

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