Seminar presentation

1. Topic : Behaviourist Approach(Drives and Reinforcement),
Social – Cognitive Approach ( Goal Orientations, Perception
of Control, Self- Efficacy Belief ), Cognitive Explanation of
Motivation.
Tfftttt
Presented by
Ambili Gangadharan
First Year M.Ed
SPS , Kannur University

2. What is Motivation?

3. Introduction
➤ The Word 'Motivation' derived from the Latin Word 'movere' which
means 'to move’.
➤ Inorder to understand all types of human behaviour the study of
motivation became necessary.
➤ Motivation is usually defind as an internal state that causes direct
and maintains behaviour.
➤ Motivation is the hypothetical process involved in the
determination of behaviour.
➤ Modern psychologists think that all behaviour can be explained on
the basis of drives and motivation.
➤A direct observation of motivational process in individual is not
possible only effects can be observed.

4. “Quotes”
➣ According to McDonald (1962) "motivation is an energy change
within the person characterised by effective arousal and
anticipatory goal oriented activities."
➣ According to Atkinson ( 1964 ) "The term motivation refers to the
arousal of a tendency to Act , to produce one more effects."

5. ➦General Approaches to
Motivation
➣ Behaviourist approach
➣ Social - cognitive approach
➣ Cognitive approach

6. ➯Behaviourist approach
➣ Behaviourism established by JB Watson.
➣ Behaviourism is based on the idea that all behaviours are
acquired through conditioning and conditioning occurs
through interaction with the environment.
➣ Behaviourists lay emphasis on conditioned reflexes as
building blocks of behaviour and conditioning ( a method)
can be employed to analyse behaviour.
➣ Behaviourists reject the idea of instinct or any inborn
tendencies .
➣ The behaviourist approach examine how motives are
learned and how internal drives and external goals
interact with learning to produce behaviour.

7. ➯ Important Theorists & Psychologists of Behaviourism
➤ John B.Watson
➤ Ivan Pavlov
➤ Edward Thorndike
➤ B. F Skinner
➤ Clark Hull

8. • John B . Watson
➣ Father of behaviourism.
➣ Behaviourism was
established with the
publication of Watson's
classic paper "psychology as
the Behaviourist views it".
(Watson,1913)

9. . Ivan Pavlov
➣ Discovered a basic form of learning called classical
conditioning or pavlovian conditioning.
➣ Conditioning means modification of natural response.
➣ Pavlov’s theory considers learning as habit
formation.
➣Stimulus response association and substitution .
➣Conducted a number of experiments on dog.

10. . Edward Thorndike
➣ An American psychologist.
➣ Trial and error learning /S-R Reinforcement Theory.
➣ Stimulus- Response Theory .
➣ In trial and error method of learning various
responses are tentatively tried and some discarded
until a solution is obtained.
➣ For this he conducted several experiments on
animals.(hungry cat)

11. .B.F Skinner
➣ An American psychologist and behaviourist.
➣ Operant conditioning / instrumental conditioning / Reward
learning.
➣ It is based on certain operations or actions which an organism
has to carried out .
➣ It is a process of learning through which organisms learn to
repeat behaviours that yield positive outcomes or permit them to
avoid or escape from negative outcomes.
➣ Makes distinctions between respondent and operant behaviour.
➣ Conducted experiment on special apparatus called Skinner box,
contain a rat .

12. . Clark Hull
 American psychologist.
 Hull’s reinforcement theory/drive reduction theory /
need reduction theory.
 connectionist theory .
 Learning is nothing but stimulus-response association.
 Emphasized the importance of satisfaction of needs in
learning.
 Needs create behaviour and that particular behaviour
reduces the need → drive reduction or need direction
theory.
 Hull reduced learning to habit formation.