5. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Is the study of what
motivates individuals to
take action, achieve
their goals, and lead a
purposeful life.
Psychologists have
proposed many
different theories of
motivation.
5
Motivational Theory
6. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
THEORY
Proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943
paper, titled a ‘’Theory of Human Motivation”.
This theory states that our actions are
motivated by certain physiological and
psychological needs that progress from basic to
complex.
6
7. Abraham Maslow
proposed a five-tier
pyramid of human needs,
arranged in a hierarchy.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
7
8. 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
These are basic needs for survival including: air,
water, food, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep
In classroom
Provide adequate breaks
Ensure comfort
Arrange seats according to need
9. 2. SAFETY NEEDS
Such needs might be fulfilled by: Living in a safe area, medical facilities,
hospital, job security, law and order.
In classroom
Maintain confidentiality/privacy as necessary
Treat students fairly
Follow safety rules when necessary
10. 3. SOCIAL (BELONGINGNESS AND
LOVE) NEEDS
Those are related to interaction with others and
include friendship, belonging to a group, and
giving and receiving love.
In classroom
Show you care
Build friendship
Use team building exercises
11. 4. Esteem Needs
Some esteem needs include self respect, achievement, social status and
recognition.
In classroom
Praise appropriately whenever possible
Welcome ideas
Celebrate good work by students
12. 5. Self-Actualization
The highest need on Maslow’s pyramid is self-actualization,
which involves a person knowing themselves, understanding
their full potential, and reaching it (4).
In Classroom
Be enthusiastic and supportive
Encourage projects and plans
Promote optimism
14. REFERENCES
1. Reeve J. Understanding motivation and emotion. John Wiley & Sons; 2018 Jan 18.
2. Heckhausen J, Wrosch C, Schulz R. A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological review. 2010 Jan;117(1):32.
3. Van Harmelen A-L, Kievit RA, Ioannidis K, et al. Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a
healthy community cohort. Psychological Medicine. 2017;47(13):2312-2322. doi:10.1017/S0033291717000836.
4. Tripathi N. A valuation of Abraham Maslow's theory of self-actualization for the enhancement of quality of life. Indian Journal of Health &
Wellbeing. 2018 Mar 1;9(3).
5. Reece, I. & Walker,S. (2000) Teaching Training and Learning: a practical guide 4' Ed., Sunderland Business Education Publishers Ltd.
Chapter 2 section 8; Chapter 5 section 13.
6. UKEssays. Motivational Learning Theories and Their Application [Internet]. November 2018. [Accessed 30 December 2023]; Available
from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/teaching/motivational-learning-theories-and-their-application.php?vref=1.
7. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
8. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
9. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
11. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
12. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
13. Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573.
1-. Encourage students
We, as teachers, should encourage our students by having open communication with them and always trying to boost their confidence levels so that they feel important. We should always praise students because, after receiving compliments from their teachers, they will become more confident and more powerful to learn new things from others.
2-Participation in classroom activities
We have to give choices to students in the classroom, like giving them a task and encouraging them to do well. This is possible. By implementing SCA, we can transform students from passively receiving information into active participants.
3-. Be creative
We should do creative activities in the classroom to motivate our students like games, discussions, and debates. Use visual aids such as charts, diagrams, and videos to enhance understanding and make learning enjoyable for students.
4-Draw connections to real life
If students don’t find any link between what they are studying and real-life situations, they become bored and think what they are learning is not important. So we, as teachers, should employ activities like case studies, role-playing, and simulations to demonstrate the real-world relevance of subjects. Connecting learning to practical scenarios not only makes it enjoyable for students but also motivates them to stay engaged and attentive.
5-clear goal
Learn how to set clear and achievable learning goals to motivate students.
6- high expectations
Understand how having high but realistic expectations can increase student motivation and performance.
