This document provides information on the morphology of permanent teeth. It begins with an introduction and outlines the contents to be discussed, including the dental formula. It then describes key aspects of each permanent tooth type, including their eruption timeline, dimensions, and characteristics of the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces. Details are provided on permanent incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. The document concludes with references.

2. GUIDED BY:
DR. SEEMA CHAUDHARY
DR. NAVEEN MANUJA
DR. CHAITRA TR
DR. ASHISH SINHA
Presented By:
Dr. Deveshi Nigam
MDS Ist Yr

3. Contents
oIntroduction
oSuccedaneous teeth
oDental formula
oImportant terminology
oProximal contact point
oMorphology of each permanent tooth
oConclusion
oReferences

5. • Permanent dentition also called
secondary or adult teeth.
• They start to erupt at 6 year till
nearly 21 year with eruption of
permanent 3 molar (wisdom
tooth).

6. • They last for long time and are not
replaced.
• They are 32 teeth in number.
• Except molars ,all the permanent
teeth are known as succedaneous
teeth because they take place of
primary predecessors.
• Permanent molars are non
succedaneous teeth, as they
develop from the distal extension
of dental lamina.

7. Succedaneous teeth (1,2,3,4,5)
1 2
3
4
5
A B C D E
1
2
3
4 5
A
B C
D E

8.  It indicates the dentition of only one side
of the mouth , but includes upper and lower
teeth, so dental formula includes just half
of the teeth.
 The dental formula is as follows-
 Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth:
 In maxilla “6-1-2-4-3-5-7-8” / “6-1-2-4-5-
3-7-8”
 In mandible “6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8”

11. Embrasures-
The curvature formed by 2 adjacent teeth in
an arch form a spillway space.

12. Line angle-
The junction of two surfaces and it derives its
name from the combination of two surfaces
that join.

13. Point angle-
The junction of three surfaces, its name is also
derived from the combination of names of
the surfaces forming it.

14. Contact point –
The area of the mesial or distal surface of a
tooth that touches its neighbor tooth in the
arch.

15. Proximal contact point

16. Mamelons-
Mamelons represent the number of lobes .
Usually mamelons abrade due to contact
with opposing teeth, except in malocclusion
( class II div I )
Mamelon
s
•3 - cusped lower
second premolar
•Maxillary and
mandibular
permanent first molar
5
•Permanent incisor,
canine, premolar
•All other molar
4

17. Detailed
Description
of Each
Anterior
Permanent
Teeth

19. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 3-4 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 4-5 YEARS
ERUPTION 7-8 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 10 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LEN
GTH
OF
RO
OT
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVATU
RE OF
CERVICAL
LINE -
DISTAL
10.5 13 8.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 3.5 2.5

20. Labial
aspect
• Incisogingivally dimension
more than mesiodistal.
• The labial surface is marked
by two developmental
groove and has convexity in
cervical third.
Cervical outline is semicircular
Straight conical with blunt
root apex
Mesial outline straight
Distal outline shorter &
convex

21. Palatal aspect
• Broad depression in the central
portion of the lingual side is
called as lingual fossa and a well
developed convexity below the
cervical line called as cingulum.
• Maxillary incisor with a deep &
large lingual fossa & prominent
mesial & distal marginal ridges
are called as SHOVEL SHAPED
INCISOR
• Due to the distal displacement
of the cingulum, the mesial
marginal ridge is slightly
LONGER than the distal
marginal ridge.
Marginal ridges
Cervical line
convex
Lingual fossa
cingulum

22. Mesial
aspect
• Line drawn through the center of
the tooth will bisect the apex of
the root and incisal ridge.
• Lingual outline is convex at the
cingulum, it then becomes
concave at the mesial marginal
ridge and slightly convex again at
the linguoincisal ridge .
• Mesial curvature of cervical line is
most pronounced compared to
any teeth
Labial outline
convex
Concave at
marginal
ridge
Convex
near to
cingulum
Cone shaped
& and bluntly
rounded apex

23. Distal
aspect
• Distal surface is very similar to the
mesial surface.
• From distal aspect, the crown gives
impression of somewhat thicker
towards the incisal 3rd, this is because
the distoincisal angle is slightly lingually
positioned than mesioincisal angle.
• Cervical line outlining the CEJ is less in
extent on the distal than mesial.
Cervical line
Root is triangular in cross section & convex
at all point

24. Incisal
aspect
• Crown profile is almost
bilaterally symmetrical
• The incisal margin of newly
erupted teeth show three
elevations called mamelons.
• Labial face of the crown is
relatively broad and flat in
comparison to lingual face.
• Lingual face tapers lingually
toward the cingulum.
• Mesiolabial & distolabial line
angles are prominent from
the incisal aspect.
Incisal
ridge

25. Maxillary
Lateral
Incisor

26. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 10-12 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 4-5 YEARS
ERUPTION 8-9 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 11 YEARS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LEN
GTH
OF
RO
OT
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVATU
RE OF
CERVICAL
LINE -
DISTAL
9.0 13.0 6.5 5.0 6.0 5.0 3.0 2.0
DIMENSIONS

27. Labial view
MaxillaryCentral
Incisor
MaxillaryLateral Incisor
Crown is larger Crown is smaller
Mesioincisal angle at
90° and Distoincisal
angle slightly rounded
Mesioincisal angle
acute and Distoincisal
angle rounded

28. Palatal aspect
MaxillaryCentral
Incisor
MaxillaryLateral Incisor
Lingual fossa larger
and shallower
Lingual fossa smaller
and more concave
Lingual pits are less
frequent
Lingual pits are
common
Lingual fossa
Prominent
cingulum with
deep
development
al groove
Prominent
marginal ridge

29. Mesial aspect
Maxillary LI is
similar to CI
except that
crown is
shorter & root
appears longer
, cervical
curvature is
less .
Distal aspect
Crown distally
appears
thicker than
its mesial
aspect
because of
heavy
development
of incisal ridge.
Root appear as tapered cone with
bluntly rounded apex

30. Incisal aspect
MaxillaryCentral Incisor MaxillaryLateral Incisor
Crown is wider
mesiodistally than
faciolingually
Crown same both
mesiodistally and
faciolingually
Crown outline is triangular Crown outline is rounded
or oval
Cingulum slightly distal Cingulum centered
Incisal ridge slightly curved
mesiodistally
Incisal ridge relatively
straighter mesiodistally
Maxillary lateral
incisor
Maxillary central incisor
MMR

31. Mandibular
central incisor

32. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 3-4 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 4-5 YEARS
ERUPTION 6-7 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 9 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LEN
GTH
OF
RO
OT
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVATU
RE OF
CERVICAL
LINE -
DISTAL
9.5 12.5 5.0 3.5 6.0 5.3 3.0 2.0

33. Labial aspect
• Narrowest tooth mesiodistally of
all permanent teeth.
• Central incisor bilaterally
symmetrical.
• Incisal ridge of crown is straight.
• Mesial & distal sides taper evenly.
• Mesial and distal root outline are
straight with pointed taper apex
Most of the root cases
curved distally, because
of this difficult to
distinguish right & left CI
after extraction
Both
mesioincisal and
distoincisal
angles are sharp
or right angle

34. Lingual
aspect
•Lingual surface of crown is
smooth with very slight
concavity at incisal third
between the inconspicuous
marginal ridges.
•Cingulum is smooth.
•No other tooth in the
mouth, except the
mandibular lateral, shows
few developmental lines.
•No lingual pit is present
•Root is slightly narrower on
the lingual side than on
labial side.

35. Mesial aspect
• Labial face of crown is
straight above cervical
curvature, sloping lingually
from crest of curvature to
incisal ridge.
• Lingual margin is ‘S’ shaped.
• Incisal ridge is rounded
& center is usually lingual to
the center of the root.
• Root has longitudinal
shallow developmental
depressions on the middle
third.
S shaped
surface

36. Distal aspect
• Similar to the mesial
aspect.
• Cervical line is less curved.
• Labiolingual diameter
greater than mesiodistal.
This reinforcement makes
them to bear the greater
masticatory stresses.
• Developmental depression
more marked with well
defined groove at its
center.

37. Incisal aspect
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• The incisal ridge is almost at
right angle to the labiolingual
root axis plane.
• Labiolingual diameter is
greater than mesiodistal.
• Labial surface of crown at
incisal third broad & flat in
comparison to cervical third
has tendency toward
convexity.
Mirror image

38. Mandibular Lateral
Incisor

39. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 3-4 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 4-5 YEARS
ERUPTION 7-8 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 10 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH OF
ROOT
MESI
ODIS
TAL
DIAM
ETER
OF
CRO
WN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
LABIO OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
9.5 14.0 5.5 4.0 6.5 5.8 3.0 2.0

40. Labial
aspect
• Lateral incisor is slightly
wider mesiodistally.
• Distal side from labial
aspect is slightly convex in
comparison to mesial
flatter surface.
• Crown is slightly tilted
distally and due to this
distal side of crown is
shorter in length than
mesial .

41. Lingual
aspect
• Concavity in lingual
aspect is slightly more
• Fan shaped
appearance from the
lingual aspect.
• Incisal ridge follows the
mandibular arch, giving
the crown a slightly
twisted appearance.
Longer Mesial marginal
ridge

42. Mesial aspect
Mandibular Central Incisor Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Crown more symmetrical Less symmetrical
Crown and root are shorter Crown and root are longer
No distal side bulge on crown Distal side bulge on crown
Distal aspect
Developmental
depressions

43. Incisal aspect
Mandibular Central Incisor Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Cingulum centered Cingulum distal to
centre
No distolingual twist of
incisal ridge
Distolingual twist of
incisal ridge
Marginal ridges not
prominent
Longer mesial marginal
ridge
MMR

44. Maxillary Canine

45. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 4-5 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 6-7 YEARS
ERUPTION 11-12 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 13-15 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
10.0 17.0 7.5 5.5 8.0 7.0 2.5 1.5

46. Labial
aspect
• Crown and root are narrower
mesiodistally than that of max CI.
• Mesial outline of crown is usually
convex & distal outline is concave .
• Root is slender and convex at all
points.
• The cusp has a mesial & distal slope,
mesial slopes is shorter.
• Labial surface is smooth and bulky
in the middle because of labial
ridge.
• Mesial to ridge shows convexity
and distal to ridge slightly
concavity.

47. Palatal
aspect
• Crown & root are narrower lingually than labially.
• Cingulum is well developed, large and sometime pointed like a small
cusp.
• Well developed lingual ridge is seen that divides the lingual fossa .
• Cervical line may be straight .
• Mesial and distal surface of the root is visible from this aspect
Distal cusp ridge
Lingual
ridge

48. Mesial
aspect
• Crown outline is wedge shaped.
• Maxillary canine is widest
anterior tooth labiolingually.
• Labial outline from the mesial
aspect is convex.
• Lingual outline is convex at
cingulum thereafter it
straightens out at the middle
third , again convex in incisal
third.
• Line bisecting the cusp is labial
to a line bisecting the root
concavity
Contact
point

49. •Root is conical with a
tapered or bluntly pointed
apex.
•Mesial surface of root
appears broad with
shallow developmental
depression.

50. Distal
aspect
•Distal surface is very similar
to the mesial .
•Cervical line exhibits less
curvature.
•The contact point is near
the middle third.
•Developmental depression
is more pronounced.
Distal marginal
ridge
Developmental depression
More concavity

51. Incisal
aspect
• Crown outline is asymmetrical.
• Cusp tip is labial to the center of
the crown & mesial to center.
• Cingulum is large & located in the
center mesiodistally.
• Mesial outline is quite convex &
distal outline concave.
• Ridge shows greater convexity at
cerival third of crown , becoming
broader and flatter at middle &
incisal third.
Cusp tip
Mesial cusp ridge
Distal cusp ridge
Distal lingual fossa
Mesial lingual fossa

52. Mandibular Canine

53. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 4-5 MONTHS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 6-7 YEARS
ERUPTION 9-10 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 12-14 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
11.0 16.0 7.0 5.5 7.5 7.0 2.5 1.0

54. Labial
aspect
Maxillarycanine Mandibular canine
Apical root tip is distally
bent
Crown is slightly tipped
on root
Mesial side of the crown
is less convex, while
distal is more convex
Mesial side of crown is
almost in straight line
with the mesial side of
the root
More acute cusp tip i.e.
105°
120°
Labial ridge is more
pronounced
Labial ridge is less
pronounced
Blunt root tip Pointed root tip
- Narrow mesiodistally
- Crown is longer
MCR
DCR
Cervical line semi circular
apically
MCR is shorter than DCR
Cusp tip angle is
form by mesial &
distal slope form 120
angle

55. Lingual
aspect
Maxillarycanine Mandibular canine
Cingulum in centre Slightly distal to the
centre
Strong lingual ridge and
poor distal marginal
ridges
Distal marginal ridge is
more prominent and
smooth surface
Well developed cusp Not well developed
cusp
*Same* Lingual surface is
smooth and flatter
- Root is narrow of lingual
portion

56. Mesial aspect & distal aspect
Maxillary canine Mandibular canine
Root depression is
more distinct on the
distal side than on
the mesial side
Distal root
depression is less
Cusp tip labial to
root axis
Cusp tip lingual to
root axis
Developmental depression
Mesial aspect Distal aspect
MMR

57. Incisal
aspect
Maxillarycanine Mandibular canine
Crown is asymmetrical
with more buccolingual
bulk in mesial half, distal
half is thinner.
Distal half is slightly
thicker
Less distolingual crown
twist
More distolingual crown
twist
Incisal outline is
asymmetrical
Incisal outline is
symmetrical
Cusp tip labial to centre Lingual to centre
More bulky cusp due to
heavy lingual ridge
Cusp tip and lingual ridge
is less bulky

58. Anomalies in Anterior
Teeth

59. Dilaceration –
abnormal angulation of root
or crown of a tooth .
Most commonly observed in
max. Incisors.
Dilacerated root seen in
extracted incisor

60. Talon’s cusp –
Presence of an
accessory cusp like
structure projecting
from cingulum area
of CEJ.
Lateral incisors are
mostly affected.
(LI > CI > C)
Talon’s cusp
Talon’s cusp

61. Dens evaginatus –
Cusp like elevation seen in
central groove
Most commonly seen in max.
Incisors
(LI > Molars)
Dens Invaginatus –
Deep surface invagination of
crown lined by enamel.
Most commonly seen in Lateral
incisor
(LI > CI > P > M)
Dens
Invaginatus
Dens
Evaginatus

62. Role of anterior teeth
• Mastication- It is
important function of
teeth
• Appearance
• Speech
• Growth of jaws- teeth
play a role in growth of
the jaw in some period
of life.

66. GUIDED BY:
DR. SEEMA
CHAUDHARY
DR. NAVEEN MANUJA
DR. CHAITRA TR
Part -2
Presented By:
Dr. Deveshi
Nigam

67. Introduction
Succedaneous teeth
Dental formula
Important terminology
Proximal contact point
Morphology of each permanent
tooth
Conclusion
References

68. Premolar has some common characteristics,
common to all posterior tooth that differentiate
from anterior teeth.
• Greater faciolingual measurement compared to
mesiodistal
• Broader contact area
• Contact area more nearly at same level.
• Less curvature of cervical line mesially and distally.
• Shorter crown , cervico- occlusally than that of anterior
teeth.

69. Detailed
Description of Each
Posterior
Permanent Tooth

70. Maxillary First
Premolar

71. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 1½-1¾ YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 5-6 YEARS
ERUPTION 10-11 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 12-13 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
8.5 14.0 7.0 5.0 9.0 8.0 1.0 0.0

72. Buccal
aspect
• Crown is roughly TRAPEZOIDAL.
• Buccal cusp is long with pointed tip.
• Buccal portion of crown & root is resemble as
canine.
• Buccal surface is convex with strong
development of middle
lobe
• TIP of buccal cusp lies DISTAL to the line
bisecting the buccal surface of crown.
• Cervical line show little curvature.
Mesial slope
longer
Mesial outline
concave
Distal outline
straighter
Buccal ridge

73. • Mesial slope is longer &
straight, distal slope is
shorter & more curved
• Tip of the cusp located
distal to center of crown
• Buccal surface is convex
and bulky in the middle,
because of strong
development of middle
lobe and buccal ridge.

74. Palatal aspect
• Crown tapers towards the lingual
aspect.
• Lingual cusp is smooth, spheroidal & 1
mm shorter then buccal cusp.
• Cusp tip is pointed.
• Sometimes lingual ridge also present.
• Buccal cusp 1 mm longer than lingual.
• M & D slope is straight
• M& D slope meeting at an angle 90°
Distal outline
convex
Mesial outline
convex
Cervical line
is regular

75. • Root is smooth &
convex.
• Lingual root is slightly
shorter.
• Apex of lingual root –
more blunt
• buccal root – pointed

76. Mesial
aspect
• Buccal outline - curves outwards
below cervical line till the crest of
curvature , than its shows less
convexity.
• Lingual outline - smooth curved line.
• Well developed mesial marginal
ridge with well defined
developmental groove.
• Tips of cusp are within the confines
of root trunk.
Bifurcation present at half
of root length
Cervical line is
regular occlusally
Mesia marginal
Developmental groove

77. • From this aspect both
buccal & lingual cusp &
root are visible.
• Cervical to mesial
contact area, bordered
by mesiobuccal &
mesiolingual line angles,
is a marked depression
called mesial
development
depression. This
concavity continues
apically till bifurcation.

78. •Buccal root is straight,
with a tendency
towards lingual
inclination at the apical
third.
•Lingual root is straight.

79. Distal
aspect
•Crown is convex at all point.
•Lingual cusp is more sharp
than the buccal cusp.
• No development depression
or groove.
•Bifurcation present at half
of root length.
•Root trunk is flat from this
aspect.
•Least common furcation
involvement, if involved
than prognosis is very poor.

80. Occlusal aspect
• Buccolingual dimension is
greater than mesiodistal.
• Grooves-
• Central developmental groove-
located at the bottom of
central sulcus and divides the
surface buccolingually.
• Two collateral groove- Mesio
and Distobuccal developmental
groove join the central groove
just inside the mesial and distal
marginal ridge.
• Mesial and distal developmental
pits at the Junction of the
grooves are deeply pointed.

81. • Central development groove – extends from mesial to
distal marginal ridge to mesial marginal ridge where
it join with mesial marginal development groove.
• Mesial side is short & slightly concave
• Distal side is curved & longer.

82. • Hexagonal in shape,
but not equilateral.
• With mesial side
shorter than the distal
side.
• Buccal sides are nearly
equal.
• Mesiolingual side is
shorter than
distolingual side.

83. • Distobuccal cusp ridge is
buccal to mesiobuccal cusp
ridge.
• Right angle form by
mesiobuccal cusp ridge &
MMR.
• Acute angle form by
distobuccal cusp ridge and
DMR.
Mesio & distolingual cusp ridge are join with
MMR & DMR form semicircular outline.
•Buccal triangular ridge are
prominent than lingual
triangular ridge
•BTR extends from the tip of
cusp toward the central part
of occlusal surface.
Ridges –

84. • Distal triangular fossa
Fossa –
Mesial triangular
fossa – triangular
depression distal to
MMR

85. Maxillary Second
Premolar

86. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 2-2¼ YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 6-7 YEARS
ERUPTION 10-12 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 12-14 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
8.5 14.0 7.0 5.0 9.0 8.0 1.0 0.0

87. Buccal
aspect
Maxillary 1st
Premolar
Maxillary 2nd
Premolar
Buccal ridge is
prominent
Not prominent
Mesial slope longest Mesial slope shortest
Cervix narrow and
tapers more
Cervix broad and
tapers less
- Buccal surface is less
convex with less
pointed cusp
Mesial and distal
outline is same
Mesial slope shorter
than distal slope
Angular Less angular, more
rounded effect
Longer Buccal cusp not long
as that of 1st Premolar
Crown & root are
thicker cervically.
Mesial
slope
shorter
Oval shape

88. Palatal aspect
• Root is single , taper
towards apex & towards
the lingual side.
• Lingual cusp is longer when
compared to first premolar.
Curved in mesial direction

89. Proximal aspect
Maxillary 1st Premolar Maxillary2nd Premolar
Two roots One root
Buccal cusp is longer
than lingual
Buccal and lingual of
same length
Cusp tip are close to
each other
Cusp tips are spread
apart
Mesial marginal ridge
groove is present
MMR groove is absent
- Distal root depression
is more than mesial
Mesial Distal
Developmental
depression

90. Occlusal aspect
Maxillary 1st
Premolar
Maxillary 2nd
Premolar
Very few supplementary
groove
More supplementary
groove
Mesial side is short and
slightly concave or flat
Distal side curved or
convex or longer
Both mesial and distal
outlines of crown are
symmetrical
Crown outline is
hexagonal
Crown outline is oval
Mesial marginal ridge
groove is present in 97%
of the cases
Less common, present in
only 37% of the cases
Mesiobuccal cusp ridge
and marginal ridge meets
at right angle
Mesiobuccal cusp ridge
and marginal ridge meets
at obtuse angle
Longer central groove Shorter central groove
More convergence of
proximals toward lingual
Slight convergence
towards lingual
Prominent buccal ridge Less prominent buccal
ridge

91. Mandibular First
Premolar

92. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 1¾-2 YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 5-6 YEARS
ERUPTION 10-12 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 12-13 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
8.5 14.0 7.0 5.0 7.5 6.5 1.0 0.0

93. Buccal
aspect
• Large well formed, pointed buccal cusp.
• Mesial slope is shorter than distal slope.
• Tip of buccal cusp is located little mesial
to the center.
• Buccal surface of crown is more convex
• Root is (3- 4mm)shorter than root of
mandibular canine
• Buccal outline of root similar to canine.
• Well developed middle lobe with buccal
ridge
• Mesial & distal slope of cusp show some
concavity.
Mesial outline
straight
Distal outline
concave
Buccal ridge
Cervical line
almost straight

94. Lingual
aspect
• Crown tapers and inclines lingually.
• Lingual cusp is small, pointed &
nonfunctional .
• Mesiolingual developmental groove,
this groove acts as a line of
demarcation between MB & lingual
lobe & extends into Mesial fossa of
occlusal surface.
• This separates the MMR from
mesial slope of lingual cusp.
Root tapers evenly with pointed apex.
Smooth convex narrow lingual ridge runs
along the full length.
MLDG
Most of occlusal surface
are seen from lingual
aspect

95. Mesial
aspect
• Lingual inclination of crown is seen.
• Mesial marginal ridge has extreme
lingual slope & almost parallel to BTR
• Buccal cusp is nearly centered over the
root & lingual cusp is lingual to the
outline of root.
• Crest of curvature Buccal side- just
occlusal to cervical line
• Lingual side – near tip of lingual cusp
• Root has pointed apex , situated in line
with buccal cusp tip.
• Deep developmental groove is seen.
• Cervical line is curve occlusally.
Tapers
apically
Parallel
Rhomboidal shaped

96. Distal
aspect
• Convexity on distal surface is
less.
• DMR is higher & does not have
extreme lingual slope.
• Marginal ridge is join with the
lingual cusp ridge; it has no
developmental groove.
• Cervical line almost straight.
• Root surface is more convex.
• Shallow linear developmental
depression on root surface.
2/3
The lingual
cusp is
approximately
two thirds the
size of the
buccal cusp

97. Occlusal
aspect
• Buccal ridge is prominent.
• Middle buccal lobe makes up the
major bulk of crown.
• Occlusal surface shows heavy
buccal triangular ridge & small
lingual triangular ridge.
• Distal outline is convex appear as
more bulk because of distal
marginal ridge.
• Mesiobuccal & distobuccal line
angle are prominent than crown
narrow lingual from mesial &
distal contact area.
Asymmetrical
Diamond shape

98. • Acute angle is form by
mesiobuccal cusp ridge
& MMR.
• Mesial fossa is more
linear & join with mesial
developmental groove,
extending
buccolingually.
• Distal fossa is more
circular in shape &
contain crescent shaped
distal developmental
groove.
•Right angle is
form by
distobuccal cusp
ridge & DMR.

99. Mandibular Second
Premolar

100. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 2¼-2½ YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 6-7 YEARS
ERUPTION 11-12 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 13-14 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
8.0 14.5 7.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 1.0 0.0

101. Buccal
aspect
Mandibular 1st Premolar Mandibular 2nd Premolar
Presence of longer
buccal cusp
Crown is shorter but
wider
More pointed cusp
(110°)
Rounded cusp (130°)
Notch present on
mesial cusp slope
Notch on distal cusp
slope
Root is shorter with
pointed apex
Root is longer with
blunt apex
Buccal ridge more
prominent
Less prominent

102. Lingual
aspect
Mandibular 1st Premolar Mandibular 2nd Premolar
Crown is narrower than
second premolar
Crown is wider
Lingual cusp is short
and narrow and non-
functional
Lingual cusp is larger
and functional
From this aspect more
of occlusal surface is
visible
Very less occlusal
surface is visible
Mesial marginal ridge is
divided by mesiolingual
groove
Mesial marginal groove
is absent
-- lingual surface is
smooth and spheroidal
-- Root is smooth and
convex at all points
-- Root is less tapered
lingually

103. 3 cusp type 2 cusp type
Square in shape
with 3 cusp
Round in shape
with 2 cusp –
buccal and lingual
Larger buccal cusp
than mesiolingual
and distolingual
cusp
It shows
developmental
depression
distolingually

104. Proximal aspect
Mandibular 1st Premolar Mandibular 2nd Premolar
Crown is more tilted
to lingual side
Crown is less tilted to
lingual side
Mesial marginal
ridge is lower and
parallel to triangular
ridge of buccal cusp,
hence much of
occlusal surface is
visible.
Mesial marginal
ridge is high and is in
horizontal plane,
hence only little
occlusal surface is
visible.
Root have deep
longitudinal
depression
No depression
present
Mesial aspect Distal aspect

105. 3 cusp type 2 cusp type
Each cusp is separated by
developmental groove forming a Y
shape in centre
Mesiolingual and distolingual line angle
are rounded
Occlusal outline is U shaped
Occlusal also include –
•Central pit
•Mesial and distal developmental
groove
•Mesial and distal triangular fossa
•Lingual developmental groove
•Supplemental groove
Central groove travels mesiodistally ends
in mesial and distal fossa.
Distal
developmental
groove

106. Occlusal Mandibular 1st Premolar Mandibular 2nd Premolar
Crown outline is
asymmetrical
Outline is square
Small occlusal and less
grinding surface
Large occlusal and more
grinding surface
Convergence of mesial
side towards lingual is
more
Very light convergence,
3cusp – crown wider
lingually
Presence of two circular
fossa, two grooves
(mesial and distal)
2 cusp – two circular
fossa
3 cusp – three fossa and
three groove

107. Maxillary First Molar

108. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION At Birth
ENAMEL COMPLETED 3-4 YEARS
ERUPTION 6 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 9-10YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
7.5 B- 12
L- 13
10.0 8.0 11.0 10.0 1.0 0.0

109. Buccal
aspect
•Crown is roughly trapezoidal.
•MB cusp is wider , as its mesial
slope meets its distal slope at
an obtuse angle .
•DB cusp is sharp, its mesial
slope meets distal slope at
right angle.
•Buccal developmental groove
divides the two buccal cusps.
•Mesial outline of crown is
straight ,while distal is convex.
4mm

110. • All 3 root are visible from
this aspect.
• Point of bifurcation-2
buccal root at 4mm,
palatal root at 3mm.
• Obtuse angle is formed by
M and D slope
• Distobuccal root is straight
than curved mesially at
apical third
• Bifurcation 4 mm above
the cervical line
4mm

111. Lingual aspect
• Lingual aspect is reverse to
buccal .
• Mesiolingual cusp is largest
cusp form obtuse angle
between slope
• Distolingual cusp is small &
spheroidal in shape and
form acute angle between
slope.
• Lingual developmental
groove separates the
lingual cusp.

112. • Fifth cusp is attached to
the mesiolingual surface
of mesiolingual cusp is
called cusp of carabelli.
Cusp is well developed,
less obtuse cusp angle
than mesiolingual cusp
• All the 3 root are visible,
palatal root is long and
slender with bluntly
rounded apex
3/5
Its MD width is about 3/5th
of the MD crown diameter.

113. Mesial aspect
• Mesiobuccal, mesiolingual
and fifth cusp are visible.
• Mesial marginal ridge is
placed higher & join with
mesiobuccal and
mesiolingual cusp ridge &
curved cervically.
• Buccal outline of crown at
the level of cervical third is
convex middle third slightly
concave than again convex

114. • Lingual outline is curved
outward
• Cervical line is irregular,
curving occlusally.
• Mesiobuccal root is
broader & curves distally.
Shallow concavity

115. Distal aspect
• Distobuccal and distolingual
cusps
• Distal Marginal ridge dips
sharply cervically .
• Cervical line almost straight
• Concavity present on the distal
surface of DB root from
cervical line to bifurcation area.
• Distobuccal root is narrower at
the base

116. Occlusal
aspect
• Maxillary first molar
crown is wider mesially
than distally and wider
lingually than buccally
• Mesiopalatal cusp is the
largest cusp followed by
mesiobuccal,
distopalatal, distobuccal,
& smallest being the
fifth cusp

117. Elevation & depression on this
surface –
1. Ridges –
• Mesial marginal ridge and distal
marginal ridge
• Oblique ridge- union of triangular
ridge of distobuccal cusp & distal
ridge of mesiopalatal cusp.
2. Groove –
Transverse groove of oblique ridge
–runs mesiodistally across the
oblique ridge.
• central developmental groove.
• Buccal developmental groove .
• Lingual developmental groove.
• Supplemental groove.
• Fifth cusp groove.
Triangular –form by MB,
ML,DB
BDG- extent from central fossa upto
d buccal surface b/w the buccal
cusp.
LDG connected with dog extend in
lingual direction b/w the 2 cusp.

118. 3. Fossa-
• Major fossa: central fossa
(roughly triangular &
mesial to the oblique
ridge) distal fossa
(roughly linear & distal to
the oblique ridge)
• Minor fossa: mesial
triangular (immediately
distal to the MMR) and
distal triangular
(immediately mesial to
the DMR)

119. 4. Pit –
• Central developmental
pit- all the
developmental groove
• Converge in the center
of central fossa at the
central pit.
• Triangular arrangement
of 3 imp cusp is called
maxillary molar primary
cusp triangle.

120. Maxillary Second
Molar

121. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 2½ YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 7-8 YEARS
ERUPTION 12- 13 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 14-16 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
7.0 B- 11
L- 12
9.0 7.0 11.0 10.0 1.0 0.0

122. BUCCAL AND
LINGUAL ASPECT
BUCCAL –
• Crown is shorter cervico-
occlusally
• Narrower mesiodistally.
• Distobuccal cusp is smaller in
size.
• Buccal root are about same
length. These root are nearly
parallel to each other &
inclined distally
LINGUAL –
• Distolingual cusp is smaller
BUCCAL
LINGUAL

123. Occlusal aspect
Maxillary 1st Molar Maxillary 2nd Molar
Crown is larger Crown is smaller
Occlusal outline is
roughly
rhomboidal
Occlusal outline –
more oblong,
because of the
reduced
mesiodistal
dimensions
Prominent oblique
ridge
Less prominent
Cusp of carabelli is
present
Absent
Distopalatal cusp
is larger than the
distobuccal cusp
Both distal cusps
are comparatively
smaller
-- 2 type of occlusal
form-
Occlusal
rhomboidal
Heart shaped
Buccal
groove
shorter
without a
buccal pit
Central pit

124. Mandibular First
Molar

125. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION AT BIRTH
ENAMEL COMPLETED 2½-3 YEARS
ERUPTION 6-7 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 9-10 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
7.5 14.0 11.0 9.0 10.5 9.0 1.0 0.0

126. Buccal aspect
• Mesiobuccal cusp is largest,
widest & highest on buccal side.
• Distobuccal cusp is slightly
smaller, shorter than the MB
cusp.
• Distal cusp is small & more
pointed ,present on the
distobuccal angle of the crown.
• Buccal portion of crown is
smoothly convex with Two
developmental groove b/w the
cusps---
1. Mesiobuccal (longer & deeper)
and
2. Distobuccal developmental
grooves.

127. Mesial root- curved mesially
from the
• cervical portion to the
middle 3rd. &
• then curved distally upto
the apex.
Distal root- less curved,
distally from
• cervical third till apex
• Cervical line is regular
outline
• Point of bifurcation of the
2 root is located 3mm
below the cervical line.
• Mesial outline is concave
• Distal outline is straight
3mm

128. Lingual
aspect
• Two cusps may be seen.
• Crown is smooth & spheroidal in
shape.
• The mesiolingual and
distolingual cusps are pointed
and cusp ridges that are high
enough to hide the buccal
cusps.
• Cusp ridge form obtuse angle.
• The lingual developmental
groove separates the lingual
cusps.
• Cervical line lingually is irregular.
• ML cusp is widest MD.
• Roots appear 1mm longer
lingually than buccally
4mm
Distal outline straight
Mesial outline is convex

129. Mesial
aspect
• Crown outline is roughly
rhomboidal.
• Two cusps- mesiobuccal &
mesiolingual cusps.
• Crown is slightly lingually
tilted.
• Mesial aspect of tooth is
broader buccolingual than
distal.
• Cervical line is almost
straight & slightly concave
above the cervical line.

130. • Buccal outline of root is
straight cervically , then taper
lingually.
• Lingual outline is slanted in
buccal direction then taper
buccally.
• Buccal and lingual border of
root is convex
• With broad concavity form
the developmental
depression
• Curvature above the cervical
line buccally form a buccal
cervical ridge.
• Mesial surface is convex at
buccal & lingual border with
broad concavity form the
developmental depression.

131. Distal aspect
• The gross outline is similar to
the mesial aspect
• More of the tooth is seen from
this aspect because crown is
shorter distally.
• Distal marginal ridge is short &
made up of distal cusp ridge of
the distal cusp and distolingual
cusp ridge of the distolingual
cusp form the obtuse angle.
• Root surface is CONVEX and
apical portion of the root
appears to be more rounded.
• Distal root is more narrower
buccolingually than the mesial
root.
Cervical line is irregular and dipped
apically below the contact point

132. Occlusal aspect
•Occlusal aspect is
roughly hexagonal
•Crown is wider
mesiodistally than
buccolingually
•Mesial portion is wider
than distal portion.
•Mesiobuccal cusp is
the largest followed
by two lingual cusps,
then the distobuccal,
& smallest distal cusp.

133. The elevations and
depressions on this
surface are –
1. Ridges :
• Mesial & distal marginal
ridge.
• Two transverse ridges
are formed by triangular
ridges of Mesiobuccal &
Mesiolingual cusps and
Distobuccal and
Distolingual cusps

134. 2. Pit :
• Central pit- all
developmental
groove converge in
the center of central
fossa at the central
pit.
• Buccal & lingual
supplemental groove
join at the Mesial pit
and Distal pit

135. Mandibular
Second Molar

136. FIRST EVIDENCE OF CALCIFICATION 2½-3 YEARS
ENAMEL COMPLETED 7-8 YEARS
ERUPTION 11-13 YEARS
ROOT COMPLETED 14-15 YEARS
DIMENSIONS
CERVICO
INCISAL
LENGTH
OF
CROWN
LENG
TH
OF
ROO
T
MESIOD
ISTAL
DIAMET
ER OF
CROWN
MESIO
DISTAL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N AT
CERVIX
LABIO
OR
BUCCO
LINGU
AL
DIAME
TER OF
CROW
N
LABIO
OR
BUCCOLI
NGUAL
DIAMETE
R OF
CROWN
AT
CERVIX
CURVA
TURE
OF
CERVIC
AL LINE
-
MESIAL
CURVAT
URE OF
CERVICA
L LINE -
DISTAL
7.0 13.0 10.5 8.0 10.0 9.0 1.0 0.0

137. Buccal
aspect
Mandibular 1st Molar Mandibular 2nd
Molar
More convergence of
crown
Less cervical
convergence of crown
Two buccal grooves Only one buccal groove
Contact area not located
cervically
More cervically located
contact area
Longer root trunk and
curved roots
Shorter root trunks and
straighter roots
Roots are not closer
together
Roots are closer
together
Buccal
developmental
groove

138. • Crown is shorter
cervico-occlusally and
narrower mesiodistally
than first molar
• Root are inclined
distally
• 2 buccal cusps & 2
lingual cusps are
present. MB cusp
WIDER than DB CUSP

139. Lingual aspect
• Both lingual cusps are
pointed
• Mesiolingual cusp is
longest & wider than the
distolingual cusp.
• Crown & root both
converges lingually
• Mesiodistal width at the
cervix is greater than that
of 1st molar.

140. Mesial and
Distal aspect
Mesial aspect Distal aspect
Buccal
Cervical
ridge is
less
pronounc
ed
Distal cusp is
absent
Occlusal
surface is
more narrow
buccolinguall
y
-
Mesial Distal

141. Occlusal
aspect
Mandibular 1st Molar Mandibular 2nd
Molar
Crown outline roughly
pentagon
More rectangular outline
Cross shaped groove
pattern not observed
Cross shaped groove
pattern
Crown tapers more from
buccal to lingual
Crown taper from buccal to
lingual is less
Central groove is zig-zag Central groove is straight

142. Anomalies in
Posterior Teeth

143. Dens evaginatus –
• Cusp like elevation of
enamel in central groove
• Seen in mainly molars and
central incisors.
• Also commonly seen on
first premolar, known as
Leong’s Premolar.

144. Taurodontism –
• Enlargement of body and
pulp chamber of
multirooted teeth with
apical displacement of
pulpal floor.
• Seen mainly in
molars(bull teeth).

145. Conclusion

146.  Exact tooth contours can only be reproduced
in a restoration when we are clear with the
anatomy of that particular tooth .
 Study the morphology of the teeth helps us
to understand the relationship of teeth to
one another and visualize the crown
contours in order to adapt the instruments
properly .
 We provide the patient with a harmonious
occlusion and in turn healthy and physiologic
stomatognathic system