The maxillary central incisor is usually the most prominent tooth in the mouth. It has a nearly straight incisal edge and is larger than the neighboring lateral incisor. Key characteristics include being the widest tooth mesiodistally, having a less convex labial surface giving it a more rectangular shape, nearly symmetrical crown, and sharper mesioincisal angle compared to the rounded distoincisal angle. The root is generally conical in shape with some variation in length and potential distal tilting. Internally, the pulp cavity follows the outline of the crown and root, being narrower incisally and wider cervically.
The document describes the anatomical features and characteristics of the permanent maxillary premolars. Some key points:
- The maxillary first premolar typically has two roots and two canals, while the second premolar usually has a single root with one or two canals.
- The maxillary first premolar has two approximately equal-sized cusps, with the lingual cusp about 1mm shorter than the facial cusp. It emerges after the lateral incisor but before the canine.
- Both maxillary premolars are wider from facial to lingual than from mesial to distal. The first premolar crown profile is hexagonal while the second is more ovoid.
The document describes the anatomy and development of the maxillary second molar. It begins calcifying at age 3, the crown is completed by age 7-8, and it erupts around age 12. The crown has a rhomboid shape and four main cusps, though the distolingual cusp can be smaller giving it a heart-like appearance. The maxillary second molar resembles the first molar but rarely has a fifth cusp and usually has more grooves.
The document discusses the morphology and dimensions of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the mandibular central incisor as the smallest tooth with a narrow labial surface, bilaterally symmetrical sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles, and a concave lingual surface. It is typically the first mandibular incisor to erupt between ages 6-7. The mandibular lateral incisor has a slightly wider crown that tapers cervically giving it a fan-like shape and more pronounced lingual concavity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The canine has 5 surfaces - labial, lingual, mesial, incisal, and distal. The crown has 4 lobes with the middle lobe well-developed. The labial and lingual surfaces have trapezoid outlines that are smallest cervically. The mesial slope is shorter than the distal slope and the cusp tip is pointed and slightly mesially deviated. The lingual ridge extends from the cusp tip to the cingulum on the upper canine but is poorly developed on the lower canine. The root tapers to a distally curved apex. The pulp cavity follows the outline of the crown and root with one root canal in most canines.
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR AND LATERAL INCISORS.pptDentalYoutube
The permanent mandibular incisors are the smallest teeth in the dental arches with narrow crowns. They have conical roots that are curved distally. The labial surface of the crown is flattened near the incisal edge and more convex in the middle. The lingual surface has marginal ridges and a shallow lingual fossa. The pulp chamber is largest at the cervical region and narrows incisally with a single pulp horn usually prominent in the mesiodistal view. Variations include very broad crowns or roots.
This document provides information about the maxillary canine tooth. It discusses the anatomy including tooth aspects, eruption timeline, functions, variations, anomalies, and treatment considerations for impacted canines. Specifically, it notes that the maxillary canine has the longest root and eruption path of the anterior teeth. Factors like issues with the lateral incisor can affect canine eruption and may result in impaction. Treatment options for an impacted canine include space maintenance, guided eruption after exposure, or surgical repositioning.
The document describes the anatomical features and characteristics of the permanent maxillary premolars. Some key points:
- The maxillary first premolar typically has two roots and two canals, while the second premolar usually has a single root with one or two canals.
- The maxillary first premolar has two approximately equal-sized cusps, with the lingual cusp about 1mm shorter than the facial cusp. It emerges after the lateral incisor but before the canine.
- Both maxillary premolars are wider from facial to lingual than from mesial to distal. The first premolar crown profile is hexagonal while the second is more ovoid.
The document describes the anatomy and development of the maxillary second molar. It begins calcifying at age 3, the crown is completed by age 7-8, and it erupts around age 12. The crown has a rhomboid shape and four main cusps, though the distolingual cusp can be smaller giving it a heart-like appearance. The maxillary second molar resembles the first molar but rarely has a fifth cusp and usually has more grooves.
The document discusses the morphology and dimensions of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the mandibular central incisor as the smallest tooth with a narrow labial surface, bilaterally symmetrical sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles, and a concave lingual surface. It is typically the first mandibular incisor to erupt between ages 6-7. The mandibular lateral incisor has a slightly wider crown that tapers cervically giving it a fan-like shape and more pronounced lingual concavity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The canine has 5 surfaces - labial, lingual, mesial, incisal, and distal. The crown has 4 lobes with the middle lobe well-developed. The labial and lingual surfaces have trapezoid outlines that are smallest cervically. The mesial slope is shorter than the distal slope and the cusp tip is pointed and slightly mesially deviated. The lingual ridge extends from the cusp tip to the cingulum on the upper canine but is poorly developed on the lower canine. The root tapers to a distally curved apex. The pulp cavity follows the outline of the crown and root with one root canal in most canines.
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR AND LATERAL INCISORS.pptDentalYoutube
The permanent mandibular incisors are the smallest teeth in the dental arches with narrow crowns. They have conical roots that are curved distally. The labial surface of the crown is flattened near the incisal edge and more convex in the middle. The lingual surface has marginal ridges and a shallow lingual fossa. The pulp chamber is largest at the cervical region and narrows incisally with a single pulp horn usually prominent in the mesiodistal view. Variations include very broad crowns or roots.
This document provides information about the maxillary canine tooth. It discusses the anatomy including tooth aspects, eruption timeline, functions, variations, anomalies, and treatment considerations for impacted canines. Specifically, it notes that the maxillary canine has the longest root and eruption path of the anterior teeth. Factors like issues with the lateral incisor can affect canine eruption and may result in impaction. Treatment options for an impacted canine include space maintenance, guided eruption after exposure, or surgical repositioning.
The document summarizes the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the tooth's features including having 12 teeth total, being the largest and strongest teeth, having no deciduous predecessors, and being multi-rooted. It describes the tooth's surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and prominent anatomical landmarks visible from different aspects including cusps, ridges, grooves, and fossae. Diagrams illustrate the occlusal, mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual views of the tooth highlighting its geometric outlines, roots, and other notable structures.
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It discusses their chronology, type and function, number of surfaces, roots, and relation to other teeth. It provides detailed descriptions of the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surface anatomy of both teeth. Key differences between the central and lateral incisors are noted, such as the lateral incisor being slightly larger in all dimensions and having a twisted crown.
The document discusses the development of occlusion from birth through adulthood. It describes the key periods of occlusal development as the neonatal period, primary dentition period, mixed dentition period, and permanent dentition period. During each period, tooth eruption sequences and changes in overbite, overjet, and molar and incisor relationships are outlined. The document also discusses the keys to ideal occlusion as proposed by Andrew, including molar interarch relationship, crown angulation and inclination, absence of tooth rotation, tight contacts, and having a curve of Spee not exceeding 1.5mm.
Permanent posterior teeth mandibular first, second and third molarsHeatherSeghi
This document describes the permanent posterior teeth of the mandible, specifically the first, second, and third molars. It provides details on the characteristics, identifying features, eruption timeline and root morphology of each tooth. The key points are that the mandibular first molar has 5 cusps and 2 roots, the second molar has 4 cusps and 2 roots, and the third molar frequently has developmental anomalies and fused roots.
Maxillary premolars have several distinguishing anatomical features:
1) The maxillary first premolar has the widest crown of the eight premolars and its mesial and distal sides converge more noticeably.
2) The maxillary first premolar typically has two divided roots branching from a common trunk, whereas the second premolar root is usually longer.
3) Several features differentiate the maxillary first and second premolars when viewed from different aspects, including differences in cusp size, shape, and position as well as root morphology and cervical line curvature.
The document describes the anatomy of the permanent mandibular central incisor tooth. It notes that the tooth develops from four lobes, is smaller in all dimensions than the maxillary incisors, and has a labial inclination of the incisal surface. The crown is trapezoidal in shape with a straight incisal ridge meeting the root at a right angle. The root is narrow mesiodistally but wide labiolingually, tapering to a small pointed tip that often curves distally.
The document discusses the anatomy of permanent mandibular incisors. It describes the central and lateral incisors, noting that they are the simplest teeth in the mouth. Key details include their arch positions, development timelines, and characteristics of the crowns, roots, and individual surfaces. The central incisor is slightly smaller than the lateral, and both have narrow mesiodistal widths and symmetrical features.
The document summarizes the key morphological features of deciduous teeth. It describes that deciduous teeth are smaller than permanent teeth, with thinner enamel and larger pulp chambers. It then provides detailed descriptions of each deciduous tooth type, including their eruption times, root morphology, and distinguishing crown features. Specific traits of each maxillary and mandibular tooth are defined.
Enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and forms a protective covering on the tooth. It is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals with a small amount of organic material. Enamel has a highly organized microscopic structure of enamel rods (prisms) that extend from the enamel-dentin junction to the enamel surface. The direction of the rods helps provide strength to the enamel. Between the rods is interprismatic enamel cementing the rods together. Disruptions during enamel formation and maturation can result in enamel abnormalities.
This document discusses the morphology and dimensions of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides its average dimensions. The central incisor is the smallest tooth with a narrow labial surface and bilaterally symmetrical sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles. It also briefly outlines the morphology of the lateral incisor, noting it is slightly wider with a fan-shaped crown. The objectives are to identify the mandibular incisors and understand their morphology and distinguishing surfaces.
This document provides information about the maxillary lateral incisor tooth. It discusses the tooth's numbering, chronology of development, typical dimensions, and distinguishing anatomical features and traits compared to other teeth. The maxillary lateral incisor is located between the central incisor and canine. It has a rectangular crown shape with rounded mesial and distal outlines and plays a role in functions like shearing food and supporting the lips.
This document summarizes the morphology and dimensions of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides measurements of crown length, root length, and cervical line curvature. It also briefly outlines the chronology of central incisor development and eruption and notes that the lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor and has more rounded mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and more prominent marginal ridges and cingulum lingually.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the permanent maxillary central incisor tooth. It describes the tooth's size, shape, features on the labial/lingual surfaces such as developmental grooves and cusps, eruption timing, and root morphology. Specific aspects covered include the trapezoidal crown shape that is wider mesiodistally than the other incisors, prominence of the lingual cingulum, and triangular root that tapers to a rounded tip.
Centered in the maxilla, one on either side of median line, with mesial surface of each in contact with mesial surface of other
Two in number
Larger than the lateral incisor
These teeth supplement each other in function, and they are similar anatomically
Shearing or cutting teeth
Major function is to punch and cut food material during the process of mastication
These teeth have incisal ridges or edges rather than
cusps such as are found on canines & posterior teeth
First evidence of calcification
Crown completion
Eruption
Root completion
3-4 months
4-5 years
7-8 years
10-11 years
Concepts of dental occlusion and importance of six keys of occlusion in orth...Dr.Maulik patel
This document provides an overview of concepts of occlusion. It begins with introducing the importance of understanding occlusion in dentistry and orthodontics. It then discusses the development of occlusion concepts from fictional, hypothetical to factual periods. Key figures like Angle, Case and their contributions are explained.
Normal, ideal and traumatic occlusions are defined. Factors determining tooth position like forces from muscles and contacts are covered. Concepts like curves of Spee, Wilson and Monson are explained. Classifications of occlusion based on mandibular position and relationships to first molars are summarized. Finally, occlusion patterns like canine guidance and cusp-fossa are briefly described.
This document provides details on the anatomy of various anterior teeth, including the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors. It describes the crown and root morphology, measurements, and developmental characteristics of the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular central incisor, and mandibular lateral incisor. Key anatomical features discussed include crown outlines, surfaces, contact areas, developmental grooves, root shape, pulp cavity morphology, and comparative measurements between tooth types.
The document describes the anatomy of mandibular molars. It discusses the crown and root morphology of the first, second, and third molars. Key points include that first molars have the largest dimensions and five cusps, second molars typically have four cusps, and third molars often have irregular crown morphology and short, fused roots. The document also highlights anatomical features like cusp size, root curvature, and cervical line morphology across the different mandibular molar types.
morphology of mandibular central and lateral incisors teethAkram bhuiyan
This document discusses the morphology and anatomy of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the key features of each tooth, including their labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces. The mandibular central incisor is the smallest tooth and has bilateral symmetry. It has sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles. The mandibular lateral incisor is slightly wider and has a more concave lingual fossa. Dimensions and eruption times of each tooth are also provided. The objectives are to identify the mandibular incisors and understand their morphology.
The document provides details on the anatomy of permanent maxillary lateral incisors. It notes that laterals resemble centrals in function and form, but are generally smaller in all dimensions except root length. Key identifying features include an acute mesioincisal angle and rounded distoincisal angle, and a single, tapered and distally-pointed root. Variations can include peg-shaped laterals with thin roots and small crowns, missing laterals, or large tubercles on the cingulum.
The document discusses the anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary lateral incisors. It begins by listing some general traits of incisors, such as being rectangular in shape and tapering from the contact area to the cervix. It then describes specific traits of maxillary lateral incisors, noting they are smaller than central incisors except for the root, and the crown is shorter by 1-1.5mm. It discusses variations seen in lateral incisors and different tooth numbering systems used to identify them. The document concludes by covering developmental timing, measurements, and detailed morphology from the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects. It also discusses some applied morphology considerations for maxillary lateral
1. This document describes the morphology and key differences between deciduous and permanent teeth. It focuses on the anatomy of maxillary and mandibular incisors.
2. Maxillary incisors are larger with a prominent lingual fossa and cingulum. Mandibular incisors are narrow with sharp mesioincisal angles.
3. Differences between lateral and central incisors include size, shape of proximal surfaces, and position of the cingulum. Lateral incisors have a more rounded crown outline.
The document summarizes the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the tooth's features including having 12 teeth total, being the largest and strongest teeth, having no deciduous predecessors, and being multi-rooted. It describes the tooth's surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and prominent anatomical landmarks visible from different aspects including cusps, ridges, grooves, and fossae. Diagrams illustrate the occlusal, mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual views of the tooth highlighting its geometric outlines, roots, and other notable structures.
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It discusses their chronology, type and function, number of surfaces, roots, and relation to other teeth. It provides detailed descriptions of the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surface anatomy of both teeth. Key differences between the central and lateral incisors are noted, such as the lateral incisor being slightly larger in all dimensions and having a twisted crown.
The document discusses the development of occlusion from birth through adulthood. It describes the key periods of occlusal development as the neonatal period, primary dentition period, mixed dentition period, and permanent dentition period. During each period, tooth eruption sequences and changes in overbite, overjet, and molar and incisor relationships are outlined. The document also discusses the keys to ideal occlusion as proposed by Andrew, including molar interarch relationship, crown angulation and inclination, absence of tooth rotation, tight contacts, and having a curve of Spee not exceeding 1.5mm.
Permanent posterior teeth mandibular first, second and third molarsHeatherSeghi
This document describes the permanent posterior teeth of the mandible, specifically the first, second, and third molars. It provides details on the characteristics, identifying features, eruption timeline and root morphology of each tooth. The key points are that the mandibular first molar has 5 cusps and 2 roots, the second molar has 4 cusps and 2 roots, and the third molar frequently has developmental anomalies and fused roots.
Maxillary premolars have several distinguishing anatomical features:
1) The maxillary first premolar has the widest crown of the eight premolars and its mesial and distal sides converge more noticeably.
2) The maxillary first premolar typically has two divided roots branching from a common trunk, whereas the second premolar root is usually longer.
3) Several features differentiate the maxillary first and second premolars when viewed from different aspects, including differences in cusp size, shape, and position as well as root morphology and cervical line curvature.
The document describes the anatomy of the permanent mandibular central incisor tooth. It notes that the tooth develops from four lobes, is smaller in all dimensions than the maxillary incisors, and has a labial inclination of the incisal surface. The crown is trapezoidal in shape with a straight incisal ridge meeting the root at a right angle. The root is narrow mesiodistally but wide labiolingually, tapering to a small pointed tip that often curves distally.
The document discusses the anatomy of permanent mandibular incisors. It describes the central and lateral incisors, noting that they are the simplest teeth in the mouth. Key details include their arch positions, development timelines, and characteristics of the crowns, roots, and individual surfaces. The central incisor is slightly smaller than the lateral, and both have narrow mesiodistal widths and symmetrical features.
The document summarizes the key morphological features of deciduous teeth. It describes that deciduous teeth are smaller than permanent teeth, with thinner enamel and larger pulp chambers. It then provides detailed descriptions of each deciduous tooth type, including their eruption times, root morphology, and distinguishing crown features. Specific traits of each maxillary and mandibular tooth are defined.
Enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and forms a protective covering on the tooth. It is composed primarily of inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals with a small amount of organic material. Enamel has a highly organized microscopic structure of enamel rods (prisms) that extend from the enamel-dentin junction to the enamel surface. The direction of the rods helps provide strength to the enamel. Between the rods is interprismatic enamel cementing the rods together. Disruptions during enamel formation and maturation can result in enamel abnormalities.
This document discusses the morphology and dimensions of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides its average dimensions. The central incisor is the smallest tooth with a narrow labial surface and bilaterally symmetrical sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles. It also briefly outlines the morphology of the lateral incisor, noting it is slightly wider with a fan-shaped crown. The objectives are to identify the mandibular incisors and understand their morphology and distinguishing surfaces.
This document provides information about the maxillary lateral incisor tooth. It discusses the tooth's numbering, chronology of development, typical dimensions, and distinguishing anatomical features and traits compared to other teeth. The maxillary lateral incisor is located between the central incisor and canine. It has a rectangular crown shape with rounded mesial and distal outlines and plays a role in functions like shearing food and supporting the lips.
This document summarizes the morphology and dimensions of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides measurements of crown length, root length, and cervical line curvature. It also briefly outlines the chronology of central incisor development and eruption and notes that the lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor and has more rounded mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and more prominent marginal ridges and cingulum lingually.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the permanent maxillary central incisor tooth. It describes the tooth's size, shape, features on the labial/lingual surfaces such as developmental grooves and cusps, eruption timing, and root morphology. Specific aspects covered include the trapezoidal crown shape that is wider mesiodistally than the other incisors, prominence of the lingual cingulum, and triangular root that tapers to a rounded tip.
Centered in the maxilla, one on either side of median line, with mesial surface of each in contact with mesial surface of other
Two in number
Larger than the lateral incisor
These teeth supplement each other in function, and they are similar anatomically
Shearing or cutting teeth
Major function is to punch and cut food material during the process of mastication
These teeth have incisal ridges or edges rather than
cusps such as are found on canines & posterior teeth
First evidence of calcification
Crown completion
Eruption
Root completion
3-4 months
4-5 years
7-8 years
10-11 years
Concepts of dental occlusion and importance of six keys of occlusion in orth...Dr.Maulik patel
This document provides an overview of concepts of occlusion. It begins with introducing the importance of understanding occlusion in dentistry and orthodontics. It then discusses the development of occlusion concepts from fictional, hypothetical to factual periods. Key figures like Angle, Case and their contributions are explained.
Normal, ideal and traumatic occlusions are defined. Factors determining tooth position like forces from muscles and contacts are covered. Concepts like curves of Spee, Wilson and Monson are explained. Classifications of occlusion based on mandibular position and relationships to first molars are summarized. Finally, occlusion patterns like canine guidance and cusp-fossa are briefly described.
This document provides details on the anatomy of various anterior teeth, including the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors. It describes the crown and root morphology, measurements, and developmental characteristics of the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular central incisor, and mandibular lateral incisor. Key anatomical features discussed include crown outlines, surfaces, contact areas, developmental grooves, root shape, pulp cavity morphology, and comparative measurements between tooth types.
The document describes the anatomy of mandibular molars. It discusses the crown and root morphology of the first, second, and third molars. Key points include that first molars have the largest dimensions and five cusps, second molars typically have four cusps, and third molars often have irregular crown morphology and short, fused roots. The document also highlights anatomical features like cusp size, root curvature, and cervical line morphology across the different mandibular molar types.
morphology of mandibular central and lateral incisors teethAkram bhuiyan
This document discusses the morphology and anatomy of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It describes the key features of each tooth, including their labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces. The mandibular central incisor is the smallest tooth and has bilateral symmetry. It has sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles. The mandibular lateral incisor is slightly wider and has a more concave lingual fossa. Dimensions and eruption times of each tooth are also provided. The objectives are to identify the mandibular incisors and understand their morphology.
The document provides details on the anatomy of permanent maxillary lateral incisors. It notes that laterals resemble centrals in function and form, but are generally smaller in all dimensions except root length. Key identifying features include an acute mesioincisal angle and rounded distoincisal angle, and a single, tapered and distally-pointed root. Variations can include peg-shaped laterals with thin roots and small crowns, missing laterals, or large tubercles on the cingulum.
The document discusses the anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary lateral incisors. It begins by listing some general traits of incisors, such as being rectangular in shape and tapering from the contact area to the cervix. It then describes specific traits of maxillary lateral incisors, noting they are smaller than central incisors except for the root, and the crown is shorter by 1-1.5mm. It discusses variations seen in lateral incisors and different tooth numbering systems used to identify them. The document concludes by covering developmental timing, measurements, and detailed morphology from the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects. It also discusses some applied morphology considerations for maxillary lateral
1. This document describes the morphology and key differences between deciduous and permanent teeth. It focuses on the anatomy of maxillary and mandibular incisors.
2. Maxillary incisors are larger with a prominent lingual fossa and cingulum. Mandibular incisors are narrow with sharp mesioincisal angles.
3. Differences between lateral and central incisors include size, shape of proximal surfaces, and position of the cingulum. Lateral incisors have a more rounded crown outline.
This document provides a detailed overview of canine tooth anatomy for both the maxillary and mandibular canines. It describes the key features of the crown and root for each, including their morphology, dimensions, eruption timeline, and positioning within the dental arches. The maxillary canine has a single pointed cusp and plays an intermediate role between incising and grinding. Both canines have a prominent lingual ridge and their roots taper gradually to a pointed apex.
The maxillary canine tooth is described through several key characteristics:
- It is the third tooth from the midline on both sides of the upper jaw.
- It has the longest single root of any tooth and a crown similar in length to the upper central incisors.
- The single pointed cusp resembles carnivore canines and provides strong anchorage via the long root.
- The canine functions to support the incisors and premolars since it is positioned between these teeth.
This document describes the anatomy and features of a maxillary central incisor tooth. Some key points:
- Maxillary central incisors are the largest of the anterior teeth and are located in the center of the upper jaw.
- They have convex labial surfaces, straight mesial sides, and rounded distal sides. Lingual surfaces have a concavity below the cingulum.
- Roots are single, conical and taper to a rounded apex. Cross-sections are triangular near the crown and more ovoid in the middle of the root.
- Functions include cutting and shearing food during chewing. Dimensions and features vary developmentally over time from crown completion to root completion
Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors-Dr Saba ArshadDr.Saba Arshad
Lecture on Maxillary Central Incisor-BDS 1st year
Learning Objectives;
1. To define and pronounce the terminologies of permanent dentition.
2. To label the anatomical landmarks of permanent maxillary central incisor.
3. To discuss the curves and segments of maxillary central incisors.
4. To be able to correctly draw the graph outline.
5. To be able to carve the teeth on wax models.
6. To discuss anatomical variations.
Reference;
1. Ash MM Jr 1993 Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion, 7th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
2. Berkovitz, B. K., G. R. Holland, et al. (2017). Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.
The maxillary central incisor is the most prominent tooth in the dental arch. It has a rectangular shape that is wider from side to side than front to back. The crown sits directly over the root with no portion of the root visible. There can be variations in the depth of the lingual fossa and amount of convergence of the mesial and distal surfaces. Rare anomalies include Hutchinson's incisors which have a screwdriver shape, talon cusps on the lingual surface, and extra supernumerary teeth between the central incisors.
The document describes the anatomy and features of the maxillary central incisor tooth. It details the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects of the tooth. It notes that the maxillary central incisor is the second permanent tooth to erupt between ages 7-8. Dimensions of the tooth are provided including root length, crown length, and mesiodistal and labiolingual diameters. The maxillary lateral incisor is then briefly discussed, noting it is shorter and narrower than the central incisor.
- Permanent premolars are eight teeth total, with four in the maxilla and four in the mandible. They are located between the canines and molars.
- Maxillary premolars have two cusps, shorter crowns and roots than canines, and the first premolar is larger than the second. The maxillary first premolar has two roots, characteristic grooves and depressions, and identifying features like its cusp shapes and positions.
- The maxillary second premolar has equal height cusps, a shorter mesial buccal slope, no mesial depression, a single root, and a more rounded occlusal surface with an irregular central groove.
- Permanent premolars are eight teeth total, with four in the maxilla and four in the mandible. They are located between the canines and molars.
- The maxillary first premolar has two cusps, two roots, and characteristic features including a developmental groove on the mesial surface.
- The maxillary second premolar has equal height cusps, a single root, and a more rounded occlusal surface compared to the first premolar.
This document provides a detailed anatomical description of the maxillary first molar tooth. It notes that the tooth has the largest crown size in the maxillary arch, with four well-formed cusps. It may also occasionally feature a fifth cusp called the tubercle of Carabelli. The document describes the occlusal anatomy, cusp features, developmental grooves, root anatomy, and characteristics of the tooth from different aspects.
The document summarizes the morphology of mandibular incisors. It describes the features of central and lateral incisors, including their number, size, eruption timing, contact points, and root characteristics. It also discusses variations that can be seen clinically, such as missing teeth, ectopic eruption, peg-shaped teeth, and fusion. Complications like calculus deposition, attrition, and implant challenges are mentioned. The morphology of the pulp cavities and clinical considerations for mandibular incisors are summarized.
This document provides information about deciduous maxillary central incisors. It discusses their eruption timeline, root completion, exfoliation schedule, and distinguishing features from different aspects. Key points include:
- They erupt at 10 months, roots are complete by 1.5 years, and are exfoliated by 7 years.
- The mesioincisal angle is sharper and distoincisal angle is rounder, distinguishing left from right.
- Lingually, they have a prominent cingulum and marginal ridges compared to permanent incisors.
- Mesially, the cervical line curves toward the incisal edge and the root may have a depression/groove.
- Their crown
Dental anatomy of mandibular incisal and canineMohammedSidqi1
This document provides anatomical details about mandibular incisors, specifically the central incisor. It describes the smaller size and different shape of mandibular incisors compared to maxillary incisors. Key details about the central incisor include its narrow mesiodistal root, wide labiolingual crown and root, straight incisal edge oriented at a right angle to the long axis, and bilateral symmetry visible from the incisal aspect. The lingual, mesial, distal and labial surfaces are described in detail regarding their contours, curvatures and features like cingulums.
The document describes the anatomy and morphology of maxillary central incisors. Key points:
- Maxillary central incisors are the largest anterior teeth, located bilaterally in the maxilla near the midline.
- Their primary functions are biting, cutting, and shearing food during mastication.
- Anatomically, they have convex labial surfaces, developmental depressions, cingula and lingual fossae on their crowns. Their roots are single, tapered and wider labially.
- Dimensions and developmental timing are also provided.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of teeth. It begins by explaining how proper tooth form and alignment promotes efficiency during chewing. It then describes various protective and functional aspects of tooth form, including proximal contact areas, interproximal areas, embrasures, heights of contour, and curvature of the cementoenamel junction. For each structure, it provides details on their importance, location on different teeth, and comparisons between maxillary and mandibular teeth. It also discusses axial alignment of teeth and compares the anatomical features of maxillary central and lateral incisors. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of tooth morphology and its relationship to function.
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL AND LATERAL INCISOR.pptsmithanaik1980
The document describes the anatomy and features of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. It discusses that the mandibular central incisor is the smallest tooth and is bilaterally symmetrical, while the lateral incisor is slightly larger with an incisal edge that declines distally. Key distinguishing features between the two incisors include the lateral having a lower distal contact point, distally tipped crown, and distolingual twist of the incisal edge. Both assist in biting and cutting food from the front view appearing as narrow teeth with a straight incisal edge and tapering sides.
This document provides details on the anatomy and morphology of maxillary and mandibular incisors. It describes the key identifying features, chronology of development, and anatomical features of the maxillary central incisor including its labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects as well as variations. It then summarizes the anatomy of the maxillary lateral incisor and notes it is generally smaller than the central incisor but with greater morphological variation. Finally, it briefly introduces the four mandibular incisors.
Cusps, ridges, grooves and other anatomical landmarks help divide the surfaces of teeth and contribute to their function. Cusps are elevations that divide the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, while ridges like marginal ridges form the boundaries between teeth. Developmental grooves separate the lobes that form during tooth development and become landmarks like pits and fissures where caries can initiate.
This document provides an overview of dental morphology and tooth anatomy. It discusses the parts of the tooth including the crown, root, cervical line, and defines anatomical vs clinical crowns and roots. It describes the primary and permanent dentitions, including their dental formulas. It also covers dental notation systems including the universal, Palmer, and FDI methods for identifying individual teeth.
The document discusses guidelines for preparing an access cavity for endodontic treatment. It describes the importance of the access cavity in allowing visualization and access to all root canals. Key steps in access preparation include complete removal of the pulp chamber roof, removal of dentinal shoulders, and preparation of cavity walls to allow straight-line access to the canals without obstruction. Examples of access cavity designs are provided for different types of teeth, focusing on locating canal orifices and achieving optimal access. The document emphasizes that a properly designed access cavity is essential for successful root canal treatment.
Introduction to operative dentistry and Patient assessment.pptxridwana30
Introduction and the scope of operative dentistry with advancement of operative field. The examination procedure for assessing a patient for operative treatment and reaching a comprehensive treatment plan.
The early development of tooth from six week of prenatal life. Description of different stages- bud,cap and bell stage and amelogenesis, dentinogenesis. Description of root development.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. Dr. Ridwana Kawsar
BDS (CMC), BCS (Health)
MS (Conservative Dentistry &Endodontics - BSMMU)
Lecturer, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College( ShSMC)
Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka
Central Incisors
Upper & Lower
2.
3. Classtraits of Incisors
• Incisors are rectangular in shape
• They have a longer cervicoincisal dimension than mesiodistal dimension (CI > MD) (Height is more than
width)
• Tapers from the contact area to the cervix in mesiodistal direction (Narrow at the cervical line and broad at
the incisal area)
• Mesial outline is less convex than distal outline in all incisors except mandibular central incisors which is
bilaterally symmetrical
• Mesioincisal line angle is less rounded than distoincisal angle except mandibular central incisor
• Mesial contact area is situated in incisal one-third and distal contact is in middle of middle one-third except
for mandibular central incisor, because it is the only bilaterally symmetrical tooth with both contacts at same
level
• From labial aspect, the mesiodistal dimension is less than the labiolingual dimension (MD < LaLi)
• All incisors converge lingually, both in crown and root aspect
• Roots are longer than crown, but length of the crown is comparatively longer than the root
• From proximal aspect, both labial and lingual crests of curvature are seen in cervical 1/3
• Teeth are ‘wedge’ shaped from proximal view and have shallow ‘S’ shaped lingual outline
• Incisal edges converge lingually and terminate at mesial and distal ends
• Root shape is conical, frequently taper from cervix to apex. Roots are blunt and distal tilting may be seen or
straight to accommodate in dental arch.
4. The maxillary central incisor is present in the front part of upper jaw or the maxilla
and is usually the most visible and prominent of all teeth in the mouth. It is located
closer to the midline of the face mesial to the maxillary lateral incisor. It is larger
tooth among the anteriors. Maxillary central incisors function with lateral incisor in
cutting food. Overall, both central and lateral are similar in morphology and
supplement each other in function. There are no cusps on these teeth. The major
function is to cut food substance during mastication with the help of their incisal
surface. Formation of these teeth begins at 3–4 months of age for the permanent
teeth. Generally, there are differences occur in the appearance of this tooth in males
and females. In males, the size of the maxillary central incisor is usually larger than
in females. It is the most prominent tooth in the mouth and has a nearly straight
incisal edge.
5. Type traits of Maxillary central Incisor
• This tooth is larger and has a greater length than width. It is the largest tooth among the anteriors. It is larger than
the neighboring lateral incisor and both mandibular incisors.
• The permanent maxillary central incisor is the widest tooth mesiodistally in comparison to any other anterior tooth
• This is usually not as convex as other incisors on its labial surface. Hence the labial aspect is smoother and less
convex. As a result, the central incisor appears to be more rectangular or square in shape
• The maxillary central incisors are present on either side and contact each other at the midline of the maxillary arch
• The mesioincisal angle is sharper than the distoincisal angle and is approximately about 90°. The distoincisal
angle is rounded which is obtuse
• When the tooth is newly erupted, the incisal edge has three rounded features called ‘mamelons’ which later
disappear with time as the enamel wears away by friction
• Mesial outline is straight with incisor ridge or edge and distal outline is convex
• It is bilaterally symmetrical tooth expect distal outline which is convex and chronology has rounded distoincisal
angle
• Root is conical in shape.
Tooth numbering systems used to designate are:
6. The maxillary central incisor is the widest mesiodistally of any of the anterior teeth
The labial face is less convex than that of the maxillary lateral incisor or canine, which gives the central
incisor a squared or rectangular appearance
From this aspect, the crown nearly always looks symmetrical and regularly formed, having a nearly
straight incisal edge, a cervical line with even curvature toward the root, a mesial side with straight
outline, the distal side being more curved. The mesial incisal angle is relatively sharp, the distal incisal
angle rounded.
Although the labial surface of the crown is usually convex, especially toward the cervical third, some
central incisors are flat at the middle and incisal portions. The enamel surface is relatively smooth.
When the tooth is newly erupted or if little wear is evident, mamelons will be seen on the incisal ridge.
The middle one is the smallest. The developmental lines on the labial surface that divide the surface
into three parts are most noticeable at the middle portion if they can be distinguished at all
7. labial View
From the labial view, the tooth is widest mesiodistally than any other incisor tooth. The crown is longer
cervicoincisally than mesiodistally.
The mesial and distal outlines become narrower at the cervical part and are wider at the incisal end. The mesial
outline of the tooth is relatively or almost straight or slightly convex, whereas the distal outline is much more convex.
Hence, the crest of curvature (it is the highest point on a convexity or furthest point from the central axis of the tooth) is
closer to the mesioincisal angle on the mesial side while more cervical on the distal side.
The contact area on the mesial surface is located in the incisal third of the tooth, whereas on the distal surface it is
located near the junction of middle and incisal thirds. The mesioincisal angle is sharp and the distoincisal angle is
rounded.
Mamelons are present on newly erupted, unworn central incisors. Once the mamelons are worn away, the incisal
edge becomes straighter mesiodistally. The tooth converges or tapers in size mesiodistally from the labial side to
lingual side of the tooth.
The cervical line is convex and the convexity is towards the apex of the root in the center of the crown. This
makes the cervical line appear as a semicircle in shape.
8. The distal outline of the crown is more convex than the
mesial outline, with the crest of curvature higher toward the
cervical line.
The distoincisal angle is not as sharp as the mesioincisal
angle, the extent of curvature depending on the typal form
of the tooth.
The incisal outline is usually regular and straight in a
mesiodistal direction after the tooth has been in function
long enough to obliterate the mamelons. The incisal outline
tends to curve downward toward the center of the crown
outline, so that the crown length is greater at the center than
at the two mesial angles.
The cervical outline of the crown follows a semicircular
direction with the curvature rootwise, from the point at
which the root outline joins the crown mesially to the point
at which the root outline joins the crown distally.
9. From this view, the root is blunt and cone-shaped. Although there is a large amount of variation
between people, the length of the root is usually 2–3 mm longer the length of the crown. The root
also converges apically from cervical third and the root is tip blunt. Rarely, the root may be tilted at
the apical part towards distal side.
The outline form of the maxillary central incisor is normally correlated with the facial form,
profile and they do express either masculinity or femininity of an individual.
Variations in the general morphology or outline form of the maxillary central incisor also do exist
in many individuals. These variations are as follows:
Square form: In this form, both mesial and distal outlines are straighter. The mesiodistal width and the
cervicoincisal dimensions are almost equal.
Rectangular form: This form of teeth have a longer cervicoincisal dimension than Mesiodistal dimension.
This type is the most common.
Ovoid form: Here both the mesial and distal outlines are convex and contact areas are placed
equally in the same level at incisal third area.
10. The crown of the average central incisor will be 10 to 11 mm long from the highest point on
the cervical line to the lowest point on the incisal edge.
The mesiodistal measurement will be 8 to 9 mm wide at the contact areas.
The mesiodistal measurement, where the root joins the crown, will be 1.5 to 2 mm less.
The crests of curvature mesially and distally on the crown represent the areas at which the
central incisor contacts its neighbors.
Any change in the position of this crest of contour affects the level of the contact area
11.
12. (A) Square form of maxillary CI; (B) Rectangular form of maxillary CI;(C) Ovoid
form of maxillary CI
13. lingual View
The lingual outline of the maxillary central incisor is the reverse of that found on the labial aspect.
The lingual surface of the maxillary central incisor is irregular because of cingulum, marginal ridges, incisal ridge
and lingual fossa.
Cingulum is a small convexity at the cervical third portion, above the cervical line and is placed slightly distally.
Along the border of the mesial and distal sides, slightly raised portions are seen called ‘marginal ridges’. The
incisal end is also raised slightly to the level of the marginal ridges and few authors term this as ‘incisal ridge’.
The incisal ridge becomes flatter due to masticatory forces, as the age of the individual increases.
Lingual fossa, an irregular depression or concavity bordered incisally by the incisal ridge, mesially by the mesial
marginal ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge and cervically by the cingulum. Mesial marginal ridge is
longer and prominent than distal marginal ridge because cingulum is present slightly distally.
Mesial and distal outlines and contact areas are similar to labial aspect.
The cervical line is convex similar to the labial aspect. The root also converges lingually and thus, the mesial and
distal aspects of the labial portion can be seen. The root is tip blunt and straighter.
14. The crown and root taper
lingually, so that the crown
calibration at the two labial line
angles is greater than the
calibration at the two lingual line
angles, and the lingual portion of
the root is narrower than the
labial portion. A cross section of
the root at the cervix shows the
root to be generally triangular
with rounded angles. One side of
the triangle is labial, with the
mesial and distal sides pointing
lingually. The mesial side of this
triangle is slightly longer than the
distal side.
15. Mesial View
The mesial aspect of this tooth has the fundamental form of an incisor. The crown is wedge-shaped, or triangular,
with the base of the triangle at the cervix and the apex at the incisal ridge.
The crest of curvature for the labial and lingual surfaces is located at the cervical third area above the
cervical line. The labial surface of the crown is convex and the crest of curvature is at the junction of middle
and cervical thirds. It is straighter from crest of curvature to the incisal edge.
The lingual surface of the crown is ‘S’ shaped and is convex near the cingulum and incisal ridge areas. The
concavity is at the lingual fossa the area between the cingulum and incisal ridge.
Unlike most other teeth, when a line is drawn along the long axis of the tooth, passing through root tip it
passes through incisal tip. Rarely, the line is labially present. This feature is also seen in permanent maxillary
lateral incisors.
The root appears cone-shaped with a blunt apex. The cervical line from this view curves more towards the
incisal edge or ridge which more than any other tooth in the mouth. In an average crown, the curvature of
the cervical line is about to 3 mm.
16. Labially and lingually, immediately coronal to the cervical line
are the crests of curvature of these surfaces. These crests of
contour give the crown its greatest labiolingual
measurement.
The labial outline of the crown from the crest of curvature to
the incisal ridge is very slightly convex. The lingual outline is
convex at the point where it joins the crest of curvature at
the cingulum; it then becomes concave at the mesial
marginal ridge and slightly convex again at the linguoincisal
ridge and the incisal edge.
The cervical line outlining the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
mesially on the maxillary central incisor curves incisally to a
noticeable degree. This cervical curvature is greater on the
mesial surface of this tooth than on any surface of any other
tooth in the mouth. The curvature varies in extent,
depending on the length of the crown and the measurement
of the crown labiolingually. On an average central incisor of
10.5 to 11 mm in crown length, the curvature is 3 to 4 mm.
The root of this tooth from the mesial aspect is cone shaped,
and the apex of the root is usually bluntly rounded.
17. Distal View
The distal view of the tooth is very similar to the mesial
side with two modifications. The cervical line curves less
pronounced in comparison to the mesial side. The
contact area is located more cervical. The distal
marginal ridge is less prominent than the mesial
marginal ridge. So, a part of mesial marginal ridge can
be seen from this view.
Little difference is evident between the distal and mesial
outlines of this tooth. When looking at the central incisor
from the distal aspect, it may be noted that the crown
gives the impression of being somewhat thicker toward
the incisal third. Because of the slope of the labial surface
distolingually, more of that surface is seen from the distal
aspect; this creates the illusion of greater thickness.
Actually, most teeth are turned a little on their root bases
to adapt to the dental arch curvature. The maxillary
central incisor is no exception.
18. Incisal View
From the incisal view only the crown of the tooth is visible and
overall the tooth looks bilaterally symmetrical. Overall appearance
of incisal aspect is ‘conical’ or ‘triangle’. The labial surface is slightly
convex and appears broad and flat. The lingual surface tapers
toward the cingulum. The incisal edge is nearly a straight line,
though slightly crescent shaped. The distance between the
mesioincisal angle to the cingulum is slightly longer than the
distance between the distoincisal angle to the cingulum. Because of
longer mesial marginal ridge (MMR) and slight distally placed
cingulum.
19. Right and left: In determining a right from left, look for following points:
• The mesioincisal angle is sharp and the distoincisal angle is more rounded
• Position of contact points on both mesial and distal surfaces
• The curvature of cervical line is more on mesial than distal surface
• Longer mesial marginal ridge and slight distal positioning of cingulum seen
on lingual surface.
20. (A) Distally placed cingulum; (B) Normal lingual fossa and cingulum;
(C) Divided cingulum; (D) Prominent lingual fossa and cingulum
21. (A) Variation in the size of the tooth, mainly the roots are smaller than the crown in specimen
2,3,4 (compare with specimen 1); (B) Labially tilted root. Root do not tilt normally
22. Internal Anatomy
Labiolingual Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root. The pulp chamber is very narrow in the incisal region. If a great
amount of secondary or irritation-induced dentin has been produced, this portion of the pulp chamber may be partially or completely
obliterated.
In the cervical region of the tooth, the pulp chamber increases to its largest labiolingual dimension. Below the cervical area, the root
canal tapers, gradually ending in a constriction at the apex of the tooth (apical constriction).
The apical foramen is usually located near the very tip of the root but may be located slightly to the labial or lingual aspect of the root.
Mesiodistal Section
The pulp chamber is wider in the mesiodistal dimension than in the labiolingual dimension. The pulp cavity conforms to the general
shape of the outer surface of the tooth. If prominent mamelons are or have been present, it is not unusual to find definite
prolongations or pulp horns in the incisal region of the tooth. The pulp cavity then tapers rather evenly along its entire length until
reaching the apical constriction. The position of the apical foramen is usually slightly off center from the tip of the root, but some
foramina deviate drastically from the apex of the root.
Cervical and Midroot Cross Sections.
The pulp cavity is widest at about the cervical level, and the pulp chamber is generally centered within the dentin of the root. In young
individuals the pulp chamber is roughly triangular in outline, with the base of the triangle at the labial aspect of the root. As the
amount of secondary or reactive dentin increases, the pulp chamber becomes more round or crescent-shaped. The outline form of
the root at the cervical level is typically triangular with rounded corners, but some are more rectangular or angular with rounded
corners. The root and pulp canal ten d to be rounder at the midroot level than at the cervical level. The anatomy at the midroot level
is essentially the same as that found at the cervical level, just smaller in all dimensions.
23.
24.
25. Mandibular incisors
Like the upper incisors, mandibular incisors are also four in number, present on either side of the midline of
the face. Mandibular incisor teeth are not as prominent as maxillary incisors. The mandibular central incisor
is the first incisor, situated in the center of mandible on either side. The second incisor is the lateral incisor,
located distal to central incisors.
Mandibular incisors are smaller than any other teeth. These teeth are narrower in mesiodistal dimension
and have smooth surface both labially and lingually. Unlike, maxillary incisors, both mesial and distal
outlines are straight in mandibular incisors. The lingual surface is less pronounced and has less prominent
cingulum, lingual fossa and marginal ridges. Mandibular teeth have single root and is flatter mesiodistally.
The mandibular incisors are the first permanent teeth to replace the deciduous teeth. As a group, the
mandibular incisors act as moving blade and help in cutting the food substances. Although, the mandibular
incisors are anterior teeth, esthetically are not as important as the maxillary incisors. But, they are
important phonetically especially in the pronunciation of ‘S’ sounds. The mandibular incisors along with the
maxillary incisors support the lips. They have least developmental variations.
26. Mandibular central incisor
The mandibular central incisor is the smallest permanent tooth among both
the dental arches. These are located in the center of the mandible, one on
either side close to the midline. The mesial surface of each tooth is in contact to
one another. Both the central and the lateral incisors are similar in morphology
and complement each other in their function. The most important task is to cut
food substance with the help maxillary central incisor. The formation of
mandibular central incisor begins at 1–3 months of age. It has a straight incisal
edge. Mamelons are worn out shortly following eruption into the mouth and
are seen in later part of life if abnormal occlusion, termed as ‘malocclusion’,
exists.
27. Type traits of mandibular central incisor
• It is the smallest tooth and has a greater length than width. Mandibular central incisor is slightly smaller than
the neighboring mandibular lateral incisor
• Themandibularcentralincisorisalong,narrow,symmetrical tooth
• Thetoothiswiderlabiolinguallythan mesiodistally
• The labial aspect is smoother and less convex and appears more rectangular inshape
• Thecontactareasonboththemesialanddistalsurfacesareatthesame level
• Both the mesioincisal angle and the distoincisal angle are sharp and makeabout 90° angle
• When the tooth is newly erupted, the incisal edge has three rounded structures called ‘mamelons’, which later
disappear with time as the enamel wears awaybyfriction.
28.
29.
30. Labial view
From the labial view, the mandibular central incisor resembles the maxillary central incisor, but is
narrower mesiodistally.
The mandibular central incisor is a long, narrow, symmetrical tooth. The crown more is longer
cervicoincisally than both mesiodistally and labiolingually. Overall, the labial surface is flat and is
smoother, not convex as maxillary incisors. Slight convexity is present in cervical third part of labial
surface just incisal to the cervical line.
The incisal edge is straight. Mesial and distal outlines form straight lines and converge cervically.
The mesioincisal and distoincisal angles are sharp andabout 90° angle.
The contact areas on the mesial and distal surfaces both are at the same level located in incisal third
or just incisal to the junction of middle and incisal thirds.
The cervical line is convex, dips towards the apex of the root.
Mandibular central incisor has single root and is flatter mesiodistally. The root is straight with blunt
apex. Rarely root tip bends distally or labially.
31. The incisal ridge of the crown is straight and is at
approximately a right angle to the long axis of the tooth.
Usually, the mesial and distal outlines of the crown make a
straight drop downward from the incisal angles to the
contact areas, which are incisal to the junction of incisal and
middle thirds of the crown. The mesial and distal sides of the
crown taper evenly from the contact areas to the narrow
cervix.
The mesial and distal root outlines are straight with the
mesial and distal outlines of the crown down to the apical
portion.
The apical third of the root terminates in a small, pointed
taper, in most cases curving distally. Sometimes the roots are
straight.
The labial face of the mandibular central incisor crown is
ordinarily smooth, with a flattened surface at the incisal
third; the middle third is more convex, narrowing down to
the convexity of the root at the cervical portion.
Except in newly erupted teeth, central incisors show few
traces of developmental lines. The labial surface of the root
of the mandibular central incisor is regular and convex.
32. Lingualview
From this view, the outline is same as
the labial surface. Like all other incisors,
the lingual surface has mesial and distal
marginal ridges and a cingulum. But
these features are not very prominent.
So, the lingual surface is slightly
irregular. Both crown and root converge
lingually from labial aspect. The root is
flatter mesiodistally and is oval in
shape.
33. The lingual surface of the crown is smooth, with very slight concavity at the incisal third
between the inconspicuous marginal ridges. In some instances, the marginal ridges are more
prominent near the incisal edges. In these cases, the concavity between the marginal ridges is
more distinct.
The lingual surface becomes flat and then convex as progression is made from the incisal third
to the cervical third.
No developmental lines mark the cingulum development on this tooth at the cervical third. No
other tooth in the mouth, except the mandibular lateral incisor, shows so few developmental
lines and grooves.
The outlines and surfaces of the mandibular incisors are regular and symmetrical.
34. Proximal view
Both mesial and distal surfaces of the crown of the
tooth present as a ‘triangle’ or ‘wedge’ shaped with the
point at the incisal edge and the base at the cervix.
Developmental depressions are seen both on the
mesial and distal surfaces.
Incisal view
From the incisal view most of the labial surface crown of
the tooth is visible and the tooth looks bilaterally
symmetrical. Overall, appearance of the incisal aspect is
‘triangular’. The labial surface appears flat. The incisal
edge is straight and right angles to a line passing
labiolingually. Both the mesioincisal and distoincisal angles
are sharp. The tooth is wider labiolingually than
mesiodistally.
35. Mesial view
The mesial view considers the portion of the tooth closest to the
middle line of the face.
The crest of curvature for the labial and lingual surfaces is restricted
to the cervical third area just above the cervical line. The labial surface
of the crown is slightly convex and straight from the cervical third till
the incisal edge. The lingual surface of the crown is insignificantly ‘S’
shaped and has a small inconspicuous cingulum. The small concavity is
present at the lingual fossa area. When a line is drawn along the long
axis of the tooth, passing through root tip it passes labially or the
incisal edge is placed lingually to the line.
The root is wider labiolingually and end with a blunted apex. The
cervical line curves more incisally on the mesial surface. The
developmental depression is broader and shallow on the mesial
surface of the root. The developmental depression is longitudinal, and
mainly in the middle third of the root.
Distal view
The distal surface is similar to that of the mesial surface. The
developmental depression is prominent and deep on the root of distal
surface. The cervical line curves incisally about 1 mm less than on the
mesial surface.
36. Internal Anatomy
Labiolingual Section
The mandibular central incisor is the smallest tooth in the mouth, but its labiolingual dimension is very large. This tooth
usually has one canal; two canals may be found, but not very frequently. The pulp horn is well developed in this tooth.
As attrition occurs, reactive dentin is produced that will essentially move the pulp tissue farther from the original
location of the external surface of the tooth.
The pulp chamber may be very large intermediate in size, or very small. The pulp canal may taper gently to the apex or
narrow abruptly in the apical 3 to 4 mm of the root. The apical foramen may appear to exit at the apex or on the buccal
aspect of the root.
Mesiodistal Section
A buccal or facial view of a mesiodistal section of the mandibular central incisor demonstrates the narrowness of the
pulp cavity. The pulp horn is usually prominent but single. The canal also appears narrow, having a gentle taper from the
pulp chamber to the apical constriction. The canal may exit at the apex or mesially or distally to the apex of the root.
Cervical Cross Section
The cervical cross section demonstrates the proportions of the root. The mesiodistal dimension is small, whereas the
labiolingual dimension is very large. The external shape is variable; it may be round, oval, or elliptical. The more nearly
round the root, the more nearly round is the canal. Two separate canals may be present, or a dentinal island may make
it appear as though two canals are present
37. The pulp space is the central cavity within a tooth and is
entirely enclosed by dentin except at the apical foramen.
The pulp space may be divided into the following:
• A coronal portion → Pulp chamber
• A radicular portion → Root canal
38. PULP CHAMBER
In anterior teeth, the pulp chamber gradually merges into the root canal, and this division becomes
indistinct. In multirooted teeth, the pulp space consists of a single pulp chamber and usually three root
canals, although the number of canals can vary from one to four or more.
• Roof of the pulp chamber consists of dentin covering the pulp chamber occlusally or incisally.
• Pulp horn is an accentuation of the roof of the pulp chamber directly under a cusp or developmental
lobe. The term refers more commonly to the prolongation of the pulp itself directly under a cusp.
• Floor of the pulp chamber runs parallel to the roof and consists of dentin bounding the pulp chamber
near the cervical area of the tooth, particularly dentin forming the furcation area.
• The canal orifices are openings in the floor of the pulp chamber leading into the root canals. The canal
orifices are not separate structures, but are continuous with both the pulp chamber and the root canals.
The walls of the pulp chamber derive their names from the corresponding walls of the tooth surface, such
as the buccal wall of a pulp chamber. The angles of a pulp chamber derive their names from the walls
forming the angle, such as the mesiobuccal (MB) angle of a pulp chamber
39. ROOT CANALS
The root canal is the portion of the pulp space from the canal orifice to the
apical foramen. For convenience, it may be divided into three sections,
namely: coronal, middle, and apical thirds.
• Accessory canals, or lateral canals, are lateral branching of the main root
canal generally occurring in the apical third or furcation area of a root .
• Lateral canal is an accessory canal that branches to the lateral surface of
the root and may be visible on a radiograph.
• Apical foramen is an aperture at or near the apex of a root through which
the blood vessels and nerves of the pulp enter or leave the pulp cavity.
• Accessory foramina are the openings of the accessory and lateral canals in
the root surface
40. In most cases, the number of root canals corresponds with the number of roots, but a
root may have more than one canal.
Mesial root of the mandibular first molar almost always has two canals, which
sometimes meet in a common foramen Distal root of the mandibular first molar
occasionally has two canals.
Mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar frequently has two canals.
Pulp chamber of a mandibular anterior or premolar tooth may be bifurcated to present
two separate root canals.
Although variations are the norm in root canal
configurations,
various researchers have classified them according to
the number of canals, intracanal branching and fusion,
and
exit from the canal. The various classifications proposed
are
as give in the subsequent text.