Morphine is a natural opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system to inhibit pain signaling. Morphine has a long history of medical use for pain relief and is still widely used today for severe acute and chronic pain. Common side effects include sedation, nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression. Tolerance and dependence may develop with chronic use.

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3. OPIOIDS (MORPHINE) AS
ANALGESIC
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4. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Classification
 Structure
 Mechanism of actions
 Root of administration
 Morphine Effects (Acute Chronic)
 Clinical Uses
 Side Effects
 References
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INTRODUCTION

6. INTRODUCTION
• ANALGESICS: Analgesics are a class of
medications designed specifically to relieve pain.
• OPIOID ANALGESICS: are known as
narcotics analgesic, that acts on CNS, usually used
for the treatment of acute and chronic pain for
thousands of years.
• OPIUM: A dark brown resin material from
unripe seed of poppies.
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7. HISTORY
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8. HISTORY
• The Pharmacist
Surterner (1783-1841)
first isolated and alkaloid
from opium in 1804. He
named it as Morphine,
after Morpheus the Greek
God of Dreams.
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9. MORPHINE
• Morphine is the principal alkaloid in
opium and still widely used.
• Biological source: It is obtained from
juice or latex from unripe seed of the
Papaver somniferum.
• Family: Papavaraceae
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10. STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
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12. CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
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13. CLASSIFICATION
Classification on the basis of synthesis
OPIOIDS
OPIOIDS
Natural
Opium Alkaloid
Semi synthetic
Opium Alkaloid
Synthetic
Opium
Alkaloid
Classification on the basis of receptors
OPIOIDS
Agonists
Mix agonist-
antagonists
Antagonists
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14. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
MECHANISM OF A CTION
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15. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
• Opioids act on the opioid receptors
present in the CNS (Central nervous system)
and PNS (Peripheral nervous system) name as
under:
 Mu receptor (μ-opioid receptor): The
Mu receptor activation plays a major role in the
respiratory depression, pain relief, sedation and
euphoria.
 Kappa receptor (κ-opioid receptor):
Theses receptors are present in brain and spinal
cord. Activation of these receptors causes pain
relief, sedation, SOB and dependence. 15

16. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
 Delta receptor (δ receptor): These
receptor is widely distributed in the brain.
Activation of this receptor play an important role
in the development of tolerance. It also act as
analgesic .
• Opioids receptors activation
can close voltage/ gated calcium
ion channels to inhibit neuro-
transmitter release.
• In a simple way Opioids
blocks the sensory neurons, so that
the sensation of pain do not reach
the CNS and the feeling of pain
sensation reduces. 16

17. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
B
O
DRUG
Pain site
Sensory
neuron
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18. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
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19. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Oral
• Inhalation
• Injectable (Intravenously
and Intramuscular)
• Transdermal
• Injection into the
space around the spinal
cord
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20. MORPHINE EFFECTS
MORPHINE EFFECTS
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21. MORPHINE EFFECTS
ACUTE
Analgesia
Sedation
Euphoria
Antitussive
Nausea & vomiting
GIT Effects
Meiosis
Respiratory Depression
CHRONIC
Tolerance
Dependence
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22. CLINICAL USES
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23. CLINICAL USES
 Analgesic (For Severe & Sharp pain)
 Pre-operative sedation and to facilitate the
induction of anesthesia
 For long term treatment of terminally ill,
pain ridden patients
 Management of acute pulmonary edema
 For treatment of anxiety & insomnia
 Morphine sulfate is used for treatment of
cancer
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24. SIDE EFFECTS
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25. SIDE EFFECTS
• Drowsiness
• Stomach pain and cramps
• Dry mouth
• Headache
• Nervousness
• Mood changes
• Small pupils
• Difficulty urinating or pain when urinating
• Blue or purple color to the skin
• Changes in heartbeat
• Agitation, hallucinations (seeing things or
hearing voices that do not exist), fever, sweating,
confusion, fast heartbeat, shivering, severe muscle
stiffness or twitching, loss of coordination, nausea,
vomiting, or diarrhea 25

26. SIDE EFFECTS
• Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness,
or dizziness
• Inability to get or keep an erection
• Irregular menstruation
• Decreased sexual desire
• Seizures
• Extreme drowsiness
• Fainting
• Chest pain
• Fever
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27. WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS
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28. WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS
• Restlessness
• Trouble sleeping
• Thoughts of suicide
• Watering eyes
• Runny nose
• Swatting
• Muscle pain
• Sudden change in behaviors
ANTIDOTE: Naloxone is a specific antidote for
morphine
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30. REFERENCES
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31. REFERENCES
• Pharmacology by Katzung & Trevor’s 11th
Edition
• Comprehensive Pharmacy Review for
NAPLEX by Leon Shargel & Larry N. Swanson
• Google scholer
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