This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Statistical based media optimization and production of clavulanic acid by sol...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
STATISTICAL BASED MEDIA OPTIMIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CLAVULANIC ACID BY SOL...bioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
Phytase from Bacillus cereus MTCC 10072 was purified about 10.75 fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 34% referred to the phytase activity in the crude extract. The monomeric enzyme displayed molecular weight of 45 KDa and showed maximum activity at temperature 60 ºC and pH 6.5. Iso electric point of the purified enzyme was found to be 5.6. Substrate specificity studies showed it is highly specific to its substrate and maximum relative activity of 128% was obtained with calcium phytate. Activity was unaffected or moderately stimulated by a range of metal ions with only Ca2+ exerting (118%) stimulatory effect. The enzyme is significantly thermo stable at 60 ºC and retains a significantly greater proportion of maximal activity at physiological temperatures. This may render it of industrial interest. Further to check the applicability of the enzyme effect of different doses of crude enzyme (10, 25, 50 and 100 units) in dephosphorylation of animal feed was evaluated. Up to 66 h of incubation, the animal feed was monitored for the released inorganic phosphate content present in the feed. An enzyme dose of 100U and 50U of crude phytase enzyme per flask were found suitable to liberate enough amount of inorganic phosphorus in case of poultry and pig feed respectively.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytase from Bacillus cereus MTCC 10072 was purified about 10.75 fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 34% referred to the phytase activity in the crude extract. The monomeric enzyme displayed molecular weight of 45 KDa and showed maximum activity at temperature 60 ºC and pH 6.5. Iso electric point of the purified enzyme was found to be 5.6. Substrate specificity studies showed it is highly specific to its substrate and maximum relative activity of 128% was obtained with calcium phytate. Activity was unaffected or moderately stimulated by a range of metal ions with only Ca2+ exerting (118%) stimulatory effect. The enzyme is significantly thermo stable at 60 ºC and retains a significantly greater proportion of maximal activity at physiological temperatures. This may render it of industrial interest. Further to check the applicability of the enzyme effect of different doses of crude enzyme (10, 25, 50 and 100 units) in dephosphorylation of animal feed was evaluated. Up to 66 h of incubation, the animal feed was monitored for the released inorganic phosphate content present in the feed. An enzyme dose of 100U and 50U of crude phytase enzyme per flask were found suitable to liberate enough amount of inorganic phosphorus in case of poultry and pig feed respectively.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Analytical method validation@ american chemical society@ sudeb mandalDr Sudeb Mandal
Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of
Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango
and Soil Using LC-MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the
Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Comparative Analysis of the proximate Composition of palmyrah pinattu and flo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Palmyrah (Borassusflabellifer) fruit is mostly used as fresh fruit, because of its perishable nature it is traditionally preserved as dried fruit pulp called as pinattu (fruit leather). It contained pectin as well as contain appreciable amount of saponinbecause of that fruit pulp having important medicinal properties. Considering these facts the phytochemical constituents of solvent extracts of pinattuwas identified and evaluated. Samples was collected from the three different branches ofPalmyrah Development Board.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
1 ijfaf oct-2017-4-the characteristics of rumenAI Publications
The ruminant animal feed ingredients consisting of forage with the combination of grass and legume which were almost limited in availability, the cocoa leaves as agricultural wastes or wastes containing low nutrient plantation low used as alternative feed ingredients. To overcome these problems required a simple technology that is fermentation using microorganisms indigenus so that the effluent quality cocoa can be improved. Indigenus microorganisms were microbes that exist in individuals without disturbing the activities. The purpose of this research was to improve the quality of rumen fluid characteristics and digestibility of cocoa leaves fermented by microorganisms indigenus. The method used in this study was completely randomized design factorial with three replications, treatment factors consist of A as the level of microbes (A1 = 5%, A2 = 10%, A3 = 15%) and factor B as the duration of fermentation (B1 = 2 day, B2 = 4 days, B3 = 6 days) and the variables; the nutrient content and digestibility of cocoa leaves before and after being fermented and the characteristics of rumen fluid in vitro methods. The results showed that the increasing levels of use of microbes and fermentation time can enhance the quality of cocoa leaves that reduce the content of dry material from 31.389 to 25.488% and increase the protein content of the coarse 6.153 to 7.483%. Dry Material digestibility increased from 27.379 to 32.942% and 27.432% Protein 21,435- rough. Rumen fluid characteristics were rumen fluid pH ranges from 7.427 to 7.603, NH3 production ranges from 16.820 - 19,975mg / 100ml, and Volatyl Fatty Acid production from 83.667 to 101.000 mM. The conclusion that increasing the digestibility quality cocoa fruit leather could be made by fermentation by microorganisms indigenus.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 11ǁ November 2013 ǁ PP.14-19
Nutritional Studies on Rats Fed Diets Formulated From Treated
and Raw Samples of Jatropha Curcas Seed
BY
1,
1,2,3
Nwala , 2,C. O.Akaninwor, J. O. And 3,Monanu, M. O.
,Department ofBiochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
ABSTRACT :The nutritional qualities of untreated and treated sample of J.curcas meals were evaluated
using wistar albino rats. the study revealed that the food intake was higher in the diets formulated from treated
samples and control than the one from untreated samples. the growth rate (GR), protein efficiency ratio (PER)
and food transformation index (FTI) of the rats were significantly (p<0.05)) better in diets 3, 4, 5 and 7(control
diet), than in diets 1, 2 and 6. The disparity in the results obtained from these diets was considered to be an
outcome of the levels of anti-nutrients still present in some of the diets. This implies that irrespective of the high
protein content in J.curcas seeds, the treatments/processing of the samples in this investigation that drastically
reduced the anti-nutrients: phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors, enhanced the nutritional quality of the seeds
and hence had no negative impact on the experimental animals.
KEYWORD: Food transformation index, food intake, lectin, phorbolesters, protein efficiency ratio.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Jatropha Curcas, commonly known as physic nut or purging nut belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family.
It is a multi-purpose tree and of significant economic importance. It is well adapted to arid and semi-arid
conditions and often used for prevention of soil erosion [1]. The seed of physic nut are good sources of oil,
which can be used as a substitute for diesel. They are used also in medicines, soap and cosmetic manufacture in
various tropical countries [2]. Although the seed meal, after extraction of oil, is rich in protein, it is toxic to rat,
mice and ruminants and therefore cannot be used as animal feed. Several cases of J.curcas nut poisonings in
humans after accidental consumption of the seed have been reported with symptoms of giddiness, vomiting and
diarrhea [3]. The meal has high trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities, which could be inactivated by heat
treatment. In addition, high concentration of the anti-metabolic, metal-chelating and heat-stable factor, phytic
acid, has been reported in jatrophameal [4]. Apart from these, phorbol esters that are present at high levels in the
kernels have been identified as the main toxic agent responsible for toxicity [5]. The defatted meal has been
found to contain high amounts of protein, which ranged between 50% and 62%. Though various processing
techniques have been attempted, no treatment has been successful in completely eliminating the anti-metabolic
factor and toxic principles of defatted jatropha meal [2]. The J.curcas plant has high agro-industrial potential
because of its various beneficial products. The oil extracted from the seeds can be used as a substitute for diesel
after trans-esterification. The residual protein rich seed cake, remaining after extraction of the oil could be a
protein-rich ingredient in feeds for poultry, pigs and cattle if it could be detoxified.The present research
wastherefore designed to study the nutritional quality of the meal from seeds through feeding trials with rat and
the effect of various treatments (hydrothermal processing, solvent extraction, solvent extraction and treatment
with NaHCO3) to inactivate the anti-nutritional factors in defatted jatropha meal.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1PROCESSING OF J. CURCAS SAMPLES
The seeds of theJ.curcas plant obtained from Igbo in Etche local Government Area of Rivers state,
Nigeria, were de-hulled to gain access to the endocarp, which is the sample material. These were sun-dried and
blended to powdery form with a high speed blender.The seed samples were then stored in an air-tight polythene
bag and kept in a refrigerator at 40C prior to analysis.
2.2TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
The treatment of Jatropha curcas samples were carried out as described by Martinez-Herrera et al., [2].
www.ijesi.org
14 | Page
2. Nutritional Studies On Rats…
2.2.1DE-FATTING OF SAMPLES
About 300-500g of each ground sample was de-fatted by extracting the oil in a soxhlet type extractor
using petroleum ether (40-60oC). After taking the de-fatted samples out of the soxhlet apparatus, they were
evenly spread on a tray lined with aluminium foil. The tray was kept overnight in a fume cupboard to rid off any
remaining petroleum ether and also for the defatted samples to be dry.
2.2.2TREATMENT 1
A portion of the Jatropha curcas de-fatted sample was autoclaved at 121oC 60 minutes at 66%
moisture and then lyophilized.
2.2.3TREATEMENT 2
Another portion of the de-fatted sample was treated with 0.07% NaHCO3 solution in the ratio of 1:5
(W/V) and immediately autoclaved at 121oC for 20 minutes. The autoclaved sample was freeze-dried as it was
(without removing any supernatant).
2.2.4TREATEMENT 3
Another portion of the de-fatted sample was extracted with 90% ethanol for 2 hours at room
temperature with constant stirring. The sample to solvent ratio was 1:10 (W/V). The solvent was removed by
filtration and the residue was freeze-dried.
2.2.5 TREATMENT 4
The fourth portion of the de-fatted sample, after undergoing treatment similar to that of treatment 3
above, was air-dried, mixed with 0.07% NaHCO3 solution in the ratio of 1:5 (W/V) and subjected to autoclaving
at 121oC for 20 minutes. After removing the residual water by freeze-drying, the sample was ready for use.
2.3 DIET FORMULATION
Seven (7) diets were formulated using standard rat feed, corn starch, jatropha seed, leaf and stem-bark
samples (raw and treated), palm-oil, non-nutritive cellulose, vitamin and mineral mixtures. Diet (1) contained
raw jatropha samples. Diet (2) contained raw jatropha samples autoclaved at 121 oC (15 psi) for 60 minutes; diet
(3) jatropha samples treated with 0.07% NaHCO3solution and autoclaved at 121oC (15 psi) for 20 minutes, diet
(4) jatropha samples extracted with 90% ethanol, diet (5), jatropha samples extracted with 90% ethanol, mixed
with 0.07% NaHCO3 and autoclaved at 121oC (15 psi) for 20 minutes. The sixth diet (6) was the basal diet
(protein free diet) while diet (7) was made from the standard rat feed and served as the control diet. The diets
were formulated to provide thirteen percent (13%) protein in the diet and the protein sources were added at the
expense of the corn starch. See tables 1, 2 and 3 below:
2.4PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
The moisture, crude fat (lipid), ash, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate contents in the raw J.
curcas sample were determined Association of Official Analytical Chemists [6].
2.5 ANTI-NUTRIENTS CONTENT EVALUATION
2.5.1 DETERMINATION OF PHYTATE CONTENT
The phytic acid contents of samples were determined by a colorimetric procedure as described by
Makkarand Becker[7].
2.5.2 LECTIN CONTENT ESTIMATION
The lectin content of the samples was estimated using haemagglutination assay as reported by
Aregheoreet al.,[8].
2.5.3 DETERMINATION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT
The trypsin inhibitors’ activities of the samples were determined as outlined by Gaboritetal., [9].
2.5.4 DETERMINATION OF PHORBOL ESTERS CONTENT
The phorbol esters estimation of the sample was done as describedby Aderibigbeet al.,[10]. Phorbol12-myristete-13-acetate was used as the standard during the determination of phorbol ester concentration.
2.6 ANIMAL FEEDING EXPERIMENT
The method of Aregheoreet al., [11] was adopted.
www.ijesi.org
15 | Page
3. Nutritional Studies On Rats…
2.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data were analyzed using tables, range, means, percentages, standard deviation and hence standard
error (SE). Also, all the data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using computer aided
science planning and scheduling system (SPSS) compared using Duncan’s multiple range test [12] at 5% level
of significance.
III.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results are presented in tables 1 – 7below:
TABLE 1: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF RAW SAMPLES OF JATROPHA CURCAS SEED
% COMPOSITION
SEED
Moisture
4.30 0.17a
Lipid
40.90 0.23a
Ash
4.00 0.15a
Fibre
17.40 0.17a
Protein
27.13 0.32a
Carbohydrate
6.28 0.16a
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 2: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF TREATED SAMPLES OF JATROPHA CURCAS
(SEED).
% COMPOSITION
Moisture
Lipid
Ash
Fibre
Protein
Carbohydrate
TREATMENT 1
1.800.29a
0.100.00a
6.300.26a
51.750.43a
37.19 0.11a
2.860.5a
TREATMENT 2
2.000.46a
0.200.06a
6.100.32a
50.770.16ab
38.34 0.20ab
2.590.34a
TREATMENT 3
1.870.39a
0.100.03a
5.970.52a
49.630.36b
40.08 0.58b
2.350.23a
TREATMENT 4
1.950.55a
0.150.00a
6.200.14a
50.49 0.33ab
39.32 0.92ab
2.200.12a
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Treatment 1: Heat treated (autoclaved at 121oC for 60 mins).
Treatment 2: Treated with 0.07% NaHCO3 and autoclaved at 121oC for 20 mins).
Treatment 3:Extracted with 90% Ethanol.
Treatment 4:Extracted with 90% Ethanol and mixed with 0.07% NaHCO 3 and autoclaved at 121oC for 20
mins).
TABLE 3: COMPOSITION OF DIETS FORMULATED FROM RAW AND TREATED SAMPLES OF
JATROPHA CURCAS SEED
INGREDIENTS
Standard rat feed
Jatropha meal
Corn flour starch
Red palm oil
Standard vitamin mixture
Standard mineral mixture
Non-nutritive cellulose
Total in gram
DIET 1
33.00
48.00
6.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
400
100.00
DIET 2
33.00
35.00
19.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
DIET 3
33.00
34.00
20.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
DIET 4
33.00
32.00
22.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
DIET 5
33.00
33.00
21.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
DIET 6
87.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
DIET 7
65.00
22.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
100.00
Diet 1 = Raw jatropha seed
Diet 2 = 60 minutes autoclaved (Heat treatment only)
Diet 3 = 0.07% NaHCO3 solution treated and autoclaved for 20 minutes
Diet 4 = Extracted with 90% ethanol
Diet 5 = Extracted with 90% ethanol, treated with 0.07% NaHCO3 and autoclaved for 20 minutes
Diet 6 = Basal diet
Diet 7 = Control diet (prepared from standard rat feed).
www.ijesi.org
16 | Page
4. Nutritional Studies On Rats…
TABLE 4: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS FORMULATED FROM
SAMPLES OF JATROPHA CURCAS SEED.
%
COMPOSITION
Moisture
Lipid
Ash
Fibre
Protein
Carbohydrate
DIET 1
DIET 2
DIET 3
DIET 4
DIET 5
DIET 6
DIET 7
8.00
0.46a
16.73
0.42a
5.78
0.45a
37.44
0.25ac
13.55
0.32abce
18.50
0.20a
7.66 0.38a
8.10 0.06a
6.77 0.44a
7.55 0.32a
8.03 0.22a
6.31
0.18bcdefg
5.49 0.28a
5.87
0.50bcdefg
6.23 0.13a
5.45
0.26bcdef
6.38 0.22a
6.05
0.40bcdefg
5.95 0.54a
7.43
0.25a
6.19
0.11bcdefg
6.50 0.29a
41.13
0.13bdefg
14.34
0.20abcdeg
25.00
0.58bcde
38.91
0.52acde
14.89
0.51abcdeg
26.00
0.14bcdeg
40.70
0.40bcdefg
15.90
0.43bcdeg
24.80
0.46bcde
39.89
0.51bcdef
14.60
0.35abcdeg
25.96
0.55bcdeg
41.70
0.23bdefg
6.67 0.39f
42.36
0.21bdfg
15.65
0.29bcdeg
27.19
0.11ceg
31.51
0.29f
7.32
0.18bcefg
5.45 0.26a
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Diet 1: Prepared from raw samples of Jatropha curcas.
Diet 2: From heat treated sample (autoclaved at 121 oC for 60mins).
Diet 3: From sample treated with 0.07% NaHCO3 and autoclaved at 121oC for 20mins.
Diet 4 From sample extracted with 90% ethanol.
Diet 5: From meal extracted with 90% ethanol and mixed with 0.07% NaHCO3 and autoclaved at 121oC for
20mins.
Diet 6: Basal diet (protein free)
Diet 7: Formulated from standard feed (control diet)
TABLE 5: ANTI-NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF RAW SAMPLES OF JATROPHA CURCAS SEED.
PARAMETERS
SEED
Phytate (%)
0.40 0.09a
Lectin (mg/ml)
10.15 0.20a
Trypsin inhibitor
3164.93 0.47a
(mg/100g)
Phorbol esters (mg/100g)
318.13 0.31a
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 6: EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON ANTI-NUTRIENT IN JATROPHA CURCAS
SEED
PARAMETERS
TREATMENT 1
TREATMENT 2
TREATMENT 3
TREATMENT
4
0.35 0.16a
2.13 0.35acd
67.00 0.46d
Phytate (%)
0.29 0.11a
0.28 0.09a
0.32 0.14a
acd
b
Lectin (mg/ml)
1.80 0.20
4.80 0.52
1.97 0.46c
a
b
Trypsin inhibitor
59.00 0.57
78.00 0.28
175.00 0.35c
(mg/100g)
Phorbol esters (mg/100g)
183.40 0.36a
56.00 0.23b
16.00 0.00c
8.00 0.58d
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different at the 0.05 level.
www.ijesi.org
17 | Page
5. Nutritional Studies On Rats…
TABLE 7: FOOD INTAKE, GROWTH RATE, PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO (PER), FOOD
TRANSFORMATION INDEX (FTI) OF RATS FED WITH MEAL FORMULATED FROM SAMPLES
OF JATROPHA CURCAS SEED.
PARAMETERS
DIET 1
DIET 2
DIET 3
DIET 4
DIET 5
DIET 6
Daily Food Intake 3.21
5.10 0.38b 7.17
12.43
10.07
9.87
(g)
0.29a
0.29c
0.25dg
0.21ef
0.50ef
Initial average
99.00
85.00
90.00
92.00
95.00
80.00
weight (g)
0.29a
0.52b
0.40cg
0.26d
0.46e
0.35a
Final average
70.00
84.00
95.00
102.00
101.00
73.00
weight (g)
0.58a
0.35b
0.87c
0.12deg
0.29de
0.00f
Body weight
-29.00
-1.00
5.00
10.33
6.00
-7.00
gain/loss (g)
0.20a
0.00b
0.46ce
0.44d
0.32ce
0.58f
Daily weight gain
-2.07
-0.07
0.36
0.71 0.
0.42
-0.50
(g)
0.14a
0.00bcdefg
0.06bcdefg
32bcdefg
0.16bcdefg
0.20bcdef
Protein Efficiency -51.75
-1.00
3.27
3.55
2.87
-7.14
Ratio (PER)
0.43a
0.17b
0.16cdeg
0.32cdeg
0.50cde
0.25f
Food
-1.55
-72.86
19.92
17.51
23.44
-19.74
Transformation
0.31a
0.50b
0.52c
0.29d
0.24e
0.43f
Index (FTI)
Values are meansstandard deviation of triplicate determinations.
Means in the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different at the 0.05 level.
DIET 7
13.79
0.46dg
89.00
0.12cg
104.00
0.40dg
15.00
0.52g
1.07
0.46bcdeg
4.860.50dg
12.89
0.51g
The various treatments methods adopted in this study reduced to the barest tolerable levels, the content
of the various anti-nutrients in the sample .Trypsin inhibitors and phorbol esters which are the major antinutrients in J. curcas seed were reduced to about 98.13% and 97.49% respectively.The daily food intake of rats
fed with diets formulated from the seeds of J.curcasfor the 14-day experimental period was highest in rats fed
the control diet(diet 7).It has been reported that in rat, food intake is influence by a variety of factors such as the
(i) amino acid pattern of the dietary protein (ii)taste (iii)smell and (iv)texture of the diet[11]. The low food
intake of rat in diet 1 and 2 could be attributed to probably such factors as taste, smell and texture but not to the
amino acid pattern of the J. curcasmeal because work done by Makkar and Becker [5], revealed a good balance
of amino acid but for lysine and the sulphur amino acids. The rat fed diets 1,2 and 6 had weight losses while
those fed diet 3,4,5 and 7 had weight gains. The weight loss in diet 6(basal diet) may be due to the low protein
level and this was supported by works done by Bender [13] and Aregheoreet al.,[11], who reported weight
losses in rats fed low protein diets. For diets 1 (formulated from raw seed) and 2 (moist heat treatment), the
negative weight change may be attributed to the presence of the anti-nutritional factors prominent among which
were phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors known to interfere with protein metabolism and food acceptance. A
similar observation was made in which the presence of trypsin inhibitor activity and phorbol esters in uncooked
food caused diminished growth in rats, chicken and other experimental animals by various authors [14], [15].
Other experimental diet showed weight increases in the rat with the control diet (diet7) having the highest value.
This showed that the control diet was superior to the other diet. However,the fact that the other experimental
diets were able to support growth in the rats suggested that the levels of the residual anti-nutrients did not
interfere with protein metabolism. Diets 1,2and 6 had negative values of PER. This observation were similar to
the to the work of Makkar and Becker [7] who reported negative PER values for rats fed raw African locust
bean and Ayaloguetal., [16] who reported weight losses and negative PER for rats fed basal diet. Conversely,
rats fed diets 3,4,5 and 7 control diet (diet7) had positive values of PER. These diets may be said to be
comparable to the control diet, since they also supported the growth of the experimental animals, though not at
equal proportions.The food Transformation index (FTI) of the experimental animals for the various diets
followed the same trend as the PER.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Finally, the results obtained from this study showed that jatropha meal protein is of high biological
value, having being able to support growth in the experimental animals. The rats fed diet formulated from the
untreated seed sample had weight loss, while the ones fed diet formulated from treated seed sample had weight
gain, implying that proper treatment of jatropha seed meal had great impact on its nutritional quality.
www.ijesi.org
18 | Page
6. Nutritional Studies On Rats…
REFERENCCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
J. Heller. Physic nut (J. curcas L.). Promoting the conservation and use of und-utilized and neglected crops. I. Gatersleben:
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research/Rome: Inernational Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1996.
J. Martinez-Herrera, P. Siddhuraju, G. Franci, G. Davila-Ortiz, K. Becker. Chemical Composition, Toxic/Antimetabolic
Constituents, and Effects of Different Treatments on their levels, in four Provenances of Jatropha Curcas L. from Mexico.Food
Chemistry.96, 2006, 80-89.
K. Becker, and H. P. S. Makkar. Effects of Phorbilesters in Carp (Cyprinuscarpio L.).Veterinary Human Toxicology.40, 1998,
82-86.
H. P. S. Makkar, K. Becker and B. Schmook.Edible Provenance of Jatropha curcas from Quintana Roo State of Mexico and
Effect of Roasting on Anti-nutrient and Toxic Factors in Seeds.PlantFoods for Human Nutrition.52, 1998, 31-36.
H. P. S. Makkarand K. Becker. Jatropha Curcas toxicity: Identification of toxic principles. In: 5 th Inter. Symposium on poisonous
plants.Sara Angela, Texas USA. 1997.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 15 thEdn.Washington DC, USA, 1990.
H. P. S. Makkar and K. Becker. Nutritional Studies on Rats and Fish (Carp Cyprinuscarpio) Fed Diets Containing Unheated and
Heated Jatropha curcas Meal of a Non-toxic Provenance. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.53, 1999, 183-192.
G. M. Aregheore. H. P. S. Makkar and K. Becker, K. Assessment of Lectin Activity in a Toxic and Non-Toxic Variety of
Jatropha curcas Using Latex Agglutination and Haemagglutination Methods and Inactivation of Lectin by Heat Treatment. J. Sci
Food Agric.77, 1998,349-352.
T. Gaborit, L. Quillien, and J. Gueguen.Determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Seeds by Microtitre plate method. In:
Recent Advances of Research of Anti-nutritional Factors in Legume Seeds. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1993.
O. A. Aderibigbe, C. O. L. E. Johnson, H. P. S. Makkar, K. Becker, and L. Foidl. Chemical Composition and Effect of Heat on
Organic Matter and Nitrogen-Degradability and Some Anti-nutritional Components of Jatropha Meal.J. Ani. Feed Sci.
Technol.67, 1997, 223-243.
E. M. Aregheore, K. Becker and H. P. S. Makkar.Detoxification of a Toxic Variety of Jatropha curcas Using Heat and Chemical
Treatments and Preliminary Nutritional Evaluation with Rats. S.pac. J. Nat. Sci.21, 2003, 50-56.
D. B. Duncan. Multiple Range and Multiple F. Tests, Biometrics.11, 1955, 1-42.
A. E. Bender.Evaluation of Protein Quality Methodological Consideration Proc. Nutri.Soc.1983, 41267-275.
S. Mole, J. C. Rogler, C. J. Morrel and L. G. Butler.Histologicalalterations to the pancrease and the intestinal tract produced by
rawfebabean Viciafaba l minor) diets in growingchicks. British PoultrySci. 30, 1990, 101 – 114.
N. N. Pathak. andS. K. Ranjahan. Nutritional Studies with Salseed-meal as a component of fisher ratios in the large white
Yorkshire Pigs. Int. J. of Animal Sci. 43, 1977, 424-427.
E. O. Ayalogu, E. N. Onyeike and C. C. Okaraonye.Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Rats Fed Diets Formulated from
Larvae of Raphia Palm Bettle (Oryctespheonicis).Nig. J. Biochem and Mol. Biol. 18 (1), 2003, 47-51.
www.ijesi.org
19 | Page