The document discusses the practice of gerrymandering, which is drawing electoral district boundaries to favor one political party. There are two main types: political gerrymandering aims to help one party, while racial gerrymandering underrepresents racial minorities. Districts are supposed to be compact and contiguous, but the party in power of a state legislature can manipulate boundaries for political advantage every ten years. Some reform efforts have tried to eliminate gerrymandering but have failed to pass. A recent court case found North Carolina guilty of racial gerrymandering.