Redistricting occurs every 10 years following the census and involves redrawing legislative district boundaries to account for population changes. It must comply with federal voting rights laws and can involve partisan battles over how districts are shaped. The document discusses the redistricting process, including its legal requirements, timeline, actors involved, and technology used. It also notes trends in the most recent 2010 redistricting cycle.
A subtle but perceptible shift in the United States’ political orientation took place in November measurable by the success of several ballot proposals from states as far apart as Maine and Colorado. Here and in Washington, voters approved constitutional amendments for the legalisation of recreational marijuana for the first time in the country’s history.
Organization of American Political PartiesMatthew Caggia
Demonstrating a wide range of concepts, this slideshow describes the structure of political parties from the national organization down to the grassroots, as well as explaining the primary process
A subtle but perceptible shift in the United States’ political orientation took place in November measurable by the success of several ballot proposals from states as far apart as Maine and Colorado. Here and in Washington, voters approved constitutional amendments for the legalisation of recreational marijuana for the first time in the country’s history.
Organization of American Political PartiesMatthew Caggia
Demonstrating a wide range of concepts, this slideshow describes the structure of political parties from the national organization down to the grassroots, as well as explaining the primary process
Redistricting in Texas has been an issue of significant controversy .docxdanas19
Redistricting in Texas has been an issue of significant controversy since 2000 ( and even before but not as dramatic and consequential). First read some of the issues involved in 2000 and then read the issues involved in 2010 redistricting controversies including court cases responding to all questions concerning both separate but in many ways very connected cases, incidents and processes.
Redistricting is a highly partisan activity mandated indirectly by the required reapportionment of the constitution every decade. The House of Representatives state member allocations is dependent on an accurate population count and subsequent redistricting. “The primary reason for taking the census is to comply with the U.S. Constitutional mandate for data needed to reapportion the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. With the census data tapes in hand, states swiftly began to draw a seemingly infinite number of state legislative and congressional district plans to use in the elections.
In 2001-2004 following the 2000 mandated census redistricting in Texas adopted and then re adopted redistricting plans in an unusual manner. Eventually, state legislators adopted plans that were carefully crafted to satisfy a wide range of criteria including compliance with one-person one-vote, the federal Voting Rights Act and traditional redistricting principles such as compact and contiguous districts. In addition, legislators meticulously designed plans to further political goals without violating federal and state statutes. A couple of states, New Jersey and Virginia, had to draw plans for 2001 elections and almost all states had plans in place for the 2002 elections with the exception of Maine and Montana where redistricting is done prior to the 2004 election." (NCLR) However, Texas re drew its districts at least twice. The first redistricting effort was under the direction of the courts and the other instance and latest with a new republican majority in the legislature.
This action of redistricting has been litigated in the Supreme Court (as often Texas legislation and policies are—with many found unconstitutional). The Supreme Court has ruled that much if not most of what Texas enacted during the 2000 decade was in fact constitutional but with one exception also a violation of minority voting rights.
The process with a little less drama repeated itself in 2010 but with different relevant Supreme Court rulings and a new interpretation of the voting rights act. 2010 again was the beginning of a decade in which Texas attempt to redistrict was again found incongruous with minority voting rights.
Discuss, after conducting your own research on the issues involved, that decision and the process in the U.S. Supreme Court. REMEMBER that the decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court change . Should the last ( following the 2010 census) redistricting of Texas congressional seats by the Texas legislature have been found in violation of the const.
WHY TEXANS NEED INITIATIVE & REFERENDUMArt Bedford
This slide show educates the Texas voter on why Initiative & Referendum (I&R) rights are needed in the state of Texas. It explains how our state legislature is controlled by special interest groups and that I&R is the tool to diffuse their power and give Texans a voice in their government.
1 American Civil Liberties Union Statement For .docxmercysuttle
1
American Civil Liberties Union
Statement For
“The State of the Right to Vote After the 2012 Election”
Hearing Before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Submitted by
Laura W. Murphy, Director
Deborah J. Vagins, Senior Legislative Counsel
Demelza Baer, Policy Counsel
ACLU Washington Legislative Office
December 19, 2012
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), on behalf of its over half a million
members, countless additional supporters and activists, and fifty-three affiliates nationwide, is
pleased to submit this statement for the record for the “The State of the Right to Vote After the
2012 Election” Hearing, before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. The ACLU is a
nationwide, non-partisan organization working daily in courts, Congress, state legislatures, and
communities across the country to defend and preserve the civil rights and liberties that the
Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country. The ACLU works
at the federal, state and local levels to lobby, litigate, and conduct public education in order both
expand opportunities and to prevent barriers to the ballot box.
In the wake of significant voter suppression efforts and other election administration
concerns that arose on Election Day, which threatened the electoral participation of millions of
Americans, disproportionately racial and ethnic minority voters, it is particularly crucial and
timely for the Senate Judiciary Committee to consider the state of our most fundamental right as
citizens. We thank the Committee for its attention to these barriers, and we ask that the
Committee consider advancing the federal reforms outlined in this statement in order to ensure
full electoral participation.
2
I. The State of the Right to Vote in 2012
Although state voter suppression efforts are not a new phenomenon, during the past two
state legislative sessions, there was a dramatic proliferation of bills that would restrict access to
the ballot. Regressive measures were introduced in 38 states in 2011
1
and in 22 states in 2012,
2
with 25 new or expanded barriers signed into law since January 2011.
3
These laws cumulatively
represented a significant retrenchment in voting rights, and they had the potential to disfranchise
as many as five million Americans during the 2012 election.
4
However, due to a series of successful legal challenges and advocacy in support of voting
rights, the effect of many of these new laws was blunted in time for the 2012 election. Notably,
voter ID laws were enjoined from going into effect in time for the 2012 election in Pennsylvania,
Texas, Wisconsin, and South Carolina. Other legal challenges resulted in the preservation of
early voting on the three days before Election Da ...
Federal Landscape: Transportation FundingRPO America
Presentation by Kathy Ruffalo, Ruffalo & Associates, at the 2014 National Rural Transportation Conference. Ruffallo discussed outlook for funding of the federal surface transportation program and state innovations in funding and financing.
Persuasive Essay Voting
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Make A Change: Vote Essay
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The Pros And Cons Of The Right To Voting
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Voting In Voting
Voting Synthesis Essay
The Importance of Voting
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
5. Redistricting 2010-Why?
Baker v. Carr, 1962
• Congress: as equal as possible
• State legislature: up to 10% “deviation,”
if for good reason
6. Redistricting 2010-When?
All Census Data was delivered by April 1st
Final Deadline--2012 elections (except Maine &
Montana)
Filing deadline for candidates for primary
Time for local officials to re-precinct
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act Preclearance--add
60 (or 120) + days
Four states had 2011 legislative elections
Two states don’t have legislative elections until
2014
9. Redistricting 2010-Who?
Board or commission--
13 States for Legislative Lines
7 States for U.S. House
Advisory
Back-up
Iowa model
Courts (Mandatory Review Process KS, CO, FL)
Legislature
37 States for Legislative Lines
12. California Citizens Redistricting
Commission
14 member commission (5 Dem, 5 GOP, 4
other)
State Auditors Office selects 60 registered
voters
Legislative Leaders can reduce the pool
Auditors office then selects 8 member
through a lottery
Those eight members pick rest of the
members
Plans must be approved by a supermajority
13. Iowa Model
Three maps drawn by nonpartisan
legislative staff
No political data can be used
Legislature must approve--no
amendments
Legislature can re-take control of third
set of proposed maps
14. Party Control of Redistricting
U.S. House Districts
1990 2000 2010 2011
Democrats 168 135 110 47
Republicans 5 98 90 202
Split 240 157 189 87
Commission
& Iowa
15 38 39 92
At-Large 7 7 7 7
15. Redistricting 2010-How?
Population equality
Comply with Voting Rights Act and 14th
Amendment
Traditional Districting Principles
Technology--software and data
16. The Voting Rights Act
Section 2 • Do minorities represent most of
the voters in a concentrated
area?
• Do other voters tend to vote for
different candidates than
minorities?
• Is the minority population
otherwise protected given the
“totality of the circumstances”?
Do Not Dilute
18. Complying With The Voting
Rights Act
Chicago Suburbsburbs
Latino/Hispanic
African-American
19. Complying With The Voting
Rights Act
Chicago Suburbs
suburbsLatino/Hispanic
African-American
20. The Voting Rights Act
Section 5
• “Preclearance” for certain
jurisdictions
• Is the new map intended to dilute minority votes?
• Does the new map leave minority voters worse
off?
(“retrogression”)
21. After federal law, add state
limitations
• Contiguity
• Political boundaries
• Compactness
• Communities of interest
State leg. Congress
48 23
46 20
38 19
22 13
22. State Mandates On Partisan
Competitiveness/Fairness
Fair Districts
Competitive Districts
24. Key Points:
Constitutionally mandated
Highly regulated by federal and state
laws--not all about Gerrymandering
Changes in 2010:
Prisoners
California
Public Access/Participation
ACS
30. After federal law, add state
limitations
• Contiguity
• Political boundaries
• Compactness
• Communities of interest
• Partisanship/competition
State leg. Congress
48 22
43 18
37 17
24 13
10 7
31.
32. Court Sent Map Back To Legislature
Court Approved Legislative Map
Court Drew Map (Not Legislature)
Court Approved Commission Map
Court Sent Map Back to Commission
Court Drew Map (Not Commission)
39. Redistricting 2010-How?
Legal--Population equality &
Compliance with Voting Rights Act and
14th Amendment and not subverting
traditional districting principles and
making race the predominant factor in
drawing a plan
Technology--software and data
40. Key Points:
Constitutionally mandated
Highly regulated by federal and state
laws
2010 Redistricting Cycle:
3 states require adjusted data for prisons
Public involvement
ACS/CVAP
California commission
Dramatic Hispanic growth and rural
population loss
41. "Redistricting may be the single least
interesting word in the English
language."
--Dan Schnur, Sacramento Bee
“The once-in-a-decade redrawing of
political boundaries is exceedingly
important and excruciatingly arcane.”
-- Mark Z. Barabak, Los Angeles Times