The document discusses moral dilemmas where either choice results in a moral wrong. It provides the example from the Republic where Cephalus defines justice as repaying debts, but Socrates argues it would be wrong to repay certain debts like weapons. There is then a conflict between moral norms of repaying debts versus protecting others from harm. It discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development and provides the example moral dilemma of whether Heinz should steal medicine to save his wife at different stages. It also discusses if Socrates faced a moral dilemma in the Crito about whether to escape prison or die.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able learn:
1. recognize and recall a moral experience;
2. detect a moral dilemma;
3 .identify the three levels of moral dilemmas.
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able learn:
1. recognize and recall a moral experience;
2. detect a moral dilemma;
3 .identify the three levels of moral dilemmas.
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Explain the relationship between individual acts and character;
Identify and articulate each stage of moral development.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Explain the relationship between individual acts and character;
Identify and articulate each stage of moral development.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
This is a presentation of my professional role model, Kathryn Carter. She is currently in a position that I would like to see myself in someday, so this presentation compares where she is with where I want to go professionally.
1Kantian Ethics1724-1804Spent virtually all of his life inAnastaciaShadelb
1
Kantian Ethics
1724-1804
Spent virtually all of his life in Konigsberg, East Prussia.
From a Lutheran family.
Never married.
Immanuel Kant
1
2
Distinguish
Utilitarianism—Teleological Theory
Goal directed
Kantian Ethics—Deontological Theory
Duty based
2
3
Kant’s Moral Theory
Kant wanted to “seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality.”
3
4
Morality and Rationality
For Kant, all of morality has its ultimate source in rationality. The categorical imperative, in any formulation, is an expression of rationality, and it is the principle that would be followed in practice by any purely rational being.
4
5
Morality and Rationality
Moral rules are not mere arbitrary conventions or subjective standards. They are objective truths that have their source in the rational nature of human beings.
5
6
Autonomy
For Kant, morality presupposes autonomy.
Autonomous = not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.
6
7
Consequences are Morally Irrelevant
For Kant, the consequences of an action are morally irrelevant. Rather, an action is right when it is in accordance with a rule that satisfies a principle he calls the “categorical imperative.”
7
8
Categorical Imperative
And to act out of respect for the law means to follow the “categorical imperative.”
Cf. Hypothetical Imperative
8
9
Categorical Imperative
Kant’s moral theory centers around the categorical imperative.
“Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law.”
9
10
Universality
You must be willing to see your maxim universalized (by similarly situated persons) even though it may turn out on some other occasion to work to your disadvantage.
10
11
Psychological Agreement Not Required
For a maxim to satisfy the categorical imperative, it is not necessary that we be agreeable in some psychological sense to seeing it made into a universal law. Rather, the test is one that requires us to avoid inconsistency or conflict in what we will as a universal rule.
11
12
Similar Cases = Similar Treatment
All things being equal, justice dictates that similarly situated people ought to be treated similarly.
12
13
Other Formulations
“I am never to act unless I am acting on a maxim that I can will to become a universal law.”
“Act as if the maxims you choose to follow always become universal laws of nature.”
“Act so as to treat people as ends unto themselves and never merely as a means.”
...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Moral dilemmasMoral dilemmas
A situation in which, whatever choice is made,A situation in which, whatever choice is made,
the agent commits a moral wrongthe agent commits a moral wrong
3. Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas
Example from Book I of Plato'sExample from Book I of Plato's RepublicRepublic
Cephalus defines ‘justice’ as speaking the truthCephalus defines ‘justice’ as speaking the truth
and paying one's debts.and paying one's debts.
Socrates quickly refutes this account bySocrates quickly refutes this account by
suggesting that it would be wrong to repaysuggesting that it would be wrong to repay
certain debts (weapon)certain debts (weapon)
4. Moral dilemmasMoral dilemmas
Socrates' point is not that repaying debts isSocrates' point is not that repaying debts is
without moral import; rather, he wants to showwithout moral import; rather, he wants to show
that it is not always right to repay one'sthat it is not always right to repay one's
debts….debts….
5. Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas
There is a conflict between two moral norms:There is a conflict between two moral norms:
repaying one's debts and protecting othersrepaying one's debts and protecting others
from harm.from harm.
6. Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas
The agent regards herself as having moralThe agent regards herself as having moral
reasons to do each of two actions, but doingreasons to do each of two actions, but doing
both is not possibleboth is not possible
7. Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas
When one of the conflicting requirementsWhen one of the conflicting requirements
overrides the other, we do not have a genuineoverrides the other, we do not have a genuine
moral dilemma.moral dilemma.
In theIn the CritoCrito, Does Socrates confront a moral, Does Socrates confront a moral
dilemma?dilemma?
8. Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas
1.1. Something morallySomething morally
rightright
2.2. Something morallySomething morally
wrongwrong
Bad outcomeBad outcome
Good or betterGood or better
outcomeoutcome
9. Moral DilemmaMoral Dilemma
A woman was near death from a unique kind ofA woman was near death from a unique kind of
cancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drugcancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drug
costs $4,000 per dosage. The sick woman's husband,costs $4,000 per dosage. The sick woman's husband,
Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow theHeinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money and tried every legal means, but he could onlymoney and tried every legal means, but he could only
get together about $2,000. He asked the doctorget together about $2,000. He asked the doctor
scientist who discovered the drug for a discount orscientist who discovered the drug for a discount or
that he let him pay later. But the doctor scientistthat he let him pay later. But the doctor scientist
refused.refused.
10. Moral DilemmaMoral Dilemma
Should Heinz break into the laboratory to stealShould Heinz break into the laboratory to steal
the drug for his wife?the drug for his wife?
(Why or why not?)(Why or why not?)
12. KohlbergKohlberg
Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning,Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning,
which he thought to be the basis for ethicalwhich he thought to be the basis for ethical
behavior, develops through stages.behavior, develops through stages.
14. Kohlberg’s StagesKohlberg’s Stages
Level 1 (Pre-conventional)Level 1 (Pre-conventional)
Reasoners judge the morality of an action by itsReasoners judge the morality of an action by its
direct consequencesdirect consequences
Stage One: Obedience and PunishmentStage One: Obedience and Punishment
Stage Two: Individualism, Instrumentalism, andStage Two: Individualism, Instrumentalism, and
ExchangeExchange
15. Heinz DilemmaHeinz Dilemma
Stage One (Stage One (obedienceobedience): Heinz should not steal): Heinz should not steal
the medicine, because otherwise he will be putthe medicine, because otherwise he will be put
in prison.in prison.
16. Pre-conventional levelPre-conventional level
Stage One (Stage One (obedience orientationobedience orientation))
Individuals focus on the direct consequencesIndividuals focus on the direct consequences
that their actions will have for themselves.that their actions will have for themselves.
17. Socrates’ DilemmaSocrates’ Dilemma
From the point of view of Stage One, SocratesFrom the point of view of Stage One, Socrates
should not die because…should not die because…
18. Heinz Moral DilemmaHeinz Moral Dilemma
Pre-conventional LevelPre-conventional Level
Stage Two (Stage Two (self-interestself-interest): Heinz should steal): Heinz should steal
the medicine, because he will be much happierthe medicine, because he will be much happier
if he saves his wife, even if he will have toif he saves his wife, even if he will have to
serve a prison sentence.serve a prison sentence.
19. Kohlberg’s StagesKohlberg’s Stages
Stage Two (Stage Two (self-interest orientationself-interest orientation):):
what's in it for mewhat's in it for me position. Right behavior isposition. Right behavior is
defined by what is in one's own best interest.defined by what is in one's own best interest.
20. Socrates’ DilemmaSocrates’ Dilemma
From a level two perspective, Socrates shouldFrom a level two perspective, Socrates should
not die because…not die because…
21. Kohlberg’s StagesKohlberg’s Stages
Level 2 (Conventional)Level 2 (Conventional)
People who reason in a conventional way judge thePeople who reason in a conventional way judge the
morality of actions by comparing these actions tomorality of actions by comparing these actions to
social rules and expectations.social rules and expectations.
Stage Three: Interpersonal Concordance ("GoodStage Three: Interpersonal Concordance ("Good
boy/girl")boy/girl")
Stage Four: Law and OrderStage Four: Law and Order
22. Heinz Moral DilemmaHeinz Moral Dilemma
CONVENTIONAL LEVELCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
Stage Three (Stage Three (conformityconformity): Heinz should steal): Heinz should steal
the medicine, because his wife expects it.the medicine, because his wife expects it.
23. Conventional levelConventional level
Stage Three (Stage Three (conformity orientationconformity orientation))
Individuals seek approval from other people.Individuals seek approval from other people.
They judge the morality of actions byThey judge the morality of actions by
evaluating the consequences of these actionsevaluating the consequences of these actions
for a person's relationships.for a person's relationships.
25. Heinz DilemmaHeinz Dilemma
Stage Four (Stage Four (law-and-orderlaw-and-order): Heinz should not): Heinz should not
steal the medicine, because the law prohibitssteal the medicine, because the law prohibits
stealing.stealing.
26. Conventional levelConventional level
Stage Four (Stage Four (law-and-order mentalitylaw-and-order mentality).).
In stage four, individuals think it is importantIn stage four, individuals think it is important
to obey the law and conventions of society.to obey the law and conventions of society.
28. Kohlberg’s StagesKohlberg’s Stages
Level 3 (Post-conventional)Level 3 (Post-conventional)
(Most people do not reach this level of moral(Most people do not reach this level of moral
reasoning)reasoning)
Stage Five: Human RightsStage Five: Human Rights
Stage Six: Universal Ethical PrinciplesStage Six: Universal Ethical Principles
(Principled Conscience)(Principled Conscience)
29. Heinz moral dilemmaHeinz moral dilemma
Stage five (Stage five (human rightshuman rights):):
Heinz should steal the medicine becauseHeinz should steal the medicine because
saving his wife is more important than obeyingsaving his wife is more important than obeying
the law.the law.
30. Post-conventional levelPost-conventional level
Stage Five (Stage Five (human rights orientationhuman rights orientation))
People have certain principles to which theyPeople have certain principles to which they
attach more value than laws, such as humanattach more value than laws, such as human
rights.rights.
An action is wrong if it violates certain ethicalAn action is wrong if it violates certain ethical
principles.principles.
Laws that do not promote general socialLaws that do not promote general social
welfare should be changedwelfare should be changed
32. Post-conventional levelPost-conventional level
Stage six (Stage six (universal human ethicsuniversal human ethics):):
Heinz should steal the medicine, becauseHeinz should steal the medicine, because
saving a human life is a more fundamentalsaving a human life is a more fundamental
value than respecting the property of anothervalue than respecting the property of another
person.person.
33. Post-conventional levelPost-conventional level
Stage Six (Stage Six (ethical principle orientationethical principle orientation).).
Moral reasoning is based on the use of abstractMoral reasoning is based on the use of abstract
reasoning using universal principles.reasoning using universal principles.
(People rarely, if ever, reach stage 6 of(People rarely, if ever, reach stage 6 of
Kohlberg's model)Kohlberg's model)
36. SocratesSocrates
Socrates maintains that protecting others fromSocrates maintains that protecting others from
harm is the norm that takes priorityharm is the norm that takes priority
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