Moral Development as presented by Carol Gilligan
Gilligan posited that there are 3 stages to the moral development of an individual, especially females (Gilligan countered the theories presented by Kohlberg, Erikson, and even Freud, which mainly focused on the experiences of white males)
1) LEVEL 1: Pre-Conventional
- The individual is selfish, since survival of the self is the top priority
2) LEVEL 2: Conventional
- "Self-sacrifice is goodness"
- care towards others is beginning to manifest at this stage
3) LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL
- Morality of non-violence
- While the needs of others must be catered too, self-preservation is also accommodated at the same time
- Harming of others is considered immoral
Moral Development as presented by Carol Gilligan
Gilligan posited that there are 3 stages to the moral development of an individual, especially females (Gilligan countered the theories presented by Kohlberg, Erikson, and even Freud, which mainly focused on the experiences of white males)
1) LEVEL 1: Pre-Conventional
- The individual is selfish, since survival of the self is the top priority
2) LEVEL 2: Conventional
- "Self-sacrifice is goodness"
- care towards others is beginning to manifest at this stage
3) LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL
- Morality of non-violence
- While the needs of others must be catered too, self-preservation is also accommodated at the same time
- Harming of others is considered immoral
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle and developed his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development includes three levels: (1) a preconvention level, where judgments are based on self-interest. (2) A conventional level, where judgments are based on traditional family values and social expectations and (3) a post conventional level, where judgments are based on more abstract and personal ethical principles.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle and developed his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered.
He identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning each with two sub stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages.
This is a presentation of my professional role model, Kathryn Carter. She is currently in a position that I would like to see myself in someday, so this presentation compares where she is with where I want to go professionally.
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
Our best effort would be to tackle our own life situation in a logical way so that it could bring the highest fulfilment in our life: so each of us should have a good idea of our coping skill and the way of managing our own crisis.
D'augelli's Theory of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual DevelopmentShane Young
This is a presentation given by Adam Wood in Fall of 2014 in our College Student Development course on D'Augelli's Theory of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Development.
Check out what else Adam is doing here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/woodad07
A powerpoint slide presentation on Muted Group Theory. A topic under Communication Theory subject. Does men and women being treated equally? What causes the silence in women? Is this theory considered bias?
1. Introduction
2. Rationale of the study
3.Theoretical Framework
4. Frame work of the study
5. Discussion
6. Conceptual dimensions in the text
7. Recommendations
8.Conclusion
9. Questions & Answer Session
CT2010: Dialogue Session 4: Women, Identity and the Media: Key Challenges for...Tony Watkins
A dialogue session by Margunn Serigstad Dahle at the Third Lausanne Congress, Cape Town, 2010. It was the fourth in a series of dialogue sessions led by Margunn and Tony Watkins.
This session takes as its starting point the evolution of the campus novel as a reflection of changing university life in Britain from the post-war era immediately after the Education Act of 1944 through the parallel growth of “redbrick” institutions and the founding of entirely “new” universities in the 1960s to the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992 which abolished the “binary divide” between polytechnics and universities and greatly expanded the sector and on to Tony’s Blair’s 2001 target of sending at least 50% of young people into a mass higher education system by the end of the decade. We shall focus on two key themes from this period of dramatic change as highlighted by the parallel development of the British campus novel: first, how the shifting depiction of administrative and managerial staff allows us to trace the extraordinary transformation that has overtaken British universities since the 1950s; and second, how the portrayal of sex, women and gender in an academic environment has been affected by what has also been a period of wider social upheaval in Britain in which the universities have played their full part. Our attendees will be encouraged to reflect on their own professional experiences as administrators in the context of these two sets of issues which have clearly been central to the development of the contemporary university, and to explore them through a combination of group conversation and plenary debate. Our session will be accessible not only to the many existing fans of the genre who are employed within universities but also to those who may be new to this form of contemporary literature and who are interested in what it might say about the places where we work. It will make particular use of examples drawn from a broad range of well-known campus novels including Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim (1954), Malcolm Bradbury’s The History Man (1975), Tom Sharpe’s Porterhouse Blue (1974), David Lodge’s Changing Places (1975), Small World (1984) and Nice Work (1988).
Worldviews premodern, modern, postmodern, social critical
Gilligan presentation
1. Carol
Gilligan
…helping voices to be heard.
American Feminist, ethicist, and psychologist.
2. Interview Activity
• How would we understand the world if women
were not included in general human
development studies?
• How are men and women different and how are
they similar?
• Have you ever been in a situation where you
have been silenced and felt like you couldn’t say
what you wanted to?
3. Questions She Asked
• Are women and men different?
• How can we get women and girls on the map?
• A different voice
• Towards a new understanding
4. Because of Carol Gilligan…
• There is research and theory about gender differences
that valued the voices of girls and women.
• Women are more likely to make moral decisions based
on issues of care, inclusion, and personal connection,
rather than on a more abstract and distant notion of
justice.
• She interviewed mostly to conduct her research
5. Facts about Carol Gilligan
• Born November 28, 1936
• Family
– Raised in Jewish family in New York City.
– Father was a lawyer and mother was a nursery school teacher.
– Married to fellow psychologist James Gilligan M.D.
– Has three sons.
• Interests
– Literature and theatre arts
– Piano
– Pursued modern dance as an undergrad
– Love and relationships
6. Career Information
• Education
– 1958 B.A. summa cum laude in English literature from Swarthmore College (some history)
– 1960 M.A. Clinical Psychology form Radcliffe College
– 1964 Ph.D. Social Psychology from Harvard University
• Professions
– 1967 began teaching at Harvard (psychology of moral development and adolescence)
– 1992-1994 taught American History and Institutions at University of Cambridge
– 2002 Professor at New York University in the School of Education and School of Law and is also a
visiting professor at Cambridge
• Notable mentions
– 1996 Time Magazine- one of the 25 most influential Americans
– 1997 appointed to the Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies (Harvard’s 1st position in GS)
– 1998 4th Annual Heinz Award in the Human Condition
– Work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg
– 1982 In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development
7. Meeting At The
Crossroads (1992)
Between Voice
and Silence
(1997)
(1982) (1989)
Kyra (2008) The Deepening
Darkness:
Patriarchy, (1992)
Resistance, &
Democracy’s
Future (2009)
(2002)
8. Influences and Other Theorists
• Erik Erikson- “ego” psychoanalysis, identity
crisis, 8 stages of moral development
• Lawrence Kohlberg- Five stages of Moral
Development, adolescent research
• Mary Belenky- Five stages of Knowing, silence
9. Remembering Larry
• In 1998 gave the Kohlberg Memorial Lecture
• They met and became friends
• They talked about
• They co-taught
• They differed in opinion back to her questions
10. Theories Applied to Education
• Known for lectures integrating literature,
mythology, biography, and history.
• Women like to solve problems and do school
work that involve relationships within the
community, and “real-life” dilemmas.
11.
12. Sources
• Gilligan, C., Lyons, N. P., & Hanner, T. J. (1990). Making connections:the relational
worlds of adolescent girls at emma willard school . Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press. (Gilligan, Lyons & Hanner, 1990)
• Brown, L. M., & Gilligan, C. (1992). Meeting at the crossroads: women's psychology
and girls development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
(Brown & Gilligan, 1992)
• Hekman, S. J. (1995). Moral voices, moral selves: carol gilligan and feminist moral
theory. University Park, Pennsylvania : The Pennsylvania State University Press.
(Hekman, 1995)
• Taylor, J. M., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. M. (1995). Between voice and silence:
women and girls race and relationship. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press. (Taylor, Gilligan & Sullivan, 1995)
13. More Sources
• Wikipedia. (2012). Carol gilligan In Retrieved from
http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Gilligan
• Gilligan, C. (1998). Remembering larry . Journal o Moral Education, 27(2),
Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ582
803&site=ehost-live (Gilligan, 1998)
• "Gilligan, Carol." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008.
Retrieved November 18, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045300927.html
Editor's Notes
Have you guys ever had a question? Have you ever wanted to change some belief or thought? Have you ever wondered why something is the way it is? Have you ever had a thought that propelled you into thinking in a different way? Have you ever had questions that caused you to research something deeper and to explore an idea more?
Overtime Gilligan’s work has been inaccurately described as suggesting that women are more caring than men. Rather, she argues that women are more likely to make moral decisions based on issues of care, inclusion, and personal connection, rather than on a more abstract and distant notion of justice.
Different Voice is about why women felt like they couldn’t speak or when they did it came back to them not as they were meaning to sound at all, Gilligan noticed the absence of women from the psychology she was teaching, women seen as unintelligent because women are emotional and that’s ridiculous because men have emotions too and women think. “human development” was once based on a male model, but when combined with traits associated with women we see that those characteristics are shared by all humans: terms such as “emotional intelligence,” “relational self,” and “the feeling brain” are now used which shows that the whole paradigm has changed. Mapping the Moral DomainMeeting at the CrossroadsMaking ConnectionsBetween Voice and SilenceThe Birth of PleasureKyraThe Deepening Darkness: Patriarchy, Resistance, & Democracy’s Future
Erikson would say adolescence is the time between life-history and history. Hannah Arendt said adolescence is the time when the urge toward self display becomes pressingVirginia Woolf said a character asks “when the self speaks to the self, who is speaking?” and answers, “the entombed soul, the spirit driven in…the self that took the veil and left the world—a coward perhaps, yet somehow beautiful.