The document summarizes key facts about the Moon's properties, surface characteristics, composition and formation history. It discusses how lunar exploration began with Soviet and American space programs in the late 1950s and 1960s, culminating in the Apollo 11 mission landing in 1969. It describes the Moon's surface features like highlands, maria, impact craters and lack of atmosphere or water. The composition is similar to Earth, consisting mainly of silicates. The widely accepted theory is that the Moon formed from debris after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object over 4 billion years ago.

1. Moon Properties and Characteristics
Earth Science

2. The Moon
Reaching for the Moon
1. Plans for a crewed lunar expedition began in
the late 1950s.
a) In 1957 the
Soviet Union
launched the
first satellite,
Sputnik I.

3. b) In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became
the first human in space.

4. c) On May 5, 1961,
Alan B. Shepard Jr.
became the first
American in space
as part of Project
Mercury followed
by the two-person
crews of Project
Gemini.

5. d) On July 20,
1969, the
Apollo
program
landed Neil
Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin on
the Moon,
during
Apollo 11.

6. The Moon
The Lunar Surface
1) The albedo of the Moon, the amount of sunlight that its
surface reflects, is only about 0.07 (7 percent) contrasted
with Earth’s average of 0.31 (31 percent).
2) No atmosphere.
3) Surface temperatures can range from 400 K (127°C) in
sunlight.
4) 100 K (–173°C) where it is dark.

7. The Moon
The Lunar Surface
5) The surface of the Moon consists of several features:
A) The Highlands are lunar
regions that are light in color,
mountainous, and heavily covered
with craters.
B) The Maria (singular, mare) are lunar
regions that are dark, smooth
plains, which on average are 3 km
lower in elevation than the
highlands.

8. The Moon
The Lunar Surface
– The surface of the Moon consists of several features:
C) Impact craters were
formed when objects
from space crashed
into the lunar surface.

9. d) Ejecta is
material
blasted out
during
impacts that
fell back to
the surface.

10. e) Rilles are
meandering,
valleylike structures
that are found in
the Maria.

11. • 6) There is no
erosion on the
Moon—except for
surface creep and
wear caused by
recent impacts—
because it has no
atmosphere or
flowing water.
– Craters on the
Moon are
preserved until one
impact covers

12. The Moon
1) Composition
– The Moon is made up of minerals similar to those of Earth—
mostly silicates.
– The highlands are predominately lunar breccias, which are
rocks formed by the fusing together of smaller pieces of rock
during impacts.
– The maria are predominately basalts that contain
no water.

13. The Moon
History of the Moon
• Radiometric dating of lunar rocks from the
highlands indicates an age between 3.8 and
4.6 billion years.
• 2) Regolith is a layer
of loose, ground-up
rock on the surface
of the Moon that
formed as a result of
the heavy
bombardment
during its first 800
million years.

14. • 3) The maria
which are
between 3.1
and 3.8 billion
years old
formed when
lava welled up
from the
Moon’s
interior and
filled in the
large impact
basins.

15. The Moon
History of the Moon
Tectonics on the Moon?
1 & 2. Although the Moon experiences moderate moonquakes
approximately once a year, scientists theorize that the Moon
is not tectonically active.
3.. That the Moon has no active volcanoes and no significant
magnetic field supports this conclusion.

16. • The Moon, like
Earth, has a
layered
structure, which
consists of the
crust, the upper
mantle, the lower
mantle, and the
core.

17. The Moon
History of the Moon
2. Formation Theories
– The capture theory proposes that as the solar system was
forming, a large object ventured too near to the forming
Earth, became trapped in its gravitational pull, and formed
into what is now the Moon.
– The simultaneous formation theory states that the Moon and
Earth formed at the same time and in the same general area,
and thus the materials from which they formed were
essentially the same.

18. The Moon
History of the Moon
6. Formation Theories
– The impact theory is the most commonly accepted theory
of how the Moon formed.
– This theory proposes that the Moon formed as the result of
a gigantic collision between Earth and a Mars-sized object
about 4.5 billion years ago, when the solar system was
forming.