- Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many small businesses that sell differentiated products. While the products are differentiated, they are still close substitutes for one another.
- Firms in monopolistic competition have some control over pricing through product differentiation, but still face competition. Each firm's pricing decisions do not significantly impact the overall market price.
- In the short run, firms maximize profits by producing at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In the long run, firms will exit if losing money and new firms will enter if others are earning profits, until all firms earn zero economic profit.
Students should be able to:
Carry out diagrammatic analysis of the market structure in both the short and long run
Understand the importance of advertising and differentiation for the model of monopolistic competition and be able to contrast this with other market structures.
Students should be able to explain and evaluate the efficiency of monopolistic competition
Students should be able to:
Carry out diagrammatic analysis of the market structure in both the short and long run
Understand the importance of advertising and differentiation for the model of monopolistic competition and be able to contrast this with other market structures.
Students should be able to explain and evaluate the efficiency of monopolistic competition
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
Gregory Mankiw in his Principles of Economics outlines Ten Principles of Economics that will replicate here, they are:
*People face trade-offs
*The cost of something is what you give up to get it
*Rational people think at the margin
*People respond to incentives
*Trade can make everyone better off
*Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
*Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes
*A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services
*Prices rise when the government prints too much money
*Society faces a short-run tradeoff between Inflation and unemployment.
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
Gregory Mankiw in his Principles of Economics outlines Ten Principles of Economics that will replicate here, they are:
*People face trade-offs
*The cost of something is what you give up to get it
*Rational people think at the margin
*People respond to incentives
*Trade can make everyone better off
*Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
*Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes
*A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services
*Prices rise when the government prints too much money
*Society faces a short-run tradeoff between Inflation and unemployment.
Please download the file and view the presentation.
Notes for each of the slides are present in the notes section
(Images used for representational purposes only)
Monopolistic competition - The Four Types of Market Structure - EconomicsFaHaD .H. NooR
Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms.[1][2] In the presence of coercive government, monopolistic competition will fall into government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Textbook examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include restaurants, cereal, clothing, shoes, and service industries in large cities. The "founding father" of the theory of monopolistic competition is Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject, Theory of Monopolistic Competition (1933).[3] Joan Robinson published a book The Economics of Imperfect Competition with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition.
Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics:
There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price.
Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products.
There are few barriers to entry and exit.[4]
Producers have a degree of control over price.
economics #ucp
What is 'Monopolistic Competition'
Characterizes an industry in which many firms offer products or services that are similar, but not perfect substitutes. Barriers to entry and exit in the industry are low, and the decisions of any one firm do not directly affect those of its competitors. All firms have the same, relatively low degree of market power; they are all price makers. In the long run, demand is highly elastic, meaning that it is sensitive to price changes. In the short run, economic profit is positive, but it approaches zero in the long run. Firms in monopolistic competition tend to advertise heavily.
BREAKING DOWN 'Monopolistic Competition'
Monopolistic competition is a middle ground between monopoly, on the one hand, and perfect competition (a purely theoretical state), on the other, and combines elements of each. It is a form of competition that characterizes a number of industries that are familiar to consumers in their day-to-day lives. Examples include restaurants, hair salons, clothing and consumer electronics. To illustrate the characteristics of monopolistic competition, we'll use the example of household cleaning products.
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In a monopoly market, factors like government license, ownership of resources, copyright and patent and high starting cost make an entity a single seller of goods. All these factors restrict the entry of other sellers in the market. Monopolies also possess some information that is not known to other sellers.
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4. Differentiated product
Product differentiation: the process of
creating real or apparent differences between
goods and services => price maker
A differentiated product has close, but not
perfect substitutes.
Firms center on non- price competition in
addition to price competition.
5. Each firm is so small relative to the total
market that its pricing decisions have a
negligible effect on the market price.
Many Small Sellers
6. Easy Entry and Exit
Not as easy as in Perfect Competition because
of product differentiation
7. Competition with Differentiated Products
The Monopolistically Competitive Firm in the
Short Run:
- Each firm in monopolistic competition faces
a downward-sloping demand curve.
- The monopolistically competitive firm
follows the monopolist's rule for maximizing
profit
1. MR = MC
2. It sets the price using the demand curve
to ensure that consumers will buy the amount
produced.
8. - The monopolistically competitive firm is
earning a profit or loss by comparing price
and average total cost.
1. If P > ATC, the firm is earning a profit.
2. If P < ATC, the firm is earning a loss.
3. If P = ATC, the firm is earning zero
economic profit.
10. The Monopolistic Competition
in the Long-Run
_ When firms in monopolistic competition
are making profit, new firms have an
incentive to enter the market.
+ The demand curve faced by each firm
shifts to the left.
_ When firms in monopolistic competition
are incurring losses, firms in the market will
have an incentive to exit.
+ The demand curve for each firm shifts
to the right.
11. _ The process of exit and entry continues until
firms are earning zero profit.
+ Price is equal to average total cost and the
firm is earning zero economic profit.
14. Advantages of Monopolistic Competition
1. The Promotion of Competition (lack of Barriers to Entry) .
2. Differentiation Brings Greater Consumer Choice and
Variety
- This provides greater choice and variety of products and
services for consumers to purchase .
3. Product and Service Quality – Development
- Firms improve product quality in order to gain economic
profit.
4.Consumers Become More Knowledgable of Products
- They can gain an understanding of the unique features
and aspects that certain products have compared to that of
others.
15. Disadvantages of Monopolistic Competition
1. They Can be Wasteful -- Liable of Excess Capacity
- Firms don't produce enough output to efficiently
lower the average cost and benefit from economies of
scale.
2. Allocatively Inefficient
- It is allocatively inefficient as not enough of the
product gets produced for society to benefit .
3.Higher Prices
- A higher price is charged than would be the case
under Perfect Competition.
4. Advertising – Wasteful.
16. Compare Monopolistic Competition with Monopoly
Monopolistic Competition Monopoly
Many products One product
Few barriers to entry No chance of entry
Forced Innovation No innovation
No market control Absolute market
control
17. Compare Monopolistic Competition with Monopoly
Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly
Many products Few products
Few barriers to entry High barriers of entry
Forced Innovation Little innovation
No market control Large market control
22. Differences in qualities such as type, style, quality,
reputation, appearance, and location that tend to
distinguish them from each other.
23.
24. Easy entry and exit
•Less capital than railway,
airport, oil …
•No barriers to entry or exit.
•Firm unable to cover its
costs can leave the market
without incurring liquidation
costs