1) The document discusses concepts related to mechanics including momentum, energy, and collisions. It provides examples and questions to illustrate these concepts.
2) Key ideas covered include the definitions of momentum and velocity, the conservation of momentum especially during collisions, different types of energy and the law of conservation of energy, and how energy and momentum can be used to analyze motion and collisions.
3) Examples include analyzing the final velocity of two cars that collide and stick together, calculating the velocity of an egg after being dropped from a building using conservation of energy, and determining the velocities after both perfectly elastic and inelastic collisions.
The combination of Bayesian statistics and neural networks has proven to excel in predictive analytics. Blue Yonders solution NeuroBayes was developed and applied first in the field of particle physics but it can be successfully applied to a broad range of everyday problems for example demand prediction in retail. In this talk we introduce the basic concepts and explain the structure, components, and operations that build up an application for prediction.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
The combination of Bayesian statistics and neural networks has proven to excel in predictive analytics. Blue Yonders solution NeuroBayes was developed and applied first in the field of particle physics but it can be successfully applied to a broad range of everyday problems for example demand prediction in retail. In this talk we introduce the basic concepts and explain the structure, components, and operations that build up an application for prediction.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
This presentation is about electric potential. As we know, electric fields are vector quantities, which define electric field properties. The electric properties of space can also be described by electric potential. Electric potential is scaler. The concept of electric potential is more important due to its advantages over electric field as it has no direction which make it simpler. Electric potential is more practical than the electric field because differences in potential. Electric potentials and electric fields are associated with each other, and either can be used to describe the electrostatic properties of space. The gravitational potential energy is meaningful only in terms of the difference in potential energy in respect of reference point. The most important fact is that the Electric potential have similar characteristics as that of gravitational potential energy.
It's my project presentation about second condition of equilibrium .... second condition of equilibrium is proved by using "Two Arm Lever Apparatus"
It tells about the application of second condition of equilibrium.
This presentation is about electric potential. As we know, electric fields are vector quantities, which define electric field properties. The electric properties of space can also be described by electric potential. Electric potential is scaler. The concept of electric potential is more important due to its advantages over electric field as it has no direction which make it simpler. Electric potential is more practical than the electric field because differences in potential. Electric potentials and electric fields are associated with each other, and either can be used to describe the electrostatic properties of space. The gravitational potential energy is meaningful only in terms of the difference in potential energy in respect of reference point. The most important fact is that the Electric potential have similar characteristics as that of gravitational potential energy.
It's my project presentation about second condition of equilibrium .... second condition of equilibrium is proved by using "Two Arm Lever Apparatus"
It tells about the application of second condition of equilibrium.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Momentum and Energy.pptx
1. FUN SIDE OF MECHANICS:
MOMENTUM (COLLISION) ENERGY
By Jonathan
2. RECAP:
Last week we talked about
countersteering. What was
countersteering?
Turn in the other direction in order to
complete a turn.
A while back we mentioned velocity.
What was velocity?
scalar or vector?
Vector: has the magnitude and direction
Units?
m/s (length/time)
v
5. WHY IS MOMENTUM IMPORTANT
Because it is often conserved
Especially in collisions
6. WHEN IS MOMENTUM CONSERVED
When there is no force (no net force).
Or at least when there is no time.
What might this mean?
7. COLLISION
In a collision, it happens so fast, we say momentum
does not have any time to change
There are forces, but they are internal.
Fpush
Fpush
The SYSTEM
8. COLLISION QUESTION
A red car of mass 1000 kg traveling with a velocity
10 m/s to the right hits a blue car of mass 500 kg
traveling with a velocity 5 m/s to the left. Then the
cars deform and stick together. What is their final
velocity?
Pi = 1000 * 10 + 500 * (-5)
Pi = 7500 ‘Combined momentum
Pi = Pf ‘Conservation of mom.
Pf = 7500 = 1500 * vf
vf = 5 m/s to the right
9. ENERGY
Can’t be created or destroyed. Can only change form.
What are some examples of energy? What form?
There are two classifications of mechanical energy that
are important in physics
Kinetic
translation
rotation
Potential
height
elastic
Other
10. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy is conserved: only changes form
So if we know what forms of energy exist we can
find out cool information about the motion of
objects.
For instance: what forms of energy are present in
these pictures?
12. WE CAN USE ENERGY TO FIND OUT ABOUT
MOTION
Kinetic Energy (translation): KE = ½ m (v)2
m is the mass
v is the speed
Gravitational Potential: PE = m g h
m is the mass
g is gravity
h is height
13. ENERGY QUESTION
A egg is dropped off a 100 m building.
How fast will it be going when it lands?
100 m
Identify types of energy
Start: gravitational potential energy
End: kinetic energy
Set up equations and solve
m * g * (100m) = ½ m * (v)2
g * 100 = ½ * (v)2
200 g = (v)2
v = sqrt (200 g) ≈ sqrt(2000)
v = 45 m/s
14. REVISIT COLLISIONS
In collisions:
Momentum is always conserved
Mechanical energy is only sometimes conserved
When mechanical energy is conserved we call this
an elastic collision (think springy)
When mechanical energy is not conserved we call
this an inelastic collision (crushed)
15. (PERFECTLY) ELASTIC COLLISION
Both energy and momentum are conserved!
Ex: two blocks sliding on ice collide elastically. The red
block of mass 3 kg was traveling 6 m/s to the right. The
blue of mass of mass 6 kg was originally stationary.
What happens to each block?
3 kg
6 kg
0 m/s
6 m/s Momentum:
pi = 3 kg * 6 m/s + 6 kg * 0 m/s = 18 kg*m/s
1) pf = 18 kg*m/s = 3kg * v1 + 6kg * v2
Energy:
Ei = KE = ½ (3kg) * (6m/s)2 = 54 J
2) Ef = 54 J = ½ (3kg) (v1)2 + ½ (6kg) (v2)2
1) and 2) v1 = -2 m/s, v2 = 4 m/s
16. PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION
Remember when we had the objects stick together?
That’s an example of a perfectly inelastic collision
17. SO MUCH! WHAT DID WE LEARN?
Momentum
p = mass * velocity
Conservation of momentum
Energy:
Mechanical Energy
Kinetic (like translational kinetic energy) (1/2 m v2)
Potential (like gravitational potential energy) (m g h)
Collisions: (p is always conserved)
Perfectly inelastic collisions
inelastic
Perfectly elastic collisions (energy is conserved)
18. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
How high will a skateboarder get on the other side
of a half pipe? (ignore air resistance)
19. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
In which case will the child (sliding on a frictionless
slide) end the fastest?
20. WORK: A CHANGE IN MECHANICAL ENERGY
Work = Force * Displacement
W = F * D
No Work
Work:
21. FRICTION DOES WORK TOO!
Does kinetic friction do work on an object?
Does static friction do work on an object?
v
22. ANALYSIS OF SKATEBOARD OLLIE
http://youtu.be/dFl2CQ8xaXs
First think about just the skateboarder.
Why does the skateboarder have to crouch?
Think about the skateboard.
What are forces on the skateboard?
What is the skateboard’s momentum?
Is there a collision? Internal or external?
Think about the system?
What is an appropriate system?
Is mechanical energy conserved?
Is work done? By who?
24. HOW HIGH WILL THE BALL GO?
On the giraffe there is less up and down motion. Which means less
change in potential energy and less work. This is why performers always
juggle on tall unicycles.
Plus, there is less acceleration on a giraffe.
