This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of the contents of an inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry course titled "Atomic and Molecular Structure/Complexation". The course will cover 9 topics including atomic and molecular structure, electrolytes, essential and trace ions, non-essential ions, gastrointestinal agents, antacids, protective adsorbents, radiopharmaceutical preparations, and radio opaque and contrast media. It will examine the fundamental atomic structure including protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes and quantum mechanics. The course will also cover electronic configurations, orbitals, quantum numbers, ionization, periodic trends, and transition metal ions. The instructor is Hayder R. Fadhil and the course is listed as the 1st semester, 3
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
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Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Lesson 6: Polar, Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinatesMatthew Leingang
"The fact that space is three-dimensional is due to nature. The way we measure it is due to us." Cartesian coordinates are one familiar way to do that, but other coordinate systems exist which are more useful in other situations.
Dealing with Notations and conventions in tensor analysis-Einstein's summation convention covariant and contravariant and mixed tensors-algebraic operations in tensor symmetric and skew symmetric tensors-tensor calculus-Christoffel symbols-kinematics in Riemann space-Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's laws quantify how current flows through a circuit and how voltage varies around a loop in a circuit
There are two laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or First Law
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Second Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or First Law
The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Second Law
According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,
The voltage around ya loop equals to the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and also equals to zero.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff’s law is called as conservation of energ.
Electric Potential And Gradient - Fied TheoryMr. RahüL YøGi
A ppt on Electric Potential And Gradient containg all the information of Electrica Potential and Electrostatic Informatio .
Containing Information About :
Electric Potential
Potential And Gradient
Electrostatic
Electric Charge
Surface and Volume Integration
Dealing with Notations and conventions in tensor analysis-Einstein's summation convention covariant and contravariant and mixed tensors-algebraic operations in tensor symmetric and skew symmetric tensors-tensor calculus-Christoffel symbols-kinematics in Riemann space-Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's laws quantify how current flows through a circuit and how voltage varies around a loop in a circuit
There are two laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or First Law
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Second Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or First Law
The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Second Law
According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,
The voltage around ya loop equals to the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and also equals to zero.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff’s law is called as conservation of energ.
Electric Potential And Gradient - Fied TheoryMr. RahüL YøGi
A ppt on Electric Potential And Gradient containg all the information of Electrica Potential and Electrostatic Informatio .
Containing Information About :
Electric Potential
Potential And Gradient
Electrostatic
Electric Charge
Surface and Volume Integration
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. CONTENTS OF THIS COURSE
1) Atomic and molecular structure/Complexation.
2) Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes.
3) Essential and trace ions: Iron, copper, sulfur, iodine.
4) Non essential ions: Fluoride, bromide, lithium, gold, silver and mercury
5) Gastrointestinal agents: Acidifying agents.
6) Antacids.
7) Protective adsorbents.
8) Radiopharmaceutical preparations.
9) Radio opaque and contrast media
3. • The fundamental unit of all matter is the atom
• The chemical and physical properties of matter are determined by its elemental composition
• Elements are composed of like atoms and their isotopes
• To predict properties of matter, molecules, or elements = it is important to understand the structure of atoms
• Atoms are composed of a central nucleus surrounded by electron which occupy discrete region of space
• The nucleus is considered to contain 2 types of stable particles which comprise most of the mass of the atom
• One of these particles is called a neutron. It is uncharged species
• Second called proton has a positive charge of essentially one electrostatic unit
• Atomic mass ( the sum of protons + neutrons)
• Atomic number ( number of protons)
• Isotopic forms of a particular element differ in the number of neutrons, and, therefore; in the atomic mass.
• Electrons ( negative charge)
• Unstable particles like Positron and betatron (negatron)
Introduction
4. Atomic and molecular structure/Complexation
Heisenberg Principle
States that it is impossible to define what time and where an electron is and
where is it going next. This makes it impossible to know exactly where an
electron is traveling in an atom.
Since it is impossible to know where an electron is at a certain time, a series of
calculations are used to approximate the volume and time in which the electron
can be located. These regions are called Atomic Orbitals. These are also known
as the quantum states of the electrons.
Only two electrons can occupy one orbital and they must have different spin
states, (½ spin) and (- ½ spin). (easily visualized as opposite spin states).
Orbitals are grouped into subshells.
And this field of study is called quantum mechanics
5. Atomic and molecular structure/Complexation
Atomic Subshells
S subshell: (Spherical shape) There is one S orbital in an S subshell.
The electrons can be located anywhere within the sphere centered at the atom’s nucleus
s Orbitals properties:
• Radius of sphere increases with increasing value of n
• Accommodate 2 electron
• Value of l = 0
7. Atomic Subshells
P Orbitals: (Shaped like two balloons tied together)
There are 3 orbitals in a p subshell that are denoted as px, py, and pz orbitals.
These are higher in energy than the corresponding S orbitals.
px, py, pz are orthogonal
Value of l = 1
px
pz
py
10. Atomic Subshells
D Orbitals: The d subshell is divided into 5 orbitals (dxy, dxz, dyz, dz 2 and dx 2 -y 2 ). These
orbitals have a very complex shape and are higher in energy than the S and P orbitals.
Value of l = 2
11. Electronic configuration
Every element is different.
The number of protons determines
the identity of the element.
The number of electrons determines
the charge.
The number of neutrons determines
the isotope.
All chemistry is done at the electronic
level (that is why electrons are very
important).
Electronic configuration is the
arrangement of electrons in an atom.
These electrons fill the atomic orbitals
Atomic orbitals are arrange by
energy level (n) , subshells (l),
orbital (ml) and spin (ms)
12. Electronic configuration
The two electrons in Helium
represent the complete filling of
the first electronic shell.
Thus, the electrons in He are in a
very stable configuration.
For Boron (5 electrons) the 5th
electron must be placed in a 2p
orbital because the 2s orbital is
filled. Because the 2p orbitals
are equal energy, it doesn't
matter which 2p orbital is filled
13. Electronic configuration
Electronic configurations can also be written in a short hand which
references the last completed orbital shell (i.e. all orbitals with the same
principle quantum number 'n' have been filled)
The electronic configuration of Na(11) can be written as 3s1
The electronic configuration of Li (3) can be written as 2s1
The electrons in the stable (Noble gas) configuration are termed the core
electrons
The electrons in the outer shell (beyond the stable core) are called the
valence electrons
14. Valence Electrons
The valence electrons are the electrons in the last shell or energy level of an
atom.
Examples of Electronic Configuration
15. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM: CARBON ATOM
ELECTRON
PROTON
NEUTRON
6 protons
+
6 neutrons
16. The Quantum Mechanical Model
A quantum is the amount of energy needed to move
from one energy level to another.
Since the energy of an atom is never “in-between” there
must be a quantum leap in Energy.
NOTES: Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in
an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
[energy level (n)(shells) , subshells (l), orbital (ml) and
spin (ms)].
- No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the
same energy.
- For example, no two electrons in the same atom can have
identical sets of quantum numbers.
17. The Quantum Numbers (n) & their principle
Each orbital describes a spatial distribution of electron density.
An orbital is described by a set of three quantum numbers.
The principal quantum number, n, describes the energy level on which the
orbital resides.
The values of n are integers ≥ 0.
This quantum number defines the shape of the orbital.
Allowed values of (l) (Subshell) (Angular Momentum Quantum Number)
are integers ranging from 0 to n − 1.
We use letter designations to communicate the different values of l and,
therefore, the shapes and types of orbitals.
18. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number, generally symbolized by ml denotes the orientation of
the electron’s orbital with respect to the three axes (3D orientation) in space
Values are integers ranging from (-l to +l) (−l ≤ ml ≤ +l)
Therefore, on any given energy level, there can be up to 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d
orbitals, 7 f orbitals, etc.
Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.
Different orbital types within a shell are subshells.
The two electrons in the same orbital do not have exactly the same energy.
The “spin” of an electron describes its magnetic field, which affects its energy.
The spin quantum number has only 2 allowed values: +1/2 and −1/2.
Spin Quantum Number, ms
20. Q: what is the maximum shell population of n = 5
21. problem
Write a set of quantum numbers for the third electron and a set for the eighth
electron of the F atom (9 electron).
3
electron
8
electron
22. Ionization
When an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged
(more electrons than protons ) and is called an anion.
In the same way that nonmetal atoms can gain electrons
metal atoms can lose electrons and they become positively
charged cations.
Cations are always smaller than the original atom.
Conversely, anions are always larger than the original atom.
Anion= atom with negatively
charged
23. .
* The elements of boron family have configuration
which means that they have 3 valance electron available for
bond formation.
* By loosing these electrons they are accepted to show +3
oxidation states in there compounds
All metals undergo oxidation with oxygen, halogens, aqueous acids.
First the outer most electron is removed, followed by one or more d electrons.
Some generate cations with unpaired electrons = Paramagnetism.
Are colored.
For first transition series common oxidation numbers are +2 and +3.
Oxidation states
Metal reactions
25. The Periodic Law
When elements are
arranged in order of
increasing atomic
number, there is a
periodic repetition of
their physical and
chemical properties.
Horizontal rows =
periods There are 7
periods
Vertical column =
group (or family)
Similar physical &
chemical prop.
27. Areas of the periodic table
Three classes of elements are:
1) Metals
2) Nonmetals
3) metalloids
Metals: electrical conductors, have luster, ductile,
malleable
Nonmetals: generally brittle and non-lustrous, poor
conductors of heat and electricity Some nonmetals are
gases (O, N, Cl); some are brittle solids (S); one is a
fuming dark red liquid (Br) Notice the heavy, stair-step
line.
Metalloids: border the line-2 sides Properties are
intermediate between metals and nonmetals