The document discusses the basic structure and bonding of molecules. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with electrons arranged in shells. Molecules form when atoms bond together through covalent, ionic, hydrogen, metallic or other bonds. Covalent bonds can be polar or non-polar depending on how electrons are shared. The periodic table arranges elements based on their atomic structure and properties.

1. Molecular
Biology
Th e
Ba s i c
s

2. Atoms
Smallest unit of
an element still
exhibiting qualities
of that element

3. Neutrons are
located in the
nucleus
• Electrons travel
around nucleus
in orbital shells
ubatomic Particles
An atom has three
Positively
parts
charged
Protons
(p+)
Neutrally
charged
Neutrons
(n0)
Negatively
charged
Electrons (e)

4. Atomic
Structure
• Electrons fill shells in ascending
order with a maximum number
of electrons in each shell
• The 1st shell has a maximum
of 2 electrons, the 2nd has a
maximum of 8, the 3rd has a
maximum of 18
• The outermost shell of an atom
is called the valence shell and

5. Molecules
Molecules are two or more
bonded atoms
• Covalent bonds
have shared
electrons
o Non-polar
o Polar
• Hydrogen bonds
• Ionic bonds

6. Non-polar Covalent
Bonds equally
• Molecules share electrons
and evenly

7. Polar Covalent
Bonds
Electrons shared slightly
unevenly between atoms
• Electrons spend more time
traveling around one atom
creating a negative charge
on one side and a positive
charge on the other

8. Hydrogen
When polar molecules
Bonds
contain hydrogen
atoms, the opposite
charges attract
nearby molecules

9. with few
valence
electron
will give
one to an
atom with
many
valence
electrons
Ionic
Bonds
A charged
atom, or
ion, is
created
from the
p+/eimbalance
The
opposite
charges
attract
and form
a strong

10. Metallic
Bonds
Metal atoms in
formalized structure
share electrons
throughout entire
molecule
• Leads to high
conductivity of
electricity

13. Periodic
Table
Elements are arranged by
a variety of properties