This document provides an initial assessment report on the water supply in Hadaaftimo Town, Somaliland. It finds that the town has a functioning borehole located far outside of town. The assessment recommends connecting the borehole to the town through a pipeline and storage tanks to improve access. However, it notes that infrastructure expansion alone will not solve all problems and sustainable management also needs to be improved. The report was conducted to inform the development of a full funding proposal to the Somaliland Development Fund to improve Hadaaftimo's water supply and management systems.

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Jamhuuriyada Somaliland Republic of Somaliland
Wasaarada Khayraadka Biyaha Ministry of Water Resource
(MoWR) Hargeisa (WkhB)-Hargeisa
_______________________________________________________
Department of Planning, Coordination and Researches
Ministry of Water Resources
SDFSDFSDFSDF Initial Assessment ReportInitial Assessment ReportInitial Assessment ReportInitial Assessment Report onononon Hadaaftimo Water SupplyHadaaftimo Water SupplyHadaaftimo Water SupplyHadaaftimo Water Supply
Reporting Technical, Social and Management Aspects
January 22nd – 30th
, 2014
Mohamed Farah Abdi Eng. Abdikadir Hussein Urmah
WASH Sector Coordinator Water Engineer
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR)

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CONTENT
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...............................................................................................................3
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................4
3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY..............................................................................................................5
4. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................5
5. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................5
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................5
5.2 Administration and Security...........................................................................................................6
6. SOCIAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................6
6.1 Population.....................................................................................................................................6
6.2 Education ......................................................................................................................................7
6.3 Health............................................................................................................................................7
5.4 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................7
5.5 Environmental issue.......................................................................................................................7
6. FINDINGS ON WATER RESOURCES..........................................................................................8
6.1 Sources of Water ...........................................................................................................................8
6.2 Functionality and Borehole Data....................................................................................................8
6.3 Water Demand Analysis...............................................................................................................10
6.4 Water Management.....................................................................................................................11
6.5 Operation and Maintenance ........................................................................................................11
6.6 Hygiene and Sanitation................................................................................................................12
7. RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................12
7.1 Infrastructure Needs....................................................................................................................12
7.2 Sustainable Management Needs..................................................................................................13

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1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to appreciate Mr. Hussein Ahmed Abdulle, Minister of Water Resources
of the Republic of Somaliland for his guidance and commitment to successfully plan and
implement SDF water project to respond water needs of Somalilanders. I am very grateful for his
tireless efforts for ensuring that the National Development Plan (NDP) is implemented.
My heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Abdirizak Jama Nuur, Director General of Ministry of Water
Resources (MoWR) for his unreserved support, senior supervision and guidance. I am greatly
honored to thank, and to express my gratitude to Anthony Njue, SDF fund manager, for his
dynamic endeavor, support and making us possible to success our assignment.
We are grateful to Eng. Saeed Mohamed Duale, Director of Planning, Coordination & Research
Department, Eng. Abdirahman Farah Omer, Director of Engineering and Resources Development,
and Eng. Abdirahman Abdisalam Sh. Ali, Director of Regulatory Framework & Sustainable
Management for their help, contribution and commitment throughout the SDF water project.
We would like to express our appreciation to the Hadaaftimo Water Management committee for
their collaboration and facilitating for us to find required information. I would like to thank also
Mr. Mohamed Arnab, head of the water committee for his continuous support during staying days
at Hadaaftimo town.
This assessment trip would not have been possible from the beginning without the enthusiasm and
inputs of Esther Lowe, SDF Consultant, in developing the full project proposal.
We have special appreciation for Eng. Mohamud, previous engineer of Hadaaftimo water supply
system who designed and constructed the system six years ago, for his concrete contribution to the
assessment. Eng. My appreciation also goes to the Hadaaftimo community members who assisted
us in providing necessary information in order to accomplish this assessment.

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2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This initial assessment report investigates technical and management status of Hadaaftimo water
supply and provides social related information of the town. The assessment was conducted by
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) in collaboration with Somaliland Development Fund
(SDF). The assessment mission was taken between January 20th – 30th, 2014 by Mohamed Farah
Abdi, Somaliland WASH Sector Coordinator, and Eng. Abdulkadir Hussein Urmah, water
engineer of MoWR.
The Somaliland Development Fund (SDF) is trust fund mainly contributed by DFID and DANIDA
to support Somaliland’s development goals. The SDF is aligned to the National Development Plan
(NDP) 2012 -2016. SDF phase 1 (2014) will support 5 sectors: Water, Environment, Livestock,
Agriculture and Roads.
In the Water sector, SDF will support 2 water projects through collaboration with Ministry of
Water Resources and Hargeisa Water Agency. Ministry of Water Resources selected three
locations for its water project: namely; Berbera city in Sahil regions, Hadaaftimo town in Sanaag
region and Gargooray village in Awdal region.
The assessment report is structured to provide introductory information on Hadaaftimo town,
administration and security issues and social aspects of the town. It summarizes demographic,
social services and environmental impacts. The report gives the most important emphasis on water
supply in the town as means of technical, sustainability and management matters. Sources of water
was identified, sustainable management and operational capacities and challenges were
investigated. The report analysis current needs of water supply infrastructure and sustainable
management and recommends possible solutions.
The assessment was conducted through consultative meetings, interviews with community elders
and direct observation on the water supply infrastructure and facilities.
The assessment team identified that Hadaaftimo has functioning borehole but it’s far away from
the town. It’s required to connect the water town through using pipeline and adequate storage
tanks. However, expanding water supply infrastructure will not overcome all problems but it
should be necessary for improving sustainable management of water supply system.
The assessment report is intended to contribute to the full proposal development of water sector
project funded by Somaliland Development Fund (SDF) in 2014. The report will be used by
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) and water development agencies in Somaliland for the
planning and implementation of WASH interventions concerning Hadaaftimo town in Sanaag
region of Somaliland.

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3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objective of this study is to do initial assessment on Hadaaftimo water situation to find enough
information for the full proposal development of SDF/MoWR. The study has the following
specific objectives:
1. To identify problems related to Hadaaftimo water supply and management systems
2. To investigate sustainability, technical and community ownership of Hadaaftimo water
supply
3. To collect social related information to examine provision of water service satisfies the
needs of Hadaaftimo community.
4. To assess and recommend possible solutions for Hadaaftimo water development.
4. METHODOLOGY
All information in this assessment report was collected from direct interviews with the members
of community elders, community leadership committees, water management committee and also
individuals in Hadaaftimo and Erigavo towns. Majority of interviews were focusing on technical
aspects of water resources, demography and social aspects, sustainable management of water
resources. Consultative meetings, small sessions and dialogue were used. Direct observation and
field visits were taken to collect information on water facilities, analyze and identify gaps.
5. BACKGROUND
5555.1.1.1.1 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Hadaaftimo town lies 90KMS east of Ergivo, Sanaag Regional base. It locates on Latitude N 10.76’
50.73 and longitude E 48.10’51. 68. It is among the oldest settlements of Sanaag region. The first
buildings were constructed around 1930s.
It is on semi-arid land where annual rainfall is about 200 - 300mm with the experiences of frequent
droughts. It locates between gentle hills and acacia belt near the eastern saddle of Daalo
mountainous land.
Hadaaftimo is strategic and core importance for Warsengali clan, sub-clan of Harti Darod, as it’s
the base of Warsengleli Sultanate where the Sultan always remains to be present and lead all his
clan members. The first water source of the town was earth dam, established in 1940 by the
colonial British Government but later was eroded by torrent floods. The first school of Hadaaftimo
was established in 1955 before the concept of schooling was introduced to many other Somali
towns.

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The town is known as livestock rearing and rain-fed farms. Development of social services in
Hadaaftimo was very reluctant in the last 20 years due to political factors from dispute between
Somaliland and Puntland over the territory.
For the recent years, the town was in menace resulting from expanding dry river bed. This torrent
river bed approaches to demolish all the building of the town and sustainability and existence of
town is in serious danger at the moment.
5555.2.2.2.2 AdministrationAdministrationAdministrationAdministration and Securityand Securityand Securityand Security
Hadaaftimo has no formal administration system with mayor or elected council members. There
is traditional administrative system run by town leadership committee. The town leadership
committee consists of 22 members including traditional elders, businessmen, women and youth.
The leadership committee is responsible for overall coordination and management of the town.
For supreme administrative wise, the town comes under Badhan district which is 28km away to
east from Hadaaftimo.
Under the leadership committee, there is another smaller committee that is responsible for water
management and coordination of overall water related aspects.
The structure and roles of the water management committee is not clear. In the water management
committee, there is water manager with no clear roles and responsibilities. The water manager
exerts great responsibility in the sustainability and operational and maintenance.
For security wise, the town has no police station and there are no security officers. The security of
issues of the town is resolved through customary law. Traditional and clan elders are in charge to
maintain the security among the clan members. The elders exercise multiple roles which included
serving as a symbol of authority and as a regulator of peace building and conflict resolution. Main
security problems arise from conflicts among the people in the surrounding areas where they
dispute lands for rain-fed farming. In general, the security of Hadaaftimo town is always fragile
due the territorial disputes between Puntland and Somaliland.
6. SOCIAL ASPECTS
6666.1.1.1.1 PopulationPopulationPopulationPopulation
The total estimated population of Hadaaftimo town is about 4,200 people. The resident population
in the town is estimated around 600 households. However, temporary population in the town is
estimated around 100 households moving from Lasqoray, Bosaso and other coastal places. The
total households is around 700 and average number of people per household was found to be 6
persons.
Population structure of Hadaaftimo is estimated as follows:

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Population Percentage of constituency
Town residents 60%
Semi-pastoral permanent settlers and owners
of rain-fed farmers
10%
Prevailing pastoralist community due to
seasonal climatic factors
20%
Internally displaced people (IDPs) e,g drought
affected ones
10%
6666.2.2.2.2 EducationEducationEducationEducation
Hadaaftimo has good achievement in Education. 800 students are currently studying in Hadaaftimo
primary school (40% of whom are girls) with 19 classrooms and 15 teachers including 3 women.
There 150 students (including 60 girls) in the secondary with 8 teachers. Both the primary and
secondary schools need further classes, furniture and teaching/learnings aids. The schools have
enough latrines and hand washing facilities but they are not in use due to lack of water.
6666.3.3.3.3 HealthHealthHealthHealth
Hataaftimo has functioning MCH with 5 rooms. The MCH is sometimes supported by WHO and
UNICEF with medicine. The MCH provides simple health care services including vaccination,
midwifery and distribution of medicines for malaria, cough, diarrhea, anemia and pneumonia. The
MCH provides some health support to pregnant women and children.
5.45.45.45.4 InfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructure
There is no road and other essential infrastructure facilities such as local market. Majority of
households are in good condition as they are made up rocks and bricks. Almost, the households
and business places of the town are using electricity. The electricity is run by private company
with higher price. There are many business places including shops, stores, restaurants and
teashops.
The mobile telecommunications services of Telesom and Somtel are working effectively in and
around Hadaaftimo town.
5.55.55.55.5 EnvironmentalEnvironmentalEnvironmentalEnvironmental ImpactImpactImpactImpact
One of the greatest challenges facing people of Hadaaftimo is the environmental threat. The dry
river of the town is expanding rapidly to the town. Its more likely to demolish soon the building
next to the river. People of Hadaaftimo are more anxious about the possible impact of this river
bed that will in danger the existence of the town.

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Protection of this expanding dry river is one of the foremost priorities of Hadaaftimo community.
6. FINDINGS ON WATER RESOURCES
6.16.16.16.1 Sources ofSources ofSources ofSources of WaterWaterWaterWater
After several trials of borehole drilling in Hadaaftimo failed, the only possible borehole was drilled
in April 2007 and completed April 2008. This borehole is the only reliable sources of water for
human consumption in and around Hadaaftimo. The borehole locates 2.5kms away from the town
to the south-east. There is no pipeline from the borehole to town and water is collected and
distributed by private water tankers. The price of water per barrel is $2 as the water committee
confirmed.
There are 5 temporary shallow wells in the far surrounding areas of the town. The shallow wells
are used for livestock consumption while the borehole is only secure for human consumption.
People of Hadaaftimo widely practice rain water harvesting techniques. They are well-known for
roof water catchments as estimated 90% of Hadaaftimo households are using small berkads in
front of their houses. Some of the houses have two Berkads in both front and back. The community
members confirmed that roof catchments provide very few water in the rainy season while the
frequency and reliability of rain is very short in the whole year.
After several survey attempts, this borehole site was identified as the nearest aquiver to the town.
6.26.26.26.2 FunctionalityFunctionalityFunctionalityFunctionality andandandand BoreholeBoreholeBoreholeBorehole DataDataDataData
The GPS reads that Hadaaftimo borehole located on Latitude 10 .44’46”.17 N and Longitude
48.06’36”.28 E with the elevation level 1,323M above sea level. The borehole has been
functioning continuously since its time of establishment. Several facilities were added to the
borehole and all of the items of are working now properly.
Figure 1: Majority of Hadaaftimo households are using roof catchments in their HHs

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The borehole data is listed below:
Borehole infrastructure Data
Total borehole depth 350M
Static water level 222M
Pump position 312M
Discharge 12 cum per hour
Pump LAWARA 15kva
Head 400
2 Engines Perkins 44Kva UK, Perkins 44Kva China
Casing size 8’’ PVC
Water flinch 400/230
Electric Cable 400M, 3x16mm
Automatic switch 30HP
EC 2090
PH 7.5
Temperature 28c0
Stand pipe 2’’ GI rising pipe
Watchman room 1
Generator set room 1
Water Tank A 46 cum
Water Tank B 24 cum
Latrine 2
The borehole is not connected to the town. Only the tankers are using the borehole. The borehole
is only used for human consumption as there is no animal troughs. There two small water reservoir

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(24 cum and 46 cum respectively). The 24 cum tank is leaking the water in many places and it
requires plastering.
Hadaaftimo people are not capable to connect the water to the town. The borehole locates behind
small hill.
Although the borehole is functioning, the previous design of the two water tanks was very poor.
The two water tanks are placed in inappropriate place. The borehole and the two water tanks are
located where the hills blocks them to drain water to the town. People of Hadaaftimo require to
extend water from the borehole through using 2km pipeline, construct water kiosks in the town,
and construct elevated water tanks through using specific designs.
The hill is 300m away from the borehole to town. The height of the hill is 14m above the borehole
and the town. It’s required to construct water tank at the top of hill to channel water to the town
by gravity.
6.36.36.36.3 Water DemandWater DemandWater DemandWater Demand AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysis
The borehole produces 12 cum per hour which is 144 cum per day (12 hours). According to the
estimation of that Hadaaftimo population is about 4,200 people who consume 15 liters of water
per person per day, the daily water requirement of Hadaaftimo will be 63 cum per day. From this
calculation, the borehole water production is more than the total consumption of Hadaaftimo
population. However, there will be an estimated additional 10 cum of water will be required every
year.
The current water consumption of Hadaaftimo households is far below normal standards. The
water management committee estimated that majority of households consume one barrel (200
liters) of water in five days. In this argumentation, the household consumes 40 liters per day. When
there are 6 persons in the household, it means they consume less than 7 liters of per day per person.
The Hadaaftimo water demand is summarized in the box below:
1. Present per capita consumption = 7 liters per person per day
2. Normal per capita consumption =15 liters per person per day
3. Future per capita consumption = 20 liters per person per day
1. Present water demand =4,200 persons x 7 liters per person per day = 29,400 liters/day (29.4 cum)
2. Normal water demand =4,200 persons x 15 liters per person per day = 63,000 liters/day (63 cum)
3. Future water demand =4,200 persons x 20 liters per person per day = 84,000 liters/day (84 cum)

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The current water consumption is not enough for Hadaaftimo people. They need is to increase
the current per capita consumption into 20 liters per person per day.
6.4 Water6.4 Water6.4 Water6.4 Water MMMManagementanagementanagementanagement
The water manager manages the borehole with support of water committee. The role of water
committee members are not clear but the water manager exercises all the tasks. The daily
operational borehole activities are performed by three staffs:
1. One water manager.
2. One borehole operator
3. One watchman.
Financial management of borehole is poor as there no water meters and financial recording system.
There is only one source of income which is water tankers. The water manager stated they collect
the money from the tankers and expend it for staff salaries, fuel and small repairs. The water
management committee has no office and functioning managerial system and tools.
Strengthens of the water manager is that he is committed and he has good community acceptance.
The water manager accomplished to sustain the functionality of the borehole without external
support.
Hadaaftimo community members are always committed to pay for water and contribute what they
can to the system. Community members confirmed that they fix water price through consultation
with all community members. On the other hand, community members are not aware roles and
responsibilities of water committees.
6.56.56.56.5 Operation and MaintenanceOperation and MaintenanceOperation and MaintenanceOperation and Maintenance
Because of the commitment and enthusiasm of the water manager, Hadaaftimo borehole remained
to be functional without many operational and maintenance costs. For example, one of the current
engines in the boreholes has been operation for the last six years as a result of commitment of the
water manager. Hadaaftimo people acclaimed the good performance of their water manager in the
last six years.
On the other hand, the staffs of the borehole have no technical skills to maintain the system.
They can only do simple operational activities such as starting and oiling the engine. They do not
use books and procedures. When simple maintenance is required, the water manager goes to the
nearest place such as Bosaso and Erigavo to find repairmen. Simple maintenance task costs a lot
of money. Potential risks of the system will come from lack of spare parts for the generator,
electronic items and other repairing tools.

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6.66.66.66.6 Hygiene andHygiene andHygiene andHygiene and SanitationSanitationSanitationSanitation
Majority of the households have latrines but there are some IDPs households those are without
latrines and they are using open defecation. The town leaders claimed that they are in serious need
for household latrines.
Garbage collection system is not created in the town as there are no garbage collection tools and
facilities such as pits and skip tanks.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
7.17.17.17.1 Infrastructure NeedsInfrastructure NeedsInfrastructure NeedsInfrastructure Needs
To develop and expand Hadaaftimo water supply through extending water from the borehole to
the town; the following facilities actions needed:
1. Establish proper designs with detailed drawings, BoQ and specifications
2. Expand Hadaaftimo water supply system from the borehole to the town through the
following activities:
Construction
• Construct of 100 meter cubic overhead storage reservoir on hill nearby borehole
• Construct of second 70 meter cubic elevated service reservoir nearby town to
distribute the water to the kiosks
• Construct of underground reservoir near by service reservoir to store a water from
overhead reservoir nearby borehole and to supply a water to the service reservoirs by
applying of solar system during loading water to the services reservoir
• Construct 6 animal troughs for Goats and Sheep
• Construct 3 troughs for the camels
• Construct one trough for cattles
• Construct one will animals trough
• Construct 6 public kiosks in the town
• Construct of one kiosk nearby borehole for the rural people
• Construct of 50 HH latrines for the IDPs
• Create 80 meter square fence around the borehole of isolated strips/columns around
the borehole, generator and guard rooms
• Construct 5 garbage skip tanks for the town

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Water distribution/piping system
• Install 450m PVC pressure pipe in 3 inch diameter (class D) with all accessories
from borehole to the 100 meter cubic overhead storage tank (reservoir) on the hill
near the borehole.
• Install 1600m PVC pressure pipe in 3 inch diameter (class D) with all accessories
from 100 meter cubic storage reservoir to 70 meter cubic underground reservoir
• Install 50m PVC Pipe in 3 inch diameter (class C) from underground reservoir
(chamber) to the 70 meter cubic elevated service reservoir supplying water to the
town
• Supply 2000m PVC pipe in diameter 11/2 inch (class D) from service elevated tank
(reservoir ) to public kiosks in the town.
• Install all fittings, water meters, deep meters, cutoff and accessories to the pipeline
installation system.
Excavation system
During excavation of trench the following point should kept in mind
• The land formation is clay formation therefore 0.20cm -0.50cm should be excavated.
• The slope of pipe laying towards public fountains should be important
7.27.27.27.2 Sustainable Management NeedsSustainable Management NeedsSustainable Management NeedsSustainable Management Needs
To ensure the sustainable management of Hadaaftimo water supply system, there is the following
needs:
• Establish structure of water management committee with effective water management
system
• Train water management committee on the sustainable management of water supply
• Strengthen capacity of the management committee on financial and operational
management
• Improve capacity of current staffs of Hadaaftimo water source with operational and
maintenance skills
• Provide essential management facilities to the Hadaaftimo water supply such as office and
its utilities