Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4

EDISI PERTAMA 2022
Penulis:
 Merangkumi semua kemahiran
dalam huraian sukatan
pelajaran.
 Meningkatkan keupayaan
mengaplikasikan pengetahuan
dan menganalisis eksperimen.
 Praktis Berfokus Peperiksaan.
Chemistry
(Bilingual)

Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
2
Bab 1
Chapter 1
Pengenalan kepada Kimia
Introduction to Chemistry
7- 24
1.1 Perkembangan Bidak Kimia dan
Kepentingan dalam Kehidupan
Development in Chemistry Field and Its
Importance in Daily Life
7 - 10
1.2 Penyiasatan saintifik dalam Kimia
Scientific Investigation in Chemistry
11
1.3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan Pengendalian
Radas serta Bahan Kimia
Usage, Management and Handling of
Apparatus and Materials
12 - 16
Review 1 17 - 24
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Jisim dan Struktur Atom
Matter and the Atomic Structure
25 - 51
2.1 Konsep asas Jisim
Basic Concepts of Matter
25 - 31
2.2 Perkembangan Model Atom
The Development of the Atomic Model
32 - 33
2.3 Struktur Atom
Atomic Structure
34 – 38
2.4 Isotop dan Penggunaannya
Isotopes and Its Uses
39 – 40
Review 2 41 - 51
Bab 3
Chapter 3
Konsep Mol, Formula dan
Persamaan Kimia
The mole Concept, Chemical
Formula and Equation
52-89
3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul
Relatif
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative
Molecular Mass
52 - 57
3.2 Konsep Mol
Mole Concept
58 - 66
3.3 Formula Kimia
Chemical Formula
67 - 75
3.4 Persamaan Kimia
Chemical Equation
76 - 78
Review 3 79 - 89
CHEMISTRY FORM 4

3
Bab 4
Chapter 4
Jadual Berkala Unsur
The Periodic Table of Elements
90 - 119
4.1 Perkembangan Jadual Berkala Unsur
The Development of the Periodic Table of
Elements
91 - 91
4.2 Susunan Unsur dalam Jadual Berkala
Unsur Moden
The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of
Elements
92 – 95
4.3 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 18
Elements in Group 18
96 - 97
Elements in Group 1
98 – 102
Elements in Group 17
102 – 105
4.6 Unsur dalam Kala 3
Elements in Period 3
106 – 108
4.7 Unsur Peralihan
Transition Elements
108 – 109
Review 4 110 - 119
Bab 5
Chapter 5
Ikatan Kimia
Chemical Bond
120 - 147
5.1 Asas Pembentukan Sebatian
Basics of Compound Formation
120 – 121
5.2 Ikatan Ion
Ionic Bond
121 – 126
5.3 Ikatan Kovalen
Covalent Bond
127 – 131
5.4 Ikatan Hidrogen
Hydrogen Bond
132 – 134
5.5 Ikatan Datif
Dative Bond
134 – 135
5.6 Ikatan Logam
Metallic Bond
136
5.7 Sebatian Ion dan Sebatian Kovalen
Properties of Ionic Compounds and
Covalent Compounds
137 – 138
Review 5 139 - 147
Bab 6
Chapter 6
Asid, Bes dan Garam
Acid, Base and Salt
148 -217
6.1 Peranan Air dalam Menunjukkan
Keasidan dan Kealkalian
The Role of water on Showing Acidic
and Alkaline Properties
148 - 153
6.2 Nilai pH
pH value
154 – 155
6.3 Kekuatan Asid dan Alkali
Strength of Acids and Alkalis
156 – 157
6.4 Sifat-sifat Kimia Asid dan Alkali
Chemical Properties of Acids and
Alkalis
158 – 161

4
6.5 Kepekatan Larutan Akueus
Concentration of Aqueous Solution
161 – 163
6.6 Larutan Piawai
Standard Solution
134 – 166
6.7 Peneutralan
Naturalisation
167 – 171
6.8 Garam, Hablur dan Kegunaan dalam
Kehidupan Harian
Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in Daily
Life
172 – 173
6.9 Penyediaan Garam
Preparation of Salts
174 – 186
6.10 Tindakan Haba ke atas Garam
Effect of Heat on Salts
167 – 191
6.11 Analisis Kualitatif
Qualitative Analysis
191 – 204
Review 6 205 - 217
Bab 7
Chapter 7
Kadar Tindak Balas
Rate of Reaction
218 - 264
7.1 Penentuan Kadar Tindak Balas
Determining rate of Reaction
218 - 231
7.2 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak
Balas
Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions
231 – 246
7.3 Aplikasi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
Kadar Tindak Balas dalam Kehidupan
Application of Factors that Affect the
Rate of Reaction in Daily Life
247- 248
7.4 Teori Perlanggaran
Collision Theory
249 - 252
Review 7 253 - 264
Bab 8
Chapter 8
Bahan Buatan dalam Industri
Manufactured Substances in Industry
265 - 288
8.1 Aloi dan Kepentingannya
Alloy and Its Importance
265 – 269
8.2 Komposisi Kaca dan Kegunaannya
Composition of Glass and Its Uses
270 -271
8.3 Komposisi Seramik dan Kegunaannya
Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses
272 – 273
8.4 Bahan Komposit dan Kepentingannya
Composite Materials and Its Importance
274 – 276
Review 8 277 - 288
JAWAPAN
ANSWER
289-361

5
PRO-X MODULE dihasilkan dalam bentuk
pdf(softcopy) bagi memudahkan guru atau pelajar
semasa proses pembelajaran atas talian atau
bersemuka.
Modul ini ditulis berdasarkan standard terkini
dalam sukatan mata pelajaran Kimia KSSM yang
meliputi konstruk mengingat, memahami,
mengaplikasi, menganalisis, menilai dan mencipta.
Selain itu, modul ini dihasilkan oleh Cikgu Marzuqi
yang merupakan guru berpengalaman dan
cemerlang dalam subjek kimia yang mengajar lebih
daripada 10 tahun dengan memiliki Master
Pendidikan. Juga, telah menghasilkan banyak modul
kimia sejak tahun 2010.
PRO-X MODULE berserta ekstra buku soalan
Edisi Pertama 2022
Ciri-ciri istimewa dalam Modul Pro-X
ini adalah seperti berikut;
Kemahiran Abad ke-21
 Kemahiran berfikir &
menyelesaikan masalah
 Kemahiran interpersonal &
arah kendiri
 Kemahiran maklumat &
komunikasi
Meliputi Konstruk
 mengingat
 memahami
 mengaplikasi
 menganalisis
 menilai
 mencipta
Aktiviti Pembelajaran Abad ke-21
Pelbagai aktiviti yang menekankan
pembelajaran berpusatkan murid dan
berunsur Kemahiran Berfikir Aras
Tinggi (KBAT).

6
JADUAL
BERKALA
UNSUR

7
Bab 1
Chapter 1
Pengenalan kepada Kimia
Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Perkembangan Bidak Kimia dan Kepentingan dalam Kehidupan
Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life
Exercise 1 : Maksud Kimia
Meaning of Chemistry
1 Apakah kimia?
What is chemistry?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2 : Bahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Harian dan Radas
Chemicals in Daily Life and Apparatus
1 Nyatakan beberapa contoh bagi setiap bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam kehidupan
harian.
State some examples for each of chemicals commonly used in daily life.
SHORT NOTE
1. Perkataan kimia berasal daripada perkataan Arab ‘al-kimiya’.
The word chemistry originated from the Arabic word ‘al-kimiya’.
2. Bahan kimia dalam kehidupan harian:
Chemicals in daily life:
 makanan / food
 perubatan / medicine
 pertanian / agriculture
 industri / industry
3. Perkembangan bidang kimia dan sumbangan teknologi kimia.
The development in chemistry field and the contributions of chemical technology.
 Biokimia, botani dan forensik yang memerlukan pengetahuan kimia bagi menyelesaikan masalah.
Biochemistry, botany and forensics which require chemical knowledge to solve problems.
 Keperluan teknologi kimia untuk menyelesaikan masalah mendorong perkembangan teknologi kimia.
The need for chemical technology to solve problems spurs the development of chemical technology.
4. Kerjaya berkaitan dengan bidang kimia:
Careers related to chemistry:
 Kosmetik / cosmetics
 farmaseutikal / pharmaceutical
 bioteknologi / biotechnology
 nanoteknologi / nanotechnology
 teknologi hijau / green technology
Makanan
Food
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Perubatan
Medicine
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………

8
2 Kenal pasti nama radas yang berikut.
Identify the name of the following apparatus.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Pertanian
Agriculture
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Industri
Industry
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………

9
Exercise 3 : Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Sumbangan Teknologi Kimia
The Development in Chemistry Field and the Contributions of Chemical Technology
1 Terangkan perkembangan teknologi dalam pengawetan makanan bagi setiap yang berikut.
Explain development of techology in food preservation for each following.
(a)
(b)
(c)
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….

10
Exercise 4 : Kerjaya Berkaitan dengan Bidang Kimia
Careers Related to Chemistry
1 Nyatakan beberapa contoh bagi setiap kerjaya berkaitan dengan bidang kimia.
State several examples for each of careers related to chemistry.
Kosmetik
Cosmetics
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Farmaseutikal
Pharmaceutical
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Bioteknologi
Biotechnology
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Teknologi hijau
Green technology
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………

11
1.2 Penyiasatan saintifik dalam Kimia
Scientific Investigation in Chemistry
Exercise 5 : Kaedah Saintifik
Scientific Method
1 Huraikan setiap kaedah yang berikut.
Describe each of following methods.
(a) Membuat pemerhatian
Making observations
:
(b) Membuat inferens
Making an inference
:
(c) Mengenal pasti masalah
Identifying the problem
:
(d) Membuat hipotesis
Making a hypothesis
:
(e) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah
Identifying the variable
:
(f) Mengawal pemboleh ubah
Controlling the variable
:
(g) Merancang eksperimen
Planning an experiment
:
(h) Mengumpul data
Collecting data
:
(i) Mentafsir data
Interpreting data
:
(j) Membuat kesimpulan
Making a conclusion
:
(k) Menulis laporan
Preparing a report
:
SHORT NOTE
1. Kaedah saintifik ialah suatu kaedah sistematik yang diguna pakai oleh ahli sains atau penyelidik dalam
menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan sains.
Scientific method is a systematic method used by scientists or researchers to solve problems related to science.
Membuat pemerhatian
Making observations
Membuat inferens
Making an inference
Mengenal pasti masalah
Identifying the problem
Membuat hipotesis
Making a hypothesis
Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah
Identifying the variable
Mengawal pemboleh ubah
Controlling the variable
Merancang eksperimen
Planning an experiment
Mengumpul data
Collecting data
Mentafsir data
Interpreting data
Membuat kesimpulan
Making a conclusion
Menulis laporan
Preparing a report

12
1.3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas serta Bahan Kimia
Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials
SHORT NOTE
1. Alat perlindungan diri dan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal.
Personel protective equipment (PPE) in laboratory.
2. Peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal.
Safety equipment in the laboratory.
3. Cara menggunakan alat pemadan kebakaran.
Way to use a fire extinguisher.
Kaca mata keselamatan
Safety goggle
Sarung tangan
Gloves
Kasut makmal
Laboratory shoes
Topeng muka
Face mask
Baju makmal
Laboratory coat
Kebuk wasap
Fume chamber
Pencuci tangan
Hand wash
Alat pemadan kebakaran
Fire extinguisher
Eyewash
Pancuran air
Safety shower
Langkah
Step
Penerangan
Explanation
1
Tarikh kunci keselamatan
Pull safety pin
2
Arahkan ke dasar api
Aim at base of fire
3
Tekan Gagang
Squeeze handle
4
Sapukan sari sisi ke sisi
Sweep side to side
Pin
keselamatan
Safety pin
Hos
Hos
e
Nozle
Nozzle
Pemicu
Lever
Ganggang
Handle
Tolak tekanan
Pressure gauge
Label
Label
Tabung
Cylinder
Stesen pencuci mata
Eyewash station

13
Exercise 6 : Alat Pelindungan Diri dan Peralatan Keselamatan
Personel Protective Equipment (PPE)
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat perlindungan diri di dalam makmal.
Diagram 1 shows the personel protective equipment in the laboratory.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, namakan bahagian yang dilabelkan dan nyatakan fungsi bagi setiap alat
perlindungan diri tersebut dalam jadual di bawah.
Based on diagram above, name the part of labelled and state the function of each of personal
protective equipment in the table below.
Bahagian
Part
Fungsi
Function
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

14
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan mengenal pasti nama peralatan keselamatan dan kegunaan
peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal.
Complete the table below with identifying the name of safety equipment and uses of safety
equipment in the laboratory.
Nama peralatan keselamatan
Name of safety equipment : …………………………………….
Fungsinya
Its function :
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
Fungsinya
Its function :
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
Fungsinya
Its function :
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
Nama peralatan keselamatan X
Name of safety equipment X : …………………………………….
Fungsinya
Its function :
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
Nama peralatan keselamatan Y
Name of safety equipment Y : …………………………………….
Fungsinya
Its function :
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
X
Y

15
Exercise 7 : Kaedah Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas Serta Bahan Kimia
Methods of Managing and Handling Apparatus and Chemicals
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menerangkan cara penyimpanan yang spesifik mengikut
jenis bahan.
Complete the table below with explanation storage method of chemicals according to the types of
substances.
Bahan kimia
Chemicals
Cara penyimpanan
Storage method
(a) Bahan reaktif
Reactive substances
(b) Hidrokarbon dan pelarut
organik
Hydrocarbons and organic
solvents
(c) Bahan yang senang terurai
Substances that decompose
easily
(d) Bahan yang mempunyai nilai
pH < 5 dan pH > 9
Substances with pH < 5 and
pH > 9
(e) Logam berat dan bahan toksik
Heavy metals and toxic
substances
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menerangkan cara pelupusan tang tertentu mengikut jenis
bahan.
Complete the table below with explanation disposal methods according to the types of substances.
Bahan kimia
Chemicals
Pelupusan bahan kimia
Disposal of chemical
(a) Hidrogen peroksida
Hydrogen peroxide
(b) Sisa pepejal
Solid wastes
(c) Pelarut organik dan
hidrokarbon
Organic solvents and
hydrocarbons
(d) Bahan yang mempunyai nilai
pH < 5 dan pH > 9
Substances with pH < 5 and
pH > 9
(e) Logam berat dan bahan toksik
Heavy metals and toxic
substances
(f) Bahan meruap
Volatile substances

16
Exercise 8 : Langkah Pengurusan Kemalangan di dalam Makmal
Emergency Management Procedure in the laboratory
1 Senaraikan lima tindakan yang perlu diambil mesti mengikut langkah-langkah yang betul.
List five should act according to the correct procedure.
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
2 Keracunan merkuri terjadi apabila seseorang terdedah kepada merkuri dalam jumlah yang
tertentu. Senaraikan beberapa simpom keracunan merkuri.
Mercury poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to mercury in certain amount. List down
several sympoms of mercury poisoning.
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
3 Senaraikan empat langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil sebaik sahaja berlaku tumpahan merkuri.
List four steps to be taken trhe moment mercury spill occurs.
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………………..

17
Chapter
1
Review
1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
perkataan kimia dalam Bahasa Melayu
diterbitkan?
Which of the following is a chemistry
word in Malay derived?
A Al-kimiaya
Al-kimiaya
B Al-kimiya
Al-kimiya
C Alkimia
Alkimia
D Chemistry
Chemistry
bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan
dalam pertanian?
Which of the following chemicals is
commonly used in agriculture?
I Hormon
Hormone
II Fungisid
Fungicide
III Antiseptik
Antiseptic
IV Seramik
Ceramic
A I dan II
I and II
B II dan III
II and III
C II dan IV
II and IV
D I, II, III dan IV
I, II, III and IV
3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan pengawetan ke
atas roti.
Diagram 1 shows the preservation of
bread.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Antara berikut, yang manakah kaedah
pengawetan ke atas roti?
Which of the following is a method of
bread preservation?
A Pembekuan
Freezing
B Menjemur di bawah sinaran matahari
Sunbathing in the sun
C Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
D Membakar
Burning
4 Apakah kerjaya dalam bidang jurutera
bioperubatan?
What is a career in a field of biomedical
engineer?
A Farmaseutikal
Pharmaceutical
B Kosmetik
Cosmetics
C Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
D Bioteknologi
Biotechnology
5 Rajah 2 menunjukkan kincir angin.
Diagram 2 shows the windmill.
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
bidang yang terlibat dalam industri
tersebut?
Which of the following field is involved
in the industry?
A Teknologi hijau
Green technology
B Bioteknologi
Biotechnology
C Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
D Farmaseutikal
Pharmaceutical
Paper 1 Questions

18
Soalan 6 hingga 10 berdasarkan Rajah 3.
Questions 6 to 10 are based on Diagram 3.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan dialog di antara dua pelajar mengenai keterlarutan sebatian ion di dalam air dan pelarut
organik.
Diagram 3 shows a dialogue between two students about the solubility of an ionic compound in water and
organic solvents.
Rajah 3
Diagram 3
6 Apakah pernyataan masalah dalam
eksperimen ini?
What is the problem statement in this
experiment?
A Apakah sebatian ionik larut?
Does ionic compound soluble?
B Apakah sikloheksana larut?
Does cyclohexane soluble?
C Adakah sebatian ion tidak larut dalam air
tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik?
Does an ionic compound not dissolve in
water but does dissolve in an organic
solvent?
D Adakah sebatian ion larut dalam air tetapi
tidak larut dalam pelarut organik?
Does an ionic compound dissolve in water
but does not dissolve in an organic solvent?
pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan?
Which of the following is manipulated
variable?
A Isi padu pelarut
Volume of solvent
B Magnesium klorida
Magnesium chloride
C Air dan sikloheksana
Water and cyclohexane
D Pepejal larut
Solid dissolve
pemboleh ubah bergerak balas?
Which of the following is responding
variable?
A Pepejal larut
Solid dissolve
B Isi padu air
Volume of water
C Kadar tindak balas
Rate of reaction
D Suhu
Temperature
9
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
pemboleh ubah dimalarkan?
Which of the following is fixed variable?
A Suhu
Temperature
B Tabung uji
Test tube
C Pepejal larut
Solid dissolve
D Isi padu pelarut
Volume of solvent
10 Apakah hipotesis yang dapat diperoleh?
What is hypotheses can be obtained?
A Magnesium klorida tidak larut tetapi larut
dalam sikloheksana
Magnesium chloride is insoluble but
soluble in cyclohexane
B Magnesium klorida larut tetapi tidak larut
dalam sikloheksana
Magnesium chloride is soluble but
insoluble in cyclohexane
C Magnesium klorida tidak larut
Magnesium chloride is insoluble
D Magnesium klorida larut
Magnesium chloride is soluble
Ali : Saya telah menguji keterlarutan magnesium klorida di dalam air. Saya dapati
pepejal putih tidak kelihatan lagi. Satu larutan tanpa warna terhasil.
I tested the solubility of a magnesium chloride in water. I observed that the white
solid disappeared. A colourless solution was formed.
Aminah : Saya telah menguji keterlarutan magnesium klorida itu di dalam sikloheksana.
Saya mendapati tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih masih kelihatan.
I tested the solubility of the magnesium chloride in cyclohexane. I didn’t see any
change. The white solid still remained.

19
Bahagian A
Section A
1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan alat pemadam kebakaran.
Diagram 1.1 shows fire extinguisher.
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
(i) Namakan label P, Q, R dan S dalam Rajah 1.1.
Name the labels P, Q, R and S in Diagram 1.1.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi alat pemadam kebakaran.
State one function of fire extinguisher.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Nyatakan langkah penggunaan alat pemadam kebakaran ini dengan betul.
State the steps taken to use this fire extinguisher properly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
Paper 2 Questions
Tolok tekanan
Pressure gauge
Pemicu / Discharge lever
Panggang / Carrying handle
R : ………………………
S : ………………………
Pin keselamatan
Safety pin
P : ………………………
Q : ………………………

20
(b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal.
Diagram 1.2 shows safety equipment in the laboratory.
Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2
(i) Namakan peralatan keselamatan itu.
Name the safety equipment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Nyatakan fungsi bagi peralatan yang dinamakan di 1(b)(i).
State the function of the equipment named in 1(b)(i).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]

21
Bahagian B
Section B
1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan dalam makmal.
Table 1 shows the apparatus used in the laboratory.
Nama radas
Name of apparatus
Radas
Apparatus
A
B
C
D
E
Jadual 1
Table 1
Namakan radas A, B, C, D dan E. Kemudian, nyatakan fungsinya.
Name the apparatus A, B, C, D and E. Then, state its function.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]

22
(b) Kebanyakan kerjaya dalam era perkembangan industri yang pesat ini memerlukan pengetahuan
dalam bidang kimia.
Nyatakan dua contoh kerjaya dalam setiap bidang yang berikut.
In the era of rapid industrial development, most careers require knowledge in chemistry.
State two examples of careers in each of the following fields.
 Kosmetik
Cosmetics
 Farmaseutikal
Pharmaceutical
 Bioteknologi
Biotechnology
 Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
 Teknologi hijau
Green technology
[10 markah]
[10 marks]

23
Bahagian C
Section C
1(a) Apakah itu kimia?
What is chemistry?
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(b) Semua bahan yang terdapat di sekeliling kita terdiri daripada bahan kimia. Aktiviti harian
yang kita lakukan turut melibatkan tindak balas kimia.
Nyatakan dua contoh bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam
All substance around us made up of chemicals. The activities that we carry out daily involve
chemical reactions as well.
State two examples of chemicals commonly used in
 Makanan
Food
 Perubatan
Medicine
 Pertanian
Agriculture
 Industri
Industry
[8 markah]
[8 marks]

24
(c) Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan melawan suhu larutan.
Diagram 1 shows a graph of mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt against solution
temperature.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan graf di atas.
Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the graph statement above.
Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
Suhu larutan (o
C)
Solution temperature
Jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan (g)
Mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
m5 -
m4 -
m3 -
m2 -
m1 - X
X
X
X
X

25

26
Bab 2
Chapter 2
Jisim dan Struktur Atom
Matter and the Atomic Structure
2.1 Konsep Asas Jirim
Basic Concepts of Matter
Exercise 1 : Memahami Maksud Jirim
Understanding about Meaning of Matter
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jirim?
What is meant by matter?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
2 Jelaskan maksud jirim.
Describe the meaning of matter.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
3 Mengapa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang diskrit?
Why matter consists of particles that is discrete?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
SHORT NOTE
1. Jirim ialah sesuatu yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
Matter is something that has mass and occupies space.
2. Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit.
Matter consists of particles that are tiny and discrete.
3. Jirim boleh wujud dalam tiga keadaan, iaitu pepejal, cecair dan gas.
Matter can exit in three states, namely solid, liquid and gas.
4. Jirim boleh wujud dalam bentuk unsur atau sebatian. Unsur terdiri daripada zarah atom atau molekul manakala
sebatian terdiri daripada molekul atau ion.
Matter can exit in the form of elements or compounds. Elements consist of particles of atoms or molecules while
compounds are made up of molecules or ions.
5. Takat lebur ialah suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan pepejal menjadi cecair pada
tekanan tertentu.
Melting point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from solid state to become liquid at a specific
pressure.
6. Takat beku ialah suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan cecair menjadi pepejal pada
tekanan tertentu.
Freezing point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from liquid state to become solid at a
specific pressure.

27
Exercise 2 : Perubahan Keadaan Jirim
Changes in the State of Matter
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi
State the meaning of
(a) unsur,
element,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) sebatian,
compound,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) atom,
atom,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(d) molekul,
molecule,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(e) ion.
ion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan maklumat mengenai jirim.
Complete the table below with the information about matter.
Jirim
Matter
Unsur
Element
(a)
Atom
Atom
(b) Molekul
Molecule
(c)
Contoh
Example
(d)(i) Klorin, Cl
Chlorine, Cl
(e)(i) Gas klorin, Cl2
Chlorine gas,
Cl2
(f)(i) Air, H2O
Water, H2O
(g)(i) Natrium klorida,
NaCl
Sodium chloride,
NaCl
(ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)
(iii) (iii) (iii) (iii)
(iv) (iv) (iv) (iv)
(v) (v) (v) (v)

28
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan mengenal pasti jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan-bahan yang
berikut.
Complete the table below with identifying the type of particles for each of following substances.
Bahan
Substance
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Jenis zarah
Type of particles
(a) Oksigen
Oxygen
O2
(b) Zink
Zinc
Zn
(c) Litium bromida
Lithium bromide
LiBr
(d) Hidrogen klorida
Hydrogen chlorine
HCl
(e) Magnesium
Magnesium
Mg
(f) Aluminium fosfat
Aluminium phosphate
AlPO4
(g) Tetraklorometana
Tetrachloromethane
CCl4
(h) Argon
Argon
Ar
(i) Sulfur
Sulphur
S8
(j) Metana
Methane
CH4
(k) Besi
Iron
Fe
(l) Nikel
Nickel
Ni
(m) Ammonia
Ammonia
NH3
(n) Zink sulfat
Zinc sulphate
ZnSO4
(o) Air
Water
H2O
(p) Kalium nitrat
Potassium nitrate
KNO3
(q) Ferum(II) sulfida
Iron(II) sulphide
FeS
(r) Kalsium karbonat
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
(s) Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate
CuSO4
(t) Air bromin
Bromine water
Br2
(u) Natrium klorida
Sodium chloride
NaCl
(v) Naftalena
Naphthalene
C10H8
(w) Asid hiproklorus
Hypochlorous acid
HOCl

29
4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menjelaskan perubahan keadaan jirim yang berikut.
Complete the table below with explaining about changes in the state of matter.
(a)
Aiskrim
Ice cream
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
(b)
Titisan air pada permukaan cermin tingkap
Water droplets on the surface of a glass
window
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
5 Lengkapkan rajah berikut dengan proses perubahan keadaan jirim yang betul. Kemudian,
lukiskan susunan zarah dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas.
Fill in the following diagram with the correct process during changes of states of matter. Then,
draw the particle arrangement in a solid, liquid and gas.
(a)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(d)
(iii) gas / gas
(ii) cecair / liquid
(i) pepejal / solid

30
6 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan haba dan tenaga kinetik bagi proses perubahan keadaan
jirim yang betul.
Fill in the table below with heat and kinetic energy for the correct process during changes of
states of matter.
Proses
Process
Haba
Heat
Tenaga kinetik
Kinetic energy
(a) Peleburan
Melting
(b) Pembekuan
Freezing
(c) Pendidihan
Boiling
(d) Kondensasi
Condensation
(e) Pemejalwapan (pepejal → gas)
Sublimation (solid → gas)
(f) Pemejalwapan (gas → pepejal)
Sublimation (gas→ solid)
7 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
Complete the table below.
Sifat
Property
(a) Pepejal
Solid
(b) Cecair
Liquid
(c) Gas
Gas
Susunan zarah
Arrangement of particles
(i) (i) (i)
Pergerakan zarah
Movement of particles
(ii) (ii) (ii)
Daya tarikan di antara
zarah
Force of attraction
between particles
(iii) (iii) (iii)
Kandungan tenaga zarah
Energy content of
particles
(iv) (iv) (iv)

31
Exercise 3 : Takat Lebur dan Takat Beku
Melting Point and Freezing Point
(a) takat lebur,
melting point,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) takat didih,
boiling point,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) takat beku.
freezing point.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
2 Bahan X adalah pepejal putih dan penebat elektrik.
Substance X is a white solid and an electrical insulator.
(a) Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan X dipanaskan dari suhu bilik ke 110 o
C.
Kemudian disejukkan.
Sketch a graph of temperature against time when substance X is heated from room temperature
to 110 o
C. Then, it is cooled.
Lengkung pemanasan
Heating curve
Lengkung penyejukan
Cooling curve
Bahan X melebur pada 80 o
C.
Substance X melts at 80 o
C.
Suhu
Temperature (o
C)
Masa
Time (s)
Suhu
Temperature (o
C)
Masa
Time (s)
(i) (ii)

32
(b) Lukiskan susunan zarah bahan X pada 50 o
C.
Draw the arrangement of particles of substance X at 50 o
C.
(c) (i) Lukis susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bahan X.
Draw the apparatus set-up used to determine the melting point of substance X.
(ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah bahan X.
State the type of particles of substance X.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(d) Menggunakan teori kinetik jirim,
Using the kinetic theory of matter,
(i) Terangkan apa yang berlaku apabila pepejal X dipanaskan.
Explain what happens when solid X is heated.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Mengapakah suhu malar semasa pepejal X berubah menjadi cecair?
Why is the temperature constant when solid X changes to liquid?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(iii) Mengapakah suhu malar semasa cecair X berubah menjadi pepejal?
Why is the temperature constant when liquid X changes to solid?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

33
2.2 Perkembangan Model Atom
The Development of the Atomic Model
Exercise 4 : Zarah Subatom
Subatomic Particles
1 Lengkapkan maklumat mengenai zarah subatom di dalam jadual di bawah.
Complete the information about the subatomic particles in the table below.
Jenis zarah subatom
Type of subatomic
particles
Simbol
Symbol
Cas relatif
Relative charge
Jisim relatif
Relative mass
Proton
Proton
Elektron
Electron
Neutron
Neutron
2 Labelkan struktur atom berikut.
Labelling the following structure of an atom.
SHORT NOTE
1. Zarah subatom yang terdapat di dalam atom, iaitu terdiri daripada proton, neutron dan elektron.
The subatomic particles found in an atom which is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.
2. Kajian tentang atom bermula sejak pengenalan teori tentang atom oleh Democritus, seorang ahli falsafah Yunani,
kira-kira 500 SM.
Studies on atoms started since the introduction of atomic theory by Democritus, a Greek Philosopher, around 500
B.C.
Ahli saintis
Scientists
Sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom
The historical development of the atomic structure model
John Dalton (1766 - 1844) Atom / Atom
J.J Thomson (1856 - 1940) Elektron / Electron
Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) Proton / Proton
Niels Bohr (1885 -1962) Petala / Shell
James Chadwick (1891 - 1974) Neutrons / Neutron
(b)
(a)
(c)
p
n

34
Exercise 5 : Perkembangan Model Struktur Atom
Development of the Atomic Structure Model
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah berkaitan sejarah perkembangan model atom.
Complete the table below regarding the history of the development of atomic model.
Ahli sains dan model atom
Scientist and atomic model
Penemuan
Discovery
John Dalton
(1766 - 1844) ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
J.J Thomson
(1856 - 1940) ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 - 1937) ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
Neil Bohr
(1885 - 1962) ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
James Chadwick
(1891 - 1794) ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..

35
2.3 Struktur Atom
Atomic Structure
SHORT NOTE
1. Nombor proton ialah bilangan proton di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom.
Proton number is the number of proton in the nucleus of an atom.
2. Nombor nukleon ialah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom.
Nucleon number is the total number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
3. Perwakilan piawai atom
Standard representation of an atom
4. Bilangan maksimum elektron di dalam tiga petala pertama bagi unsur dengan nombor proton 1 hingga 20.
Numbers of maximum electrons in the first three shells for elements with proton numbers 1 to 20.
5. Perbandingan antara rajah susunan elektron dengan rajah struktur bagi atom aluminium.
Comparison between electron arrangement and atomic structure of aluminium atom.
Rajah susunan elektron atom aluminium
Electron arrangement of aluminium atom
Rajah struktur atom aluminium
Atomic structure of aluminium atom
Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron
atau
Nombor nukleon = nombor proton + bilangan neutron
Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons
or
Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons
Formula
X
A
Z
Simbol unsur
Symbol of element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
Susunan elektron
2.8.8
Electron arrangement
2.8.8

36
Exercise 6 : Nombor Proton dan Nombor Nukleon
Proton Number and Nucleon Number
1 Definisikan istilah berikut.
Define the following terms.
(a) Nombor proton.
Proton number.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Nombor nukleon.
Nukleon number.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Nukleus.
Nukleus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(d) Elektron valens.
Valence electron.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
Unsur
Element
Nombor
proton
Proton
number
Nombor
nukleon
Nucleon
number
Bilangan
proton
Number of
proton
Bilangan
elektron
Number of
electron
Bilangan
neutron
Number of
neutron
Hidrogen
Hydrogen
1 1 0
Helium
Helium
2 2
Litium
Lithium
7 3 3
Berilium
Beryllium
4 5
Boron
Boron
11 5
Karbon
Carbon
6 6
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
14 7
Oksigen
Oxygen
8 8 8
Fluorin
Fluorine
19 9
Neon
Neon
10 10
Natrium
Sodium
11 23
Magnesium
Magnesium
12 12

37
Aluminium
Aluminium
27 13
Silikon
Silicon
14 28
Fosforus
Phosphorus
31 15
Sulfur
Sulphur
16 16
Klorin
Chlorine
17 35
Argon
Argon
18 22
Kalium
Potassium
39 19
Kalsium
Calcium
20 20
Simbol
Symbol
Bilangan proton
Number of proton
Bilangan neutron
Number of
neutron
Bilangan elektron
Number of
electron
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
X2+
12 10 24
X2-
8 16
X3+
13 27
X3-
7 7
X-
18 18
X+
11 23
X+
20 39
X2+
2 9
X-
9 10

38
Exercise 7 : Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom
Standard Representation of an Atom
Perwakilan
piawai atom
Standard
representation
of an atom
Nombor
nukleon
Nucleon
number
Bilangan
proton
Number of
proton
Bilangan
elektron
Number of
electron
Bilangan
neutron
Number of
neutron
1 0
2 2
7 3 3
5
11 5
6
14 7
8 8 8
19 9
10
23
12
27 13
28
31 15
16
35
18 22
39 19
20 20
2 Ion X mempunyai 10 bilangan elektron dan 2 cas positif.
Lukiskan perwakilan piawai bagi atom X.
X ion consists of 10 number of electrons and 2 positive charges.
Draw standard representation of an atom X.

39
Exercise 8 : Rajah Struktur Atom dan Susunan Elektron
Atomic Structure and Electron Arrangement
1(a) Rajah menunjukkan struktur suatu atom.
Diagram shows the structure of an atom.
Lengkapkan maklumat berikut berdasarkan struktur atom di atas.
Complete the following information of an atomic structure above.
(i) Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
: ……………………………….
(ii) Nombor proton
Proton number
: ……………………………….
(iii) Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
: ……………………………….
(iv) Susunan elektron
: ……………………………….
(v) Bilangan petala
Number of shell
: ……………………………….
(vi) Unsur
Element
: ……………………………….
(b) Rajah menunjukkan struktur suatu atom.
Diagram shows the structure of an atom.
Lengkapkan maklumat berikut berdasarkan struktur atom di atas.
Complete the following information of an atomic structure above.
(i) Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
: ……………………………….
(ii) Nombor proton
Proton number
: ……………………………….
(iii) Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
: ……………………………….
(iv) Susunan elektron
: ……………………………….
(v) Bilangan petala
Number of shell
: ……………………………….
(vi) Unsur
Element
: ……………………………….
10p + 10n
6p + 6n

40
2.4 Isotop dan Penggunaannya
Isotopes and Its Uses
Exercise 9 : Maksud Isotop
Meaning of Isotopes
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?
What is meant by isotope?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
2 Rajah menunjukkan tiga atom untuk unsur hidrogen.
Diagram shows three atoms of hydrogen element.
(a) Mengapa hidrogen ini dipanggil isotop?
Why these hydrogen atoms are known as isotopes?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
(b)(i) Nyatakan sifat kimia bagi hidrogen itu.
State chemical property of the hydrogen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
(ii) Jelaskan alasan anda di (b)(i).
Explain your reason in (b)(i).
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
(c)(i) Nyatakan sifat fizik bagi hidrogen itu.
State physical property of the hydrogen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
(ii) Jelaskan alasan anda di (c)(i).
Explain your reason in (c)(i).
……………………………………………………………………………………………..............
SHORT NOTE
1. Isotop ialah atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan
neutron yang berbeza.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
2. Kelimpahan semula jadi ialah peratusan isotop yang wujud dalam suatu sampel semula jadi unsur.
Natural abundance is the percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of element.
Relative atomic mass =
𝚺(% 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐗 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐞)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Jisim atom relatif =
𝚺(% 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐗 𝐣𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐦 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
H H H
1
1
2
1
3
1

41
Exercise 10 : Jisim Atom Relatif bagi Isotop
Relative Atomic Mass of Isotopes
1 Klorin terdiri daripada dua isotop, Cl dan Cl. Kelimpahan semula jadi Cl ialah 75 % dan
Cl ialah 25 %.
Hitung jisim atom relatif klorin.
Chlorine consists of two isotopes, Cl and Cl. The natural abundance of Cl is 75% and
Cl is 25%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine.
Exercise 11 : Penggunaan Isotop
Uses of Isotopes
Bidang
Field
Isotop
Isotope
Kegunaan
Uses
Perubatan
Medicine
Kobalt-60
Cobalt-60
Iodin-131
Iodine-131
Pertanian
Agriculture
Fosforus-32
Phosphorus-32
Nuklear
Nuclear
Uranium-235
Uranium-234
Arkeologi
Archaeology
Karbon-14
Carbon-14
Plumbum-210
Lead-210
Industri
Industry
Hidrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Kejuruteraan
Engineering
Natrium-24
Sodium-24
35
17
37
17
35
17
17
37
17
35
17
35
17
37
17
37
17

42
Chapter
2
Review
1 Bahan manakah yang merupakan suatu
unsur?
Which substance is an element?
A Udara
Air
B Stim
Steam
C Naftalena
Naphthalene
D Karbon
Carbon
2 Bahan yang manakah terdiri daripada
ion?
Which substance consists of ions?
A Kalsium klorida
Calcium chloride
B Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
C Sulfur dioksida
Sulphur dioxide
D Hidrogen klorida
Hydrogen chloride
3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan proses
pembentukan embun pada permukaan
daun.
Diagram 1 shows the process of dew
formation on the leaf surface.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Antara yang berikut, manakah proses
yang sama berlaku seperti proses
pembentukan embun?
Which of the following is the same
process that occurs as the formation of
dew?
A Air bertukar menjadi ais dalam peti
sejuk
Water changes into ice in the
refrigerator
B Isi padu pada minyak wangi berkurang
dalam botol yang berbuka
Volume of perfume decreases in an
opened bottle
C Bebola naftalena dalam almari menjadi
lebih kecil
Naphthalene ball in cupboard becomes
smaller
D Ais di dalam cawan dibiarkan menjadi
cair dan permukaan cawan membentuk
titisan air kecil
Ice in cup is allowed to melt and the
surface of cup forms small water
droplets
4 Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu kitar air.
Diagram 2 shows a water cycle.
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
Apakah proses P?
What is process P?
A Penyerapan
Absorption
B Pendidihan
Boiling
C Penyejatan
Evaporation
D Kondensasi
Condensation
5 Bahan R mempunyai takat lebur -100
o
C dan takat didih -35 o
C.
Apakah bahan R?
Substance R has a melting point of -100
o
C and a boiling point of -35 o
C? What
is substance R?
A Sulfur / Sulphur
B Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide
C Alkohol / Alcohol
D Air / Water
Paper 1 Questions
Proses P
Process P

43
6 Siapakah yang menjumpai atom dan
neutron?
Who discovered atoms and neutrons?
I John Dalton
II J.J Thomson
III James Chadwick
IV Niels Bohr
A I dan/and II
B I dan/and III
C II dan/and III
D II dan/and IV
Soalan 7 hingga 10 berdasarkan Jadual 1.
Questions 7 to 10 are based on Table 1.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat didih dan takat lebur bagi bahan-bahan V, W, X dan Y.
Table 1 shows the boiling point and melting point of substances V, W, X and Y.
Bahan
Substance
Takat didih
Boiling point (o
C)
Takat lebur
Melting point(o
C)
V 268 197
W 170 150
X 130 80
Y 17 8
Jadual 1
Table 1
7 Apakah maksud takat didih?
What is meant by boiling point?
A Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan
bertukar daripada keadaan cecair
menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu
The constant temperature when a
substance changes from liquid state to
become gas at a specific pressure
B Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan
bertukar daripada keadaan pepejal
menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu
substance changes from solid state to
become liquid at a specific pressure
C Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan
bertukar daripada keadaan gas menjadi
cecair pada tekanan tertentu
substance changes from gas state to
become liquid at a specific pressure
D Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan
bertukar daripada keadaan cecair
menjadi pepejal pada tekanan tertentu
substance changes from liquid state to
become solid at a specific pressure
8 Bahan manakah cecair pada 160 o
C?
Which substance is liquid at 160 o
C?
A V B W
C X D Y
9 Bahan manakah gas pada suhu bilik?
Which substance is gas at room
temperature?
A V B W
C X D Y
10 Bahan manakah pepejal pada 170 o
C
dan cecair pada 100 o
C?
Which substances is solid at 170 o
C
and liquid at 100 o
C?
I V
II W
III X
IV Y
A I dan/and II
B I dan/and III
C II dan/and III
D II dan/and IV

44
Bahagian A
Section A
1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan tiga bahan dan formula kimianya.
Table 1 shows three substances and their chemical formulae.
Bahan
Substance
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Litium
Lithium
Li
Oksigen
Oxygen
O2
Naftalena
Naphthalene
C10H8
Jadual 1
Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1,
Based on Table 1,
(i) Apakah maksud formula kimia?
What is meant by chemical formula?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam oksigen.
State the type of particles in oxygen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Lukis rajah struktur bagi atom litium.
Draw atomic structure of lithium atom.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
Paper 2 Questions

45
(iv) Tuliskan perwakilan piawai bagi unsur litium tersebut.
Write the standard representative for lithium element.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena.
Diagram 1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(i) Tentukan takat lebur bagi naftalena.
Determine the melting point of naphthalene.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Terangkan mengapa lengkung graf pada suhu x tidak berubah.
Explain why curve of graph at the temperature of x remains constant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
Suhu
Temperature (O
C)
Masa
Time (s)
x

46
(c) Jadual 2 menunjukkan magnesium secara semula jadi wujud dalam tiga isotop.
Table 2 shows magnesium exits naturally as three isotopes.
Unsur
Element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Peratusan (%)
Percentage
24
Mg 12 79.0
25
Mg 12 10.0
26
Mg 12 11.0
Jadual 2
Table 2
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop bagi atom magnesium?
What is meant by isotope of magnesium atom?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Hitung jisim atom relatif magnesium.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi dua isotop atom karbon.
Diagram 2 shows the standard representation of two isotopes of carbon atoms.
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
(a) Nyatakan maksud isotop.
State the meaning of isotope.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
SPM 17’
C C
12
6
14
6

47
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 2,
Based on Diagram 2,
(i) Tentukan bilangan elektron dan neutron dalam jadual di bawah.
Determine the number of electrons and neutrons in the table below.
Zarah
Particle
C C
Bilangan elektron
Number of electron
Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan satu kegunaan C dalam kehidupan seharian.
State one use of C in our daily life.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(c) P adalah satu bahan yang mempunyai takat lebur 51 o
C dan takat didih 305 o
C.
P is a substance that has a melting point of 51 o
C and a boiling point of 305 o
C.
(i) Lakar graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan P dipanaskan daripada 30 o
C ke 90 o
C.
Skech a graph of temperature ahainst time when substance P is heated from 30 o
C to 90 o
C.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
14
6
12
6
14
6
14
6

48
(ii) Apabila bahan P disejukkan, suhu berkurangan dan menjadi malar pada satu peringkat dan
kemudian berkurang semula.
When substance P is cooled, the temperature decreases and becomes constant at one stage
and then decreases again.
Ramalkan suhu yang malar itu.
Predict the constant temperature.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
Terangkan mengapa suhu malar pada peringkat itu.
Explain why the temperature is constance at that stage.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
3(a) Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R.
Table 3.1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R.
Atom unsur
Atom of element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
P 8 16
Q 9 19
R 8 17
Jadual 3.1
Table 3.1
(i) Pasangan atom manakah merupakan isotop?
Which pair of atoms are isotopes?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di 3(a)(i).
Give the reason for your answer in 3(a)(i).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Lukis gambar rajah susunan elektron bagi atom Q.
Draw the electron arrangement for atom Q.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]

49
(b) Bahan X adalah pepejal putih dan penebat elektrik.
Substance X is a white solid and an electrical insulator.
(i) Lukis susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bahan X.
Draw the apparatus set-up used to determine the melting point of substance X.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah bahan X.
State the type of particles of substance X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Huraikan keadaan bahan X apabila berada pada suhu 40 o
C dan 90 o
C dalam jadual di
bawah.
Describe the state of substance X when it is at 40 o
C and 90 o
C in the table below.
Suhu
Temperature
40 o
C 90 o
C
Susunan zarah
Arrangement of particles
Daya tarikan di antara
zarah
Force of attraction
between particles
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
Bahan X melebur pada 61 o
C dan meruap pada 301 o
C
Substance X melts at 61 o
C and evaporates at 301 o
C

50
Bahagian B
Section B
1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan dua Model Struktur Atom.
Diagram 1.1 shows the Atomic Structure Model.
Saintis R
Scientist R
Saintis Q
Scientist Q
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
(i) Kenal pasti saintis R dan saintis Q.
Identify the scientist R and scientist Q.
(ii) Huraikan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom bagi setiap ahli saintis tersebut.
Describe the history development of the atomic structure model for each of these scientists.
(iii) Berdasarkan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom, salin dan kenal pasti maklumat
daripada ahli saintis bagi menentukan suatu unsur dalam atom magnesium dan atom oksigen
dalam jadual di bawah.
Based on the history development of the atomic structure models, copy and identify
information from scientists to determine an element in magnesium atom and oxygen atom in
the table below.
Unsur
Element
Maklumat
Information
Mg O
Saintis R
Scientist R
Saintis Q
Scientist Q
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Elektron
Electron
Sfera yang bercas positif
Positively-charged sphere
+
Elektron
Electron
Petala
Shell
Nukleus yang mengandungi proton
Nucleus that contains protons

51
(b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R.
Table 1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R.
Atom unsur
Atom of element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
J 8 16
K 11 23
L 19 39
Jadual 1
Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, kenal pasti atom unsur J, K and L dari segi
Based on Table 1, identify the atoms of the element J, K and L in terms of
(i) Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
(ii) Bilangan petala
Number of shell
[6 markah]
[6 marks]
(c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena.
Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Huraikan lengkung dari bahagian I dan II, dalam huraian anda sertakan:
Describe the curve from the region of I and II, in your description include:
 keadaan jirim
state of matter
 pergerakan zarah-zarah
movement of the particles
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
Suhu
Temperature (O
C)
Masa
Time (s)
80
I
II
t1 t2 t3

52
Bahagian C
Section C
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara pelajar dalam satu kumpulan untuk menentukan takat
beku.
Diagram 1 shows the conversation between students in a group to determine freezing point.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(a) Kenal pasti bahan X. Jelaskan maksud takat beku.
Identify the substance X. Explain the meaning of freezing point.
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
(b) Lukis graf lengkung bagi menunjukkan takat beku bahan X. Kemudian, terangkan perubahan
keadaan jirim bagi setiap perubahan suhu tersebut. Namakan proses perubahan keadaan jirim
yang terlibat.
Draw a graph of the curve to show the freezing point of substance X. Then, explain the
change in state of matter for each change in temperature. Name the process of change of
state of matter involved.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]
(c) Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan daripada
perbualan di atas.
Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the statement from the above
conversation.
Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
Apakah bahan X?
What is substance
X?
Bahan X terdiri
daripada molekul.
Substance X consists
of molecule.
Apakah takat beku
bahan X?
What is freezing
point of substance
X?
Takat beku bahan X
adalah 80 o
C.
Freezing point of
substance X is 80 o
C.

53
Bab 3
Chapter 3
Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia
The mole Concept, Chemical Formula and
Equation
3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
Exercise 1 : Jisim Atom Relatif, JAR
Relative Atomic Mass, RAM
Example : Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi atom magnesium, Mg.
Determine the relative atomic mass of magnesium atom, Mg.
[JAR / RAM : Mg = 24]
= 24
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim atom relatif.
State the meaning of relative atomic mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menentukan jisim relatif bagi semua unsur atom.
Complete the table below with determine the relative atomic mass of all atom elements.
Unsur
Element
JAR
RAM
Unsur
Element
JAR
RAM
Hidrogen / Hydrogen , H Natrium / Sodium , Na
Helium / Helium , He Magnesium / Magnesium , Mg
Litium / Lithium , Li Aluminium / Aluminium , Al
Berilium / Beryllium , Be Silikon / Silicon , Si
Boron / Boron , B Fosforus / Phosphorus , P
Karbon / Carbon , C Sulfur / Sulphur , S
Nitrogen / Nitrogen , N Klorin / Chlorine , Cl
Oksigen / Oxygen , O Argon / Argon , Ar
Fluorin / Fluorine , F Kalium / Potassium , K
Neon / Neon , Ne Kalsium / Calcium , Ca
SHORT NOTE
1. Konsep ‘jisim atom relatif, JAR’ dengan membandingkan jisim atom sesuatu dengan jisim atom unsur lain yang
dipilih sebagai piawai.
The concept of ‘relative atomic mass, RAM’ by comparing the mass of atom of an element to the mass of atom
another element that is chosen as the standard.
2. Karbon-12 dipilih sebagai piawai:
Carbon-12 is chosen as the standard:
 mudah dikendalikan memandangkan unsur ini merupakan pepejal pada suhu bilik
it is a solid at room temperature and thus can be handled easily
 karbon-12 mudah bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain
carbon-12 combines easily with other elements
 karbon-12 mudah dijumpai dalam kebanyakan bahan
carbon-12 is found in most substances
 jisim atom relatif karbon-12 adalah tepat 12.0
the relative atomic mass of carbon-12 exactly 12.0
3. Jisim molekul relatif, JMR sesuatu molekul ialah jisim purata molekul tersebut berbanding dengan
1
12
kali jisim satu
atom karbon-12.
The relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is the average mass of the molecule compared to
1
12
of the mass
of one carbon-12 atom.
4. Jisim relatif bahan ion dipanggil jisim formula relatif, JFR.
The relative mass of an ionic substance is called the relative formula mass, RFM.

54
3 Berikan tiga sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai piawai untuk menentukan jisim atom
relatif dan jisim molekul relatif.
Give three reasons why carbon-12 is used as a standard to determine the relative atomic mass
and relative molecular mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4 Jisim suatu atom adalah sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom dengan
membandingkan jisim atom tersebut dengan atom yang lain yang dipanggil jisim atom relatif.
Rajah menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom X dengan atom karbon-12.
The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, a chemist determines the mass of an atom by
comparing the mass of the atom with another atom which is called relative atomic mass. Diagram
shows the comparison of mass between atom X with atom carbon-12.
(a) Kenal pasti atom X.
Identify the atom X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi atom X?
What is the relative atomic mass of atom X?
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Beri alasan anda di 4(b).
Give your reason in 4(b).
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Exercise 2 : Jisim Molekul Relatif, JMR
Relative Molecular Mass, RMM
Example : Tentukan jisim molekul relatif bagi heksane, C6H14.
Determine the relative molecular mass of Hexane, C6H14.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]
= 6(12) + 14(1)
= 86
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim molekul relatif.
State the meaning of relative molecular mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
C-12
C-12
Atom X
C-12 C-12

55
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of each of the following
substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, Zn = 65, Br = 80]
(a) Glukosa, C6H12O6
Glucose
(b) Gas oksigen, O2
Oxygen gas
(c) Air, H2O
Water
(d) Etanol, C2H5OH
Ethanol
(e) Gas klorin, Cl2
Chlorine gas
(f) Karbon dioksida, CO2
Carbon dioxide
(g) Sulfur dioksida, SO2
Sulphue dioxide
(h) Metana, CH4
Methane
(i) Air bromin, Br2
Bromine water
(j) Kalium karbonat, CaCO3
Calcium carbonate

56
3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut.
Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40]
(a) Jisim molekul relatif bagi C3H7XH ialah
60.
The relative molecular mass of C2H5XH
is 60.
(b) Jisim molekul relatif bagi
Na2XO3.10H2O ialah 286.
The relative molecular mass of
Na2XO3.10H2O is 286.
(c) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XCl2.2H2O
ialah 244.
XCl2.2H2O is 244.
(d) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XO2 ialah 46.
The relative molecular mass of XO2 is
46.
(e) Jisim molekul relatif bagi CaX2.6H2O
ialah 219.
CaX2.6H2O is 219.
(f) Jisim molekul relatif bagi X10H8 ialah
128.
The relative molecular mass of X10H8 is
128.

57
Exercise 3 : Jisim Formula Relatif, JFR.
Relative Formula Mass, RFM
Example : Tentukan jisim formula relatif bagi natrium klorida, NaCl.
Determine the relative formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl.
[JAR / RAM : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5]
= 23 + 35.5
= 58.5
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim formula relatif.
State the meaning of relative formula mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim formula relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative formula mass of each of the following
substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, Fe = 56, Cu =
64, Zn = 65]
(a) Magnesium sulfat, MgSO4
Magnesium sulphate
(b) Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2
Magnesium nitrate
(c) Zink klorida, ZnCl2
Zinc chloride
(d) Zink sulfat, ZnSO4
Zinc sulphate
(e) Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3
Ammonium carbonate
(f) Kalium karbonat, K2CO3
Potassium carbonate
(g) Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4
Iron(II) sulphate
(h) Kuprum(II) nitrat, Cu(NO3)2
Copper(II) nitrate

58
3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut.
Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X.
[JAR / RAM : C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
(a) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2(SO4)3 ialah
342.
The relative formula mass of X2(SO4)3
is 342.
(b) Jisim formula relatif bagi ZnX2 ialah
136.
The relative formula mass of ZnX2 is
136.
(c) Jisim formula relatif bagi X(NO3)2 ialah
188.
The relative formula mass of X(NO3)2
is 188.
(d) Jisim formula relatif bagi Al(XO3)3
ialah 213.
The relative formula mass of Al(XO3)3
is 213.
(e) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2SO4 ialah
98.
The relative formula mass of X2SO4 is
98.
(f) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2CO3 ialah
106.
The relative formula mass of X2CO3 is
106.

59
3.2 Konsep Mol
Mole Concept
Exercise 4 : Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah
Number of Moles and Number of Particles
Example 1 : Berapakah bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam 0.3 mol aluminium, Al?
How many atoms are there in 0.3 mol aluminium, Al?
= 0.3 mol x 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
= 1.806 x 1023
atoms
Example 2 : Satu sampel zink klorida, ZnCl2 mengandungi 3.612 x 1024
unit ZnCl2. Hitungkan
bilangan mol zink klorida, ZnCl2 yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu.
A sample of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 contains 3.612 x 1024
ZnCl2 units. Calculate the
number of moles of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 found in the sample.
=
3 612 1
6 2 1
= 6 mol
SHORT NOTE
1. Menurut Kesatuan Antarabangsa Kimia Tulen dan Gunaan (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
IUPAC), definisi terbaharu bagi mol adalah
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the new definition of mole is definition
of mole is
2. Pemalar Avogadro, NA ditakrifkan sebagai bilangan zarah yang terkandung dalam satu mol bahan, iaitu 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
.
The Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles contained in one mole of substance, that is 6.02 x
10
23
mol
-1
.
3. Jisim molar ialah jisim satu mol bahan.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance.
4. Isi padu molar ialah isi padu yang ditempati oleh 1 mol gas. Isi padu molar sebarang gas bergantung pada
keadaan, iaitu 22.4 dm
3
mol
-1
pada STP atau 24 dm
3
mol
-1
pada keadaan bilik.
Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas. The molar volume of any gas depends on the condition,
that is 22.4 dm
3
mol
-1
at STP or 24 dm
3
mol
-1
at room conditions.
Mol, simbolnya juga mol, ialah unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan. Satu mol bahan mengandungi 6.02214076
x 10
23
entiti asas bahan tersebut. Nombor ini ialah satu nilai tetap yang dipanggil pemar Avogadro, NA yang
dinyatakan dalam unit mol
-1
. Pemalar Avogadro, NA juga dikenali sebagai nombor Avogadro.
The mole, with the symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole of substance contains
6.02214076 X 10
23
elementary entities of the substance. This number is a fixed value known as the Avogadro
constant, NA that is expressed in mol
-1
. The Avogadro constant, NA is also called the Avogadro number.
Bilangan mol, n =
Bi angan zarah
NA
Number of moles, n =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑁𝐴
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Bilangan zarah
Number of particles
x NA
÷ NA
Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan
bilangan zarah:
The relationship between the number of mole
and the number of particles:

60
1 Nyatakan unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan.
State the SI unit of amount of substance.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan molekul dan bilangan atom bagi setiap
bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate number of molecules and number of atoms of each of the
following substances.
[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
]
(a) Sebuah balang gas berisi 2 mol gas
nitrogen, N2.
A gas jar is filled with 2 mol of nitrogen
gas, N2.
(b) Sebuah belon berisi 1.5 mol gas
ammonia, NH3.
A balloon is filled with 1.5 mol
ammonia gas, NH3.
(c) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.2 mol gas
etena, C2H4.
A sample contains 0.2 mol of ethene
gas, C2H4.
(d) Sebuah belon berisi 1.2 mol gas
hidrogen, H2.
A balloon is filled with 1.2 mol
hydrogen gas, H2.
(e) Sebuah balang gas berisi 0.8 mol gas
oksigen, O2.
A gas jar is filled with 0.8 mol of oxygen
gas, O2.
(f) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.5 mol gas
helium, He.
A sample contains 0.5 mol of helium
gas, He.

61
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol dan bilangan unit formula bagi
setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate number of mol and number of formula units of each of
the following substances.
mol-1
]
(a) Satu sampel natrium klorida, NaCl
mengandungi 3.612 x 1023
atom.
A sample of sodium chloride, NaCl
contains 3.612 x 1023
atoms.
(b) Sebuah belon berisi gas oksigen, O2
atom.
A balloon is filled with oxygen gas, O2
atoms.
(c) Satu sampel karbon dioksida, CO2
atom CO2.
A sample of carbon dioxide, CO2
CO2 atoms.
(d) Sebuah belon berisi gas nitrogen, N2
atom.
A balloon is filled with nitrogen gas, N2
atoms.
(e) Satu sampel magnesium oksida, MgO
atom.
A sample of magnesium oxide, MgO
atoms.
(f) Satu sampel kuprum, Cu mengandungi
6.02 x 1024
atom.
A sample of copper, Cu contains 6.02 x
1024
atoms.

62
Exercise 5 : Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan
Number of Moles and Mass of Substances
Example 1 : Berapakah jisim bagi 1.5 mol magnesium, Mg?
What is the mass of 1.5 mol of magnesium, Mg?
[JAR / RAM : Mg = 24]
= 1.5 mol x 24 g mol-1
= 36 g
Example 2 : Berapakah bilangan mol molekul yang terdapat di dalam 44.8 g sulfur dioksida, SO2?
How many moles of molecules are found in 44.8 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2?
[JAR / RAM : O = 16, S = 32]
JMR/RMM = 32 + (16)
= 64 g mol-1
=
44 8 g
64 g
= 0.7 mol
1 Apakah jisim molar?
What is molar mass?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the mass of each of the following substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Fe = 56]
(a) 0.4 mol serbuk besi, Fe.
0.4 mol of iron fillings, Fe.
(b) 2.2 mol karbon monoksida, CO.
2.2 mol of carbon monoxide, CO.
Bilangan mol, n =
Jisi (g)
Jisi ar (g )
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
x Jisim molar
Molar mass
÷ Jisim molar
Molar mass
Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan jisim
bahan:
and the number of substances mass:

63
(c) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.05 mol
hablur ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4.
An experiment requires 0.05 mol of
ammonium sulphate crystals,
(NH4)2SO4.
(d) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.08 mol
hablur ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3.
An experiment requires 0.08 mol of
ammonium nitrate crystals, NH4NO3.
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the number of each of the following substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, P = 31, S = 32, I = 127, Pb = 207]
(a) 29.4 g asid sulfurik, H2SO4.
29.4 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
(b) 4.61 g plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2.
4.61 g of lead(II) iodide, PbI2.
(c) 7.84 g asid fosfat, H3PO4.
7.84 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
(d) 28.6 g natrium karbonat terhidrat,
Na2CO3.10H2O.
28.6 g of sodium carbonate
decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O.
4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances.
(a) 0.9 mol gas X berjisim 3.6 g.
0.9 mol of gas X has the mass of 3.6 g.
(b) 0.3 mol bahan X berjisim 18.9 g.
0.3 mol of substance X has the mass of
18.9 g.

64
Exercise 6 : Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas
Number of Moles and Volume of Gases
Example 1 : Hitungkan isi padu 1.2 mol gas neon, Ne dalam dm3
pada STP?
Calculate the volume of 1.2 mol of neon gas, Ne in dm3
at STP?
[Isi padu molar / Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
pada/at STP]
= 1.2 mol x 22.4 dm3
mol-1
= 26.88 dm3
Example 2 : Berapakah isi padu 0.03 mol gas hidrogen, H2 dalam cm3
pada keadaan bilik?
What is the volume of 0.03 mol of hydrogen gas, H2 in cm3
at room conditions?
[Isi padu molar = 24 dm3
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume = 24 dm3
mol-1
at room conditions]
= 0.03 mol x 24 dm3
mol-1
= 0.72 dm3
= 0.72 x 1000 cm3
= 720 cm3
1 Apakah isi padu molar?
What is molar volume?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3
pada STP bagi setiap
gas berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3
at STP of each of the
following gases.
[Isi padu molar = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
pada STP]
[Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
at STP]
(a) 0.5 mol gas klorin, Cl2.
0.5 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2.
(b) 1 mol karbon dioksida, CO2.
1 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2.
Bilangan mol, n =
Isi padu gas
Isi padu ar
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Isi padu gas
Volume of gas
x Isi padu molar
Molar volume
÷ Isi padu molar
Molar volume
Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan isi
padu gas:
and the volume of gas:

65
(c) 3 mol gas ammonia, NH3.
3 mol of ammonia gas, NH3.
(d) 0.3 mol gas oksigen, O2.
0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
.
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3
pada keadaan bilik bagi
setiap gas berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3
at room conditions of each of
the following gases.
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
mol-1
at room conditions]
(a) 1 mol gas klorin, Cl2.
1 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2.
(b) 0.01 mol karbon dioksida, CO2.
0.01 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2.
(c) 0.08 mol gas ammonia, NH3.
0.08 mol of ammonia gas, NH3.
(d) 0.5 mol gas oksigen, O2.
0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
.
(e) 0.7 mol gas hidrogen, H2.
0.7 mol of hydrogen gas, H2.
(f) 2 mol gas karbon monoksida, CO.
2 mol of carbon monoxide gas, CO.
.

66
Exercise 7 : Hubung Kait antara Bilangan Mol dengan Bilangan Zarah, Jisim dan Isi Padu Gas
Relationship between the Number of Moles, Number of Particles, Mass and Volume of
Gases
1 Rajah menunjukkan dialog antara cikgu Siti dengan Aina.
Diagram shows the dialogue between teacher Siti and Aina.
(a)(i) Jisim molekul relatif XO2 ialah 96 g mol-1
. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X dalam XO2.
The relative molecular mass of XO2 is 96 g mol-1
. What is the relative atomic mass of X in
XO2.
(ii) Kenal pasti unsur X.
Identify the element X.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cikgu Siti :
Teacher
Aina, sila sediakan gas X yang terdiri daripada 1.204 x 1023
unit XO2.
Aina, please prepare gas X which is consist of 1.204 x 1023
XO2 units.
Aina : Cikgu, gas X perlu menggunakan isi padu molar pada
keadaan bilik atau pada STP?
Teacher, gas X should use molar volume at room condition
or at STP?
Cikgu Siti :
Teacher
Aina, kamu perlu mengukur dengan menggunakan isi padu
gas pada keadaan bilik iaitu 24 dm3
.
Aina, you need to measure using the volume of gas at room
conditions which is 24 dm3
.
Aina : Baik, cikgu.
Yes, teacher.

67
(b) Hitungkan,
Calculate,
mol-1
]
(i) Bilangan mol
Number of mole
(ii) Bilangan atom
Number of atom
(iii) Isi padu gas X dalam cm3
Gas volume X in cm3

68
3.3 Formula Kimia
Chemical Formula
Exercise 8 : Formula Empirik dan Formula Molekul
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
(a) formula kimia,
chemical formula,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) formula empirik,
empirical formula,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) formula molekul,
molecular formula,
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan membandingkan dan membezakan formula molekul dan
formula empirik bagi glukosa.
Complete the table below by comparing and contrasting molecular formula and empirical
formula of glucose.
Persamaan:
Similarity
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Formula molekul
Molecular formula
Perbezaan
Difference
Formula empirik
Empirical formula
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Nisbah bilangan atom
Ratio of number of atoms
SHORT NOTE
1. Formula kimia ialah perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom dan nombor
subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu.
Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and
subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary entities of the substance.
2. Formula empirik ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap jenis
unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian.
The empirical formula is the chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each
element in a compound.
3. Formula molekul ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis unsur yang terdapat
di dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian.
The molecular formula is the chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element found in a
molecule of a compound.

69
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan formula molekul dan formula empirik beberapa bahan.
Complete the table below with molecular formula and empirical formula of several substances.
Bahan
Substance
Formula molekul
Molecular formula
Formula empirik
Empirical formula
Air
Water
Ammonia
Ammonia
Hidrazin
Hydrazine
Propena
Propene
Benzena
Benzene
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
Heksena
Hexene
Exercise 9 : Penentuan Formula Empirik
Determination of an Empirical Formula
Example 1 : 1.35 g aluminium berpadu dengan 1.2 g oksigen untuk menghasilkan aluminium
oksida.
Apakah formula empirik aluminium oksida?
1.35 g of aluminium combines with 1.2 g of oxygen to form aluminium oxide.
What is the empirical formula of aluminium oxide?
Unsur
Element
Al O
Jisim
Mass (g)
1.35 1.2
Bilangan mol atom
Number of moles of atoms
1 35
27
= 0.05
1 2
16
= 0.075
Nisbah mol atom
Mole ratio
5
5
= 1
75
5
= 1.5
Nisbah mol atom paling
ringkas
Simplest mole ratio of
atom
2 3
[JAR / RAM : O = 16, Al = 27]
2 mol atom aluminium berpadu dengan 3 mol atom oksigen.
Jadi, formula empirik aluminium oksida ialah Al2O3.
2 mol of aluminium atoms combine with 3 mol of oxygen atoms.
Thus, the empirical formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3.

70
1 Satu sampel kalium bromida mengandungi 6.24 g kalium dan 12.8 g bromin.
Apakah formula empirik kalium bromida?
A sample of potassium bromine contains 6.24 g of potassium and 12.8 g of bromine.
What is the empirical formula of potassium bromine?
[JAR / RAM : K = 39, Br = 80]
2 Satu sampel 26.1 g stanum klorida didapati mengandungi 11.9 g stanum.
Nyatakan formula empirical stanum klorida itu.
A sample of 26.1 g of tin chloride contains 11.9 g of tin.
State the empirical formula if the tin chloride.
[JAR / RAM : Cl = 35.5, Sn = 119]

71
3 0.03 mol unsur Y berpadu dengan 7.62 g iodin untuk menghasilkan garam iodida.
Nyatakan formula empirik bagi garam iodida itu.
0.03 mol of element Y combines with 7.62 g of iodine to produce an iodide salt.
State the empirical formula of the iodide salt.
[JAR / RAM : I = 127]
4 Seorang ahli kimia menganalisis sebatian yang memberikan bau kepada buah pisang yang
masak ranum. Dia mendapati sebatian ini mengandungi 64.62 % karbon, 10.77 % hidrogen dan
24.61 % oksigen. Apakah formula empirik sebatian tersebut?
A chemist analysed the compound that gives smell to fully ripe bananas. He found that the
compound contains 64.62 % carbon, 10.77 % hydrogen and 24.61 % oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of that compound?
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]

72
Exercise 10 : Penentuan Formula Molekul
Determination of a Molecular Formula
Example 1 : Satu sebatian mempunyai formula empirik CH2. Jisim molekul relatifnya ialah 56.
Apakah formula molekul sebatian itu?
A compound has the empirical formula CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 56.
What is the molecular formula of the compound?
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]
JRM sebatian
RMM of compound = n[12 + 2(1)]
Diberikan JRM sebatian 14n = 56
Given the RMM of compound
n =
56
14
= 4
Maka, formula molekul sebatian ialah C4H8.
Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is C4H8.
1 Asid etanoik mempunyai jisim molar 60 g mol-1
. Jika formula empiriknya ialah CH2O, tentukan
formula molekul asid etanoik.
Etahnoic acid has a molar mass of 60 g mol-1
. If its empirical formula is CH2O, determine the
molecular formula of ethanoic acid.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
2 Hidrokarbon terdiri daripada karbon dan hidrogen. 5.7 g satu hidrokarbon mengandungi 4.8 g
karbon. Jika jisim molekul relatif hidrokarbon itu ialah 114, tentukan formula molekulnya.
Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen. 5.7 g of hydrocarbon contains 4.8 g of carbon. If
the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 114, determine its molecular formula.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]

73
3 Berapakah jisim zink yang diperlukan untuk berpadu dengan 0.5 mol klorin bagi menghasilkan
zink klorida, ZnCl2?
What is the mass of zinc required to combine with 0.5 mol of chloride to produce zinc chloride,
ZnCl2?
[JAR / RAM : Zn = 65]
4 Andaikan anda ialah seorang peladang. Anda ingin memilih baja dengan kandungan nitrogen
yang tinggi untuk tanaman anda. Berikut ialah tiga jenis baja yang lazim digunakan.
Assume you are a farmer. You want to choose a fertiliser with a high nitrogen content for your
plants. Three types of commonly used fertilisers are as follows.
Baja
Fertiliser
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Ammonium nitrat
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
Urea
Urea
CO(NH2)2
Nitrosol
Nitrosol
Ca(NO3)2
Baja yang manakah anda akan pilih? Berikan alasan bagi pilihan anda. Tunjukkan jalan kerja
penghitungan yang dibuat.
Which fertiliser would you choose? Give reasons for your choice. Show the steps used in the
calculation.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14]

74
Exercise 11 : Formula Kimia Sebatian Ion
Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds
Example 1 : Tulis formula kimia bagi kalium diklomat(VI).
Write chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI)
Pembinaan formula kimia kalium dikromat(VI) menggunakan kaedah silang.
Constructing the chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI) via cross-change
method.
1 Lengkapkan warna pada kation dan anion bagi cas berikut.
Complete the colour at cation and anion of the following charge.
Kation
Cation
Warna
Colour
Anion
Anion
Warna
Colour
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+
Iron(II) Ion, Fe2+
Ion manganat(VII),
MnO4
-
Manganate(VII) ion,
MnO4
-
Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
Copper(II) Ion, Cu2+
Ion kromat(VI),
CrO4
2-
Cromate(VI) ion,
CrO4
2-
Ion mangan(II), Mn2+
Mangan(II) Ion,
Mn2+
Ion dikromat(VI),
Cr2O7
2-
Dicromate(VI) ion,
Cr2O7
2-
Ion nikel(II), Ni2+
Nickel(II) Ion, Ni2+
Ion ferum(III), Fe3+
Iron(III) Ion, Fe3+
Ion kromium(III),
Cr3+
Chromium(III) Ion,
Cr3+
K+
Cr2O7
2-
K2Cr2O7
2 1

75
2 Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan menyatakan formula ion kation dan anion bagi setiap
sebatian.
Complete the following table with state the ionic formula of cation and anion of each of the
following compounds.
Sebatian
Compound
Kation
Cation
Anion
Anion
Aluminium sulfat
Aluminium sulphate
Kalium sulfat
Potassium sulphate
Natrium sulfat
Sodium sulphate
Litium sulfat
Lithium sulphate
Argentum sulfat
Silver sulphate
Kuprum(I) sulfat
Copper(I) sulphate
Ammonium sulfat
Ammonium sulphate
Kalsium sulfat
Calcium sulphate
Magnesium sulfat
Magnesium sulphate
Zink sulfat
Zinc sulphate
Barium sulfat
Barium sulphate
Ferum(II) sulfat
Iron(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate
Plumbum(II) sulfat
Lead(II) sulphate
Stanum(II) sulfat
Tin(II) sulphate
Ferum(III) sulfat
Iron(III) sulphate

76
Exercise 12 : Penamaan Sebatian Kimia
Naming of Chemical Compounds
1 Tulis formula kimia bagi sebatian berikut.
Write the chemical formula of the following compounds.
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Hydrochloric acid
Asid nitrik
Nitric acid
Kalium hidroksida
Potassium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
Sodium hydroxide
Asid etanoik
Ethanoic acid
Ammonium karbonat
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium hidroksida
Ammonium hydroxide
Zink klorida
Zinc chloride
Natrium sulfat
Sodium sulphate
Argentum sulfat
Silver sulphate
Ammonium sulfat
Ammonium sulphate
Kalsium nitrat
Calcium nitrate
Plumbum(II) sulfat
Lead(II) sulphate
Magnesium nitrat
Magnesium nitrate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate
Aluminium sulfat
Aluminium sulphate
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Copper(II) carbonate
Natrium klorida
Sodium chloride
Barium klorida
Barium chloride
Aluminium oksida
Aluminium oxide
Magnesium oksida
Magnesium oxide
Ferum(II) oksida
Iron(II) oxide
Magnesium sulfat
Magnesium sulphate
Plumbum(II) nitrat
Lead(II) nitrate
Stanum(II) nitrat
Tin(II) nitrate
Ferum(III) nitrat
Iron(III) nitrate
Zink sulfat
Zinc sulphate
Stanum(II) sulfat
Tin(II) sulphate
Aluminium karbonat
Aluminium carbonate

77
3.4 Persamaan Kimia
Chemical Equation
Exercise 13 : Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia
How to Write Chemical Equations
1 Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas berikut.
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions.
(a) Gas nitrogen + gas hidrogen → gas ammonium
Nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas → ammonium gas
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Logam natrium + air → larutan akueus natrium hidroksida + gas hidrogen
Sodium metal + water → aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Pepejal kuprum(II) karbonat terurai kepada pepejal kuprum(II) oksida dan gas karbon
dioksida apabila dipanaskan
Solid copper(II) carbonate decomposes into solid copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas
when heated
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) Pembakaran serbuk aluminium dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan serbuk putih
aluminium oksida
Burning of aluminium powder in excess oxygen produces white aluminium oxide powder
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SHORT NOTE
1. Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia
How to Write Chemical Equations
Hidrogen + oksigen → air
H2 + O2 → H2O
H2 + O2 → H2O
(2 atom H) (2 atom O) (2 atom H, 1 atom O)
Persamaan tidak seimbang
Equation is not balanced
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(4 atom H) (2 atom O) (4 atom H, 2 atom O)
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ce)
Tulis persamaan dalam bentuk perkataan terlebih
dahulu
Bahan
tindak balas
Hasil tindak
balas
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil
tindak balas
Semak sama ada persamaan seimbang atau
tidak
Imbangkan persamaan dengan menyelaraskan
pekali di hadapan formula kimia
Tulis keadaan fizik setiap bahan dan hasil tindak
balas
Write the equation in words
Write down the chemical formula of each
reactant and product
Check whether the equation in balanced
Balance the equation by adjusting the
coefficient in front of the chemical formula
Write the physical state of each reactant and
product

78
2 Imbangkan persamaan kimia berikut.
Balance the following chemical equations.
(a) KI(ak) + Br2(ak) → I2(p) + KBr(ak)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Zn(p) + AgNO3(ak) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + Ag(p)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(ce)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) AgNO3(p) → Ag(p) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 14 : Menggunakan Persamaan Kimia
Using Chemical Equations
Example 1 : Etanol terbakar dalam udara yang berlebihan seperti berikut.
Ethanol burnt in excess oxygen as follows.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Berapakah isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik yang dibebaskan jika 4.6 g etanol dibakar
lengkap dalam udara?
What is the volume of gas released at room conditions if 4.6 g of ethanol burnt
completely un air?
[JMR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
mol-1
at room conditions]
Bilangan mol di dalam etanol 4.6 g etanol
Number of moles in 4.6 g of ethanol
=
ass (g)
ar ass (g )
=
4 6 g
46 g
= 0.1 mol
1 mol C2H5OH : 2 mole CO2
0.1 mol C2H5OH : 0.2 mole CO2
Isi padu gas karbon dioksida, CO2
= Bilangan mol X Isi padu molar
= 0.2 mol x 24 dm3
= 2.4 dm3
1 mole of C2H5OH : 2 moles of CO2
0.1 mole of C2H5OH : 0.2 moles of CO2
The volume of karbon dioxide, CO2
= Number of moles X Molar volume
= 0.2 mol x 24 dm3
= 2.4 dm3
∆

79
1 Selesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri berikut.
Solve numerical the following stroichiometry problems.
(a) Penguraian kalsium karbonat oleh haba menghasilkan kalsium oksida dan karbon
dioksida. Berapakah jisim kalsium karbonat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1.2
dm3
gas karbon dioksida pada keadaan bilik?
Decomposition of calcium carbonate by heating to produce calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide. What is the mass of calcium carbonate required to produce 1.2 dm3
of carbon
dioxide gas at room conditions?
[JMR / RAM : C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40]
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
mol-1
at room conditions]
(b) Satu sampel ferum(III) oksida dipanaskan dalam aliran gas hidrogen berlebihan untuk
menghasilkan 5.6 g logam besi.
Hitungkan jisim sampel ferum(II) oksida itu.
A sample of iron(III) oxide is heated in stream of excess hydrogen gas to produce 5.6 g
of iron metal.
Calculate the mass of the iron(III) oxide sample.
[JMR / RAM : O = 16, Fe = 56]

80
Chapter
3
Review
1 Antara pernyataan berikut yang
manakah benar bagi 1 mol bahan?
Which of the following statement is true
for 1 mole of substance?
A 1 mol zink mengandungi 6.02 x 1023
molekul
1 mol of zinc contains 6.02 x 1023
molecules
B 1 mol karbon dioksida mengandungi
bilangan molekul yang sama dengan
bilangan atom dalam 12 g karbon-12
1 mol of carbon dioxide contains the
same number of molecules as the
number of atoms in 12 g carbon-12
C 1 mol gas oksigen mengandungi 6.02 x
1023
atom
1 mol of oxygen gas contains 6.02 x
1023
atoms
D 1 mol ammonia mengandungi bilangan
atom yang sama seperti dalam 12g
karbon-12
1 mol of ammonia contains the same
number of atoms as in 12g of carbon-12
2 Formula kimia bagi kuprum(I) oksida
ialah
Chemical formula of copper(I) oxide is
A CuO
B CuO2
C Cu2O
D Cu2O2
3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur
propena.
Diagram 1 shows the structural formula
of propene.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Apakah formula empirik bagi propena?
What is the empirical formula of
propene?
A CH2
B C3H6
C C3H8
D H6C3
4 Formula kimia bagi ferum(III) sulfat
ialah
Chemical formula of iron(III) sulphate is
A Fe3(SO4)2
B Fe(SO4)3
C FeSO4
D Fe2(SO4)3
5 Ester menghasilkan bau wangi yang
terdapat pada epal hijau iaitu
C3H7COOCH3.
Ester produces the fragrant smell found
in green apple as C3H7COOCH3.
Unsur
Element
C H O
Apakah nisbah mol atom paling ringkas?
What is simplest mole ratio of atom?
A 3 : 7 : 2
B 5 : 10 : 2
C 7 : 9 : 2
D 10 : 20 : 4
persamaan kimia seimbang?
Which of the following is a balanced
equation?
A PbCO3 → 2PbO3 + 3CO2
B AuCO3 → Au + CO2 + O2
C 4Al(NO3)3 → 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
D Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO3 + 4NO2 + O2
Paper 1 Questions

Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4

Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4

Similar to Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4 (20)

More from Cikgu Marzuqi

More from Cikgu Marzuqi (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4