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Bahagian A
Section A
1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan alat pemadam kebakaran.
Diagram 1.1 shows fire extinguisher.
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
(i) Namakan label P, Q, R dan S dalam Rajah 1.1.
Name the labels P, Q, R and S in Diagram 1.1.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi alat pemadam kebakaran.
State one function of fire extinguisher.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Nyatakan langkah penggunaan alat pemadam kebakaran ini dengan betul.
State the steps taken to use this fire extinguisher properly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
Paper 2 Questions
Tolok tekanan
Pressure gauge
Pemicu / Discharge lever
Panggang / Carrying handle
R : ………………………
S : ………………………
Pin keselamatan
Safety pin
P : ………………………
Q : ………………………](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-19-2048.jpg)
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(b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal.
Diagram 1.2 shows safety equipment in the laboratory.
Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2
(i) Namakan peralatan keselamatan itu.
Name the safety equipment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Nyatakan fungsi bagi peralatan yang dinamakan di 1(b)(i).
State the function of the equipment named in 1(b)(i).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-20-2048.jpg)
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Bahagian B
Section B
1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan dalam makmal.
Table 1 shows the apparatus used in the laboratory.
Nama radas
Name of apparatus
Radas
Apparatus
A
B
C
D
E
Jadual 1
Table 1
Namakan radas A, B, C, D dan E. Kemudian, nyatakan fungsinya.
Name the apparatus A, B, C, D and E. Then, state its function.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-21-2048.jpg)
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(b) Kebanyakan kerjaya dalam era perkembangan industri yang pesat ini memerlukan pengetahuan
dalam bidang kimia.
Nyatakan dua contoh kerjaya dalam setiap bidang yang berikut.
In the era of rapid industrial development, most careers require knowledge in chemistry.
State two examples of careers in each of the following fields.
Kosmetik
Cosmetics
Farmaseutikal
Pharmaceutical
Bioteknologi
Biotechnology
Nanoteknologi
Nanotechnology
Teknologi hijau
Green technology
[10 markah]
[10 marks]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-22-2048.jpg)
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Bahagian C
Section C
1(a) Apakah itu kimia?
What is chemistry?
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(b) Semua bahan yang terdapat di sekeliling kita terdiri daripada bahan kimia. Aktiviti harian
yang kita lakukan turut melibatkan tindak balas kimia.
Nyatakan dua contoh bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam
All substance around us made up of chemicals. The activities that we carry out daily involve
chemical reactions as well.
State two examples of chemicals commonly used in
Makanan
Food
Perubatan
Medicine
Pertanian
Agriculture
Industri
Industry
[8 markah]
[8 marks]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-23-2048.jpg)
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(c) Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan melawan suhu larutan.
Diagram 1 shows a graph of mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt against solution
temperature.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan graf di atas.
Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the graph statement above.
Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
Suhu larutan (o
C)
Solution temperature
Jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan (g)
Mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
m5 -
m4 -
m3 -
m2 -
m1 - X
X
X
X
X](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-24-2048.jpg)
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Bahagian A
Section A
1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan tiga bahan dan formula kimianya.
Table 1 shows three substances and their chemical formulae.
Bahan
Substance
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Litium
Lithium
Li
Oksigen
Oxygen
O2
Naftalena
Naphthalene
C10H8
Jadual 1
Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1,
Based on Table 1,
(i) Apakah maksud formula kimia?
What is meant by chemical formula?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam oksigen.
State the type of particles in oxygen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Lukis rajah struktur bagi atom litium.
Draw atomic structure of lithium atom.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
Paper 2 Questions](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-44-2048.jpg)
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(iv) Tuliskan perwakilan piawai bagi unsur litium tersebut.
Write the standard representative for lithium element.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena.
Diagram 1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(i) Tentukan takat lebur bagi naftalena.
Determine the melting point of naphthalene.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Terangkan mengapa lengkung graf pada suhu x tidak berubah.
Explain why curve of graph at the temperature of x remains constant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
Suhu
Temperature (O
C)
Masa
Time (s)
x](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-45-2048.jpg)
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(c) Jadual 2 menunjukkan magnesium secara semula jadi wujud dalam tiga isotop.
Table 2 shows magnesium exits naturally as three isotopes.
Unsur
Element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Peratusan (%)
Percentage
24
Mg 12 79.0
25
Mg 12 10.0
26
Mg 12 11.0
Jadual 2
Table 2
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop bagi atom magnesium?
What is meant by isotope of magnesium atom?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Hitung jisim atom relatif magnesium.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi dua isotop atom karbon.
Diagram 2 shows the standard representation of two isotopes of carbon atoms.
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
(a) Nyatakan maksud isotop.
State the meaning of isotope.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
SPM 17’
C C
12
6
14
6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-46-2048.jpg)
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(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 2,
Based on Diagram 2,
(i) Tentukan bilangan elektron dan neutron dalam jadual di bawah.
Determine the number of electrons and neutrons in the table below.
Zarah
Particle
C C
Bilangan elektron
Number of electron
Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan satu kegunaan C dalam kehidupan seharian.
State one use of C in our daily life.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(c) P adalah satu bahan yang mempunyai takat lebur 51 o
C dan takat didih 305 o
C.
P is a substance that has a melting point of 51 o
C and a boiling point of 305 o
C.
(i) Lakar graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan P dipanaskan daripada 30 o
C ke 90 o
C.
Skech a graph of temperature ahainst time when substance P is heated from 30 o
C to 90 o
C.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
14
6
12
6
14
6
14
6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-47-2048.jpg)
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(ii) Apabila bahan P disejukkan, suhu berkurangan dan menjadi malar pada satu peringkat dan
kemudian berkurang semula.
When substance P is cooled, the temperature decreases and becomes constant at one stage
and then decreases again.
Ramalkan suhu yang malar itu.
Predict the constant temperature.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
Terangkan mengapa suhu malar pada peringkat itu.
Explain why the temperature is constance at that stage.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
3(a) Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R.
Table 3.1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R.
Atom unsur
Atom of element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
P 8 16
Q 9 19
R 8 17
Jadual 3.1
Table 3.1
(i) Pasangan atom manakah merupakan isotop?
Which pair of atoms are isotopes?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di 3(a)(i).
Give the reason for your answer in 3(a)(i).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Lukis gambar rajah susunan elektron bagi atom Q.
Draw the electron arrangement for atom Q.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-48-2048.jpg)
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(b) Bahan X adalah pepejal putih dan penebat elektrik.
Substance X is a white solid and an electrical insulator.
(i) Lukis susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bahan X.
Draw the apparatus set-up used to determine the melting point of substance X.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah bahan X.
State the type of particles of substance X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Huraikan keadaan bahan X apabila berada pada suhu 40 o
C dan 90 o
C dalam jadual di
bawah.
Describe the state of substance X when it is at 40 o
C and 90 o
C in the table below.
Suhu
Temperature
40 o
C 90 o
C
Susunan zarah
Arrangement of particles
Daya tarikan di antara
zarah
Force of attraction
between particles
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
Bahan X melebur pada 61 o
C dan meruap pada 301 o
C
Substance X melts at 61 o
C and evaporates at 301 o
C](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-49-2048.jpg)
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Bahagian B
Section B
1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan dua Model Struktur Atom.
Diagram 1.1 shows the Atomic Structure Model.
Saintis R
Scientist R
Saintis Q
Scientist Q
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
(i) Kenal pasti saintis R dan saintis Q.
Identify the scientist R and scientist Q.
(ii) Huraikan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom bagi setiap ahli saintis tersebut.
Describe the history development of the atomic structure model for each of these scientists.
(iii) Berdasarkan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom, salin dan kenal pasti maklumat
daripada ahli saintis bagi menentukan suatu unsur dalam atom magnesium dan atom oksigen
dalam jadual di bawah.
Based on the history development of the atomic structure models, copy and identify
information from scientists to determine an element in magnesium atom and oxygen atom in
the table below.
Unsur
Element
Maklumat
Information
Mg O
Saintis R
Scientist R
Saintis Q
Scientist Q
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Elektron
Electron
Sfera yang bercas positif
Positively-charged sphere
+
Elektron
Electron
Petala
Shell
Nukleus yang mengandungi proton
Nucleus that contains protons](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-50-2048.jpg)
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(b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R.
Table 1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R.
Atom unsur
Atom of element
Nombor proton
Proton number
Nombor nukleon
Nucleon number
J 8 16
K 11 23
L 19 39
Jadual 1
Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, kenal pasti atom unsur J, K and L dari segi
Based on Table 1, identify the atoms of the element J, K and L in terms of
(i) Bilangan neutron
Number of neutron
(ii) Bilangan petala
Number of shell
[6 markah]
[6 marks]
(c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena.
Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
Huraikan lengkung dari bahagian I dan II, dalam huraian anda sertakan:
Describe the curve from the region of I and II, in your description include:
keadaan jirim
state of matter
pergerakan zarah-zarah
movement of the particles
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
Suhu
Temperature (O
C)
Masa
Time (s)
80
I
II
t1 t2 t3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-51-2048.jpg)
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Bahagian C
Section C
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara pelajar dalam satu kumpulan untuk menentukan takat
beku.
Diagram 1 shows the conversation between students in a group to determine freezing point.
Rajah 1
Diagram 1
(a) Kenal pasti bahan X. Jelaskan maksud takat beku.
Identify the substance X. Explain the meaning of freezing point.
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
(b) Lukis graf lengkung bagi menunjukkan takat beku bahan X. Kemudian, terangkan perubahan
keadaan jirim bagi setiap perubahan suhu tersebut. Namakan proses perubahan keadaan jirim
yang terlibat.
Draw a graph of the curve to show the freezing point of substance X. Then, explain the
change in state of matter for each change in temperature. Name the process of change of
state of matter involved.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]
(c) Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan daripada
perbualan di atas.
Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the statement from the above
conversation.
Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]
Apakah bahan X?
What is substance
X?
Bahan X terdiri
daripada molekul.
Substance X consists
of molecule.
Apakah takat beku
bahan X?
What is freezing
point of substance
X?
Takat beku bahan X
adalah 80 o
C.
Freezing point of
substance X is 80 o
C.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-52-2048.jpg)
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Bab 3
Chapter 3
Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia
The mole Concept, Chemical Formula and
Equation
3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
Exercise 1 : Jisim Atom Relatif, JAR
Relative Atomic Mass, RAM
Example : Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi atom magnesium, Mg.
Determine the relative atomic mass of magnesium atom, Mg.
[JAR / RAM : Mg = 24]
= 24
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim atom relatif.
State the meaning of relative atomic mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menentukan jisim relatif bagi semua unsur atom.
Complete the table below with determine the relative atomic mass of all atom elements.
Unsur
Element
JAR
RAM
Unsur
Element
JAR
RAM
Hidrogen / Hydrogen , H Natrium / Sodium , Na
Helium / Helium , He Magnesium / Magnesium , Mg
Litium / Lithium , Li Aluminium / Aluminium , Al
Berilium / Beryllium , Be Silikon / Silicon , Si
Boron / Boron , B Fosforus / Phosphorus , P
Karbon / Carbon , C Sulfur / Sulphur , S
Nitrogen / Nitrogen , N Klorin / Chlorine , Cl
Oksigen / Oxygen , O Argon / Argon , Ar
Fluorin / Fluorine , F Kalium / Potassium , K
Neon / Neon , Ne Kalsium / Calcium , Ca
SHORT NOTE
1. Konsep ‘jisim atom relatif, JAR’ dengan membandingkan jisim atom sesuatu dengan jisim atom unsur lain yang
dipilih sebagai piawai.
The concept of ‘relative atomic mass, RAM’ by comparing the mass of atom of an element to the mass of atom
another element that is chosen as the standard.
2. Karbon-12 dipilih sebagai piawai:
Carbon-12 is chosen as the standard:
mudah dikendalikan memandangkan unsur ini merupakan pepejal pada suhu bilik
it is a solid at room temperature and thus can be handled easily
karbon-12 mudah bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain
carbon-12 combines easily with other elements
karbon-12 mudah dijumpai dalam kebanyakan bahan
carbon-12 is found in most substances
jisim atom relatif karbon-12 adalah tepat 12.0
the relative atomic mass of carbon-12 exactly 12.0
3. Jisim molekul relatif, JMR sesuatu molekul ialah jisim purata molekul tersebut berbanding dengan
1
12
kali jisim satu
atom karbon-12.
The relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is the average mass of the molecule compared to
1
12
of the mass
of one carbon-12 atom.
4. Jisim relatif bahan ion dipanggil jisim formula relatif, JFR.
The relative mass of an ionic substance is called the relative formula mass, RFM.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-53-2048.jpg)
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3 Berikan tiga sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai piawai untuk menentukan jisim atom
relatif dan jisim molekul relatif.
Give three reasons why carbon-12 is used as a standard to determine the relative atomic mass
and relative molecular mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4 Jisim suatu atom adalah sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom dengan
membandingkan jisim atom tersebut dengan atom yang lain yang dipanggil jisim atom relatif.
Rajah menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom X dengan atom karbon-12.
The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, a chemist determines the mass of an atom by
comparing the mass of the atom with another atom which is called relative atomic mass. Diagram
shows the comparison of mass between atom X with atom carbon-12.
(a) Kenal pasti atom X.
Identify the atom X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi atom X?
What is the relative atomic mass of atom X?
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Beri alasan anda di 4(b).
Give your reason in 4(b).
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Exercise 2 : Jisim Molekul Relatif, JMR
Relative Molecular Mass, RMM
Example : Tentukan jisim molekul relatif bagi heksane, C6H14.
Determine the relative molecular mass of Hexane, C6H14.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]
= 6(12) + 14(1)
= 86
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim molekul relatif.
State the meaning of relative molecular mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
C-12
C-12
Atom X
C-12 C-12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-54-2048.jpg)
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2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of each of the following
substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, Zn = 65, Br = 80]
(a) Glukosa, C6H12O6
Glucose
(b) Gas oksigen, O2
Oxygen gas
(c) Air, H2O
Water
(d) Etanol, C2H5OH
Ethanol
(e) Gas klorin, Cl2
Chlorine gas
(f) Karbon dioksida, CO2
Carbon dioxide
(g) Sulfur dioksida, SO2
Sulphue dioxide
(h) Metana, CH4
Methane
(i) Air bromin, Br2
Bromine water
(j) Kalium karbonat, CaCO3
Calcium carbonate](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-55-2048.jpg)
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3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut.
Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40]
(a) Jisim molekul relatif bagi C3H7XH ialah
60.
The relative molecular mass of C2H5XH
is 60.
(b) Jisim molekul relatif bagi
Na2XO3.10H2O ialah 286.
The relative molecular mass of
Na2XO3.10H2O is 286.
(c) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XCl2.2H2O
ialah 244.
The relative molecular mass of
XCl2.2H2O is 244.
(d) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XO2 ialah 46.
The relative molecular mass of XO2 is
46.
(e) Jisim molekul relatif bagi CaX2.6H2O
ialah 219.
The relative molecular mass of
CaX2.6H2O is 219.
(f) Jisim molekul relatif bagi X10H8 ialah
128.
The relative molecular mass of X10H8 is
128.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-56-2048.jpg)
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Exercise 3 : Jisim Formula Relatif, JFR.
Relative Formula Mass, RFM
Example : Tentukan jisim formula relatif bagi natrium klorida, NaCl.
Determine the relative formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl.
[JAR / RAM : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5]
= 23 + 35.5
= 58.5
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim formula relatif.
State the meaning of relative formula mass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim formula relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative formula mass of each of the following
substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, Fe = 56, Cu =
64, Zn = 65]
(a) Magnesium sulfat, MgSO4
Magnesium sulphate
(b) Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2
Magnesium nitrate
(c) Zink klorida, ZnCl2
Zinc chloride
(d) Zink sulfat, ZnSO4
Zinc sulphate
(e) Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3
Ammonium carbonate
(f) Kalium karbonat, K2CO3
Potassium carbonate
(g) Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4
Iron(II) sulphate
(h) Kuprum(II) nitrat, Cu(NO3)2
Copper(II) nitrate](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-57-2048.jpg)
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3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut.
Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X.
[JAR / RAM : C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
(a) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2(SO4)3 ialah
342.
The relative formula mass of X2(SO4)3
is 342.
(b) Jisim formula relatif bagi ZnX2 ialah
136.
The relative formula mass of ZnX2 is
136.
(c) Jisim formula relatif bagi X(NO3)2 ialah
188.
The relative formula mass of X(NO3)2
is 188.
(d) Jisim formula relatif bagi Al(XO3)3
ialah 213.
The relative formula mass of Al(XO3)3
is 213.
(e) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2SO4 ialah
98.
The relative formula mass of X2SO4 is
98.
(f) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2CO3 ialah
106.
The relative formula mass of X2CO3 is
106.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-58-2048.jpg)
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1 Nyatakan unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan.
State the SI unit of amount of substance.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan molekul dan bilangan atom bagi setiap
bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate number of molecules and number of atoms of each of the
following substances.
[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
]
(a) Sebuah balang gas berisi 2 mol gas
nitrogen, N2.
A gas jar is filled with 2 mol of nitrogen
gas, N2.
(b) Sebuah belon berisi 1.5 mol gas
ammonia, NH3.
A balloon is filled with 1.5 mol
ammonia gas, NH3.
(c) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.2 mol gas
etena, C2H4.
A sample contains 0.2 mol of ethene
gas, C2H4.
(d) Sebuah belon berisi 1.2 mol gas
hidrogen, H2.
A balloon is filled with 1.2 mol
hydrogen gas, H2.
(e) Sebuah balang gas berisi 0.8 mol gas
oksigen, O2.
A gas jar is filled with 0.8 mol of oxygen
gas, O2.
(f) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.5 mol gas
helium, He.
A sample contains 0.5 mol of helium
gas, He.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-60-2048.jpg)
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3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol dan bilangan unit formula bagi
setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate number of mol and number of formula units of each of
the following substances.
[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
]
(a) Satu sampel natrium klorida, NaCl
mengandungi 3.612 x 1023
atom.
A sample of sodium chloride, NaCl
contains 3.612 x 1023
atoms.
(b) Sebuah belon berisi gas oksigen, O2
mengandungi 2.408 x 1024
atom.
A balloon is filled with oxygen gas, O2
contains 2.408 x 1024
atoms.
(c) Satu sampel karbon dioksida, CO2
mengandungi 1.0836 x 1025
atom CO2.
A sample of carbon dioxide, CO2
contains 1.0836 x 1025
CO2 atoms.
(d) Sebuah belon berisi gas nitrogen, N2
mengandungi 6.02 x 1025
atom.
A balloon is filled with nitrogen gas, N2
contains 6.02 x 1025
atoms.
(e) Satu sampel magnesium oksida, MgO
mengandungi 8.428 x 1023
atom.
A sample of magnesium oxide, MgO
contains 8.428 x 1023
atoms.
(f) Satu sampel kuprum, Cu mengandungi
6.02 x 1024
atom.
A sample of copper, Cu contains 6.02 x
1024
atoms.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-61-2048.jpg)
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Exercise 5 : Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan
Number of Moles and Mass of Substances
Example 1 : Berapakah jisim bagi 1.5 mol magnesium, Mg?
What is the mass of 1.5 mol of magnesium, Mg?
[JAR / RAM : Mg = 24]
= 1.5 mol x 24 g mol-1
= 36 g
Example 2 : Berapakah bilangan mol molekul yang terdapat di dalam 44.8 g sulfur dioksida, SO2?
How many moles of molecules are found in 44.8 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2?
[JAR / RAM : O = 16, S = 32]
JMR/RMM = 32 + (16)
= 64 g mol-1
=
44 8 g
64 g
= 0.7 mol
1 Apakah jisim molar?
What is molar mass?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the mass of each of the following substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Fe = 56]
(a) 0.4 mol serbuk besi, Fe.
0.4 mol of iron fillings, Fe.
(b) 2.2 mol karbon monoksida, CO.
2.2 mol of carbon monoxide, CO.
Bilangan mol, n =
Jisi (g)
Jisi ar (g )
Number of moles, n =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
x Jisim molar
Molar mass
÷ Jisim molar
Molar mass
Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan jisim
bahan:
The relationship between the number of mole
and the number of substances mass:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-62-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
63
(c) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.05 mol
hablur ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4.
An experiment requires 0.05 mol of
ammonium sulphate crystals,
(NH4)2SO4.
(d) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.08 mol
hablur ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3.
An experiment requires 0.08 mol of
ammonium nitrate crystals, NH4NO3.
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the number of each of the following substances.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, P = 31, S = 32, I = 127, Pb = 207]
(a) 29.4 g asid sulfurik, H2SO4.
29.4 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
(b) 4.61 g plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2.
4.61 g of lead(II) iodide, PbI2.
(c) 7.84 g asid fosfat, H3PO4.
7.84 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
(d) 28.6 g natrium karbonat terhidrat,
Na2CO3.10H2O.
28.6 g of sodium carbonate
decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O.
4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances.
(a) 0.9 mol gas X berjisim 3.6 g.
0.9 mol of gas X has the mass of 3.6 g.
(b) 0.3 mol bahan X berjisim 18.9 g.
0.3 mol of substance X has the mass of
18.9 g.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-63-2048.jpg)
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64
Exercise 6 : Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas
Number of Moles and Volume of Gases
Example 1 : Hitungkan isi padu 1.2 mol gas neon, Ne dalam dm3
pada STP?
Calculate the volume of 1.2 mol of neon gas, Ne in dm3
at STP?
[Isi padu molar / Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
pada/at STP]
= 1.2 mol x 22.4 dm3
mol-1
= 26.88 dm3
Example 2 : Berapakah isi padu 0.03 mol gas hidrogen, H2 dalam cm3
pada keadaan bilik?
What is the volume of 0.03 mol of hydrogen gas, H2 in cm3
at room conditions?
[Isi padu molar = 24 dm3
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume = 24 dm3
mol-1
at room conditions]
= 0.03 mol x 24 dm3
mol-1
= 0.72 dm3
= 0.72 x 1000 cm3
= 720 cm3
1 Apakah isi padu molar?
What is molar volume?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3
pada STP bagi setiap
gas berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3
at STP of each of the
following gases.
[Isi padu molar = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
pada STP]
[Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
mol-1
at STP]
(a) 0.5 mol gas klorin, Cl2.
0.5 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2.
(b) 1 mol karbon dioksida, CO2.
1 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2.
Bilangan mol, n =
Isi padu gas
Isi padu ar
Number of moles, n =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Isi padu gas
Volume of gas
x Isi padu molar
Molar volume
÷ Isi padu molar
Molar volume
Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan isi
padu gas:
The relationship between the number of mole
and the volume of gas:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-64-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
65
(c) 3 mol gas ammonia, NH3.
3 mol of ammonia gas, NH3.
(d) 0.3 mol gas oksigen, O2.
0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
.
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3
pada keadaan bilik bagi
setiap gas berikut.
Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3
at room conditions of each of
the following gases.
[Isi padu molar = 24 dm3
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume = 24 dm3
mol-1
at room conditions]
(a) 1 mol gas klorin, Cl2.
1 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2.
(b) 0.01 mol karbon dioksida, CO2.
0.01 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2.
(c) 0.08 mol gas ammonia, NH3.
0.08 mol of ammonia gas, NH3.
(d) 0.5 mol gas oksigen, O2.
0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
.
(e) 0.7 mol gas hidrogen, H2.
0.7 mol of hydrogen gas, H2.
(f) 2 mol gas karbon monoksida, CO.
2 mol of carbon monoxide gas, CO.
.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-65-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
67
(b) Hitungkan,
Calculate,
[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
]
(i) Bilangan mol
Number of mole
(ii) Bilangan atom
Number of atom
(iii) Isi padu gas X dalam cm3
Gas volume X in cm3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-67-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
69
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan formula molekul dan formula empirik beberapa bahan.
Complete the table below with molecular formula and empirical formula of several substances.
Bahan
Substance
Formula molekul
Molecular formula
Formula empirik
Empirical formula
Air
Water
Ammonia
Ammonia
Hidrazin
Hydrazine
Propena
Propene
Benzena
Benzene
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
Heksena
Hexene
Exercise 9 : Penentuan Formula Empirik
Determination of an Empirical Formula
Example 1 : 1.35 g aluminium berpadu dengan 1.2 g oksigen untuk menghasilkan aluminium
oksida.
Apakah formula empirik aluminium oksida?
1.35 g of aluminium combines with 1.2 g of oxygen to form aluminium oxide.
What is the empirical formula of aluminium oxide?
Unsur
Element
Al O
Jisim
Mass (g)
1.35 1.2
Bilangan mol atom
Number of moles of atoms
1 35
27
= 0.05
1 2
16
= 0.075
Nisbah mol atom
Mole ratio
5
5
= 1
75
5
= 1.5
Nisbah mol atom paling
ringkas
Simplest mole ratio of
atom
2 3
[JAR / RAM : O = 16, Al = 27]
2 mol atom aluminium berpadu dengan 3 mol atom oksigen.
Jadi, formula empirik aluminium oksida ialah Al2O3.
2 mol of aluminium atoms combine with 3 mol of oxygen atoms.
Thus, the empirical formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-69-2048.jpg)
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70
1 Satu sampel kalium bromida mengandungi 6.24 g kalium dan 12.8 g bromin.
Apakah formula empirik kalium bromida?
A sample of potassium bromine contains 6.24 g of potassium and 12.8 g of bromine.
What is the empirical formula of potassium bromine?
[JAR / RAM : K = 39, Br = 80]
2 Satu sampel 26.1 g stanum klorida didapati mengandungi 11.9 g stanum.
Nyatakan formula empirical stanum klorida itu.
A sample of 26.1 g of tin chloride contains 11.9 g of tin.
State the empirical formula if the tin chloride.
[JAR / RAM : Cl = 35.5, Sn = 119]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-70-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
71
3 0.03 mol unsur Y berpadu dengan 7.62 g iodin untuk menghasilkan garam iodida.
Nyatakan formula empirik bagi garam iodida itu.
0.03 mol of element Y combines with 7.62 g of iodine to produce an iodide salt.
State the empirical formula of the iodide salt.
[JAR / RAM : I = 127]
4 Seorang ahli kimia menganalisis sebatian yang memberikan bau kepada buah pisang yang
masak ranum. Dia mendapati sebatian ini mengandungi 64.62 % karbon, 10.77 % hidrogen dan
24.61 % oksigen. Apakah formula empirik sebatian tersebut?
A chemist analysed the compound that gives smell to fully ripe bananas. He found that the
compound contains 64.62 % carbon, 10.77 % hydrogen and 24.61 % oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of that compound?
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-71-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
72
Exercise 10 : Penentuan Formula Molekul
Determination of a Molecular Formula
Example 1 : Satu sebatian mempunyai formula empirik CH2. Jisim molekul relatifnya ialah 56.
Apakah formula molekul sebatian itu?
A compound has the empirical formula CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 56.
What is the molecular formula of the compound?
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]
JRM sebatian
RMM of compound = n[12 + 2(1)]
Diberikan JRM sebatian 14n = 56
Given the RMM of compound
n =
56
14
= 4
Maka, formula molekul sebatian ialah C4H8.
Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is C4H8.
1 Asid etanoik mempunyai jisim molar 60 g mol-1
. Jika formula empiriknya ialah CH2O, tentukan
formula molekul asid etanoik.
Etahnoic acid has a molar mass of 60 g mol-1
. If its empirical formula is CH2O, determine the
molecular formula of ethanoic acid.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
2 Hidrokarbon terdiri daripada karbon dan hidrogen. 5.7 g satu hidrokarbon mengandungi 4.8 g
karbon. Jika jisim molekul relatif hidrokarbon itu ialah 114, tentukan formula molekulnya.
Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen. 5.7 g of hydrocarbon contains 4.8 g of carbon. If
the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 114, determine its molecular formula.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-72-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
73
3 Berapakah jisim zink yang diperlukan untuk berpadu dengan 0.5 mol klorin bagi menghasilkan
zink klorida, ZnCl2?
What is the mass of zinc required to combine with 0.5 mol of chloride to produce zinc chloride,
ZnCl2?
[JAR / RAM : Zn = 65]
4 Andaikan anda ialah seorang peladang. Anda ingin memilih baja dengan kandungan nitrogen
yang tinggi untuk tanaman anda. Berikut ialah tiga jenis baja yang lazim digunakan.
Assume you are a farmer. You want to choose a fertiliser with a high nitrogen content for your
plants. Three types of commonly used fertilisers are as follows.
Baja
Fertiliser
Formula kimia
Chemical formula
Ammonium nitrat
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
Urea
Urea
CO(NH2)2
Nitrosol
Nitrosol
Ca(NO3)2
Baja yang manakah anda akan pilih? Berikan alasan bagi pilihan anda. Tunjukkan jalan kerja
penghitungan yang dibuat.
Which fertiliser would you choose? Give reasons for your choice. Show the steps used in the
calculation.
[JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-73-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
78
2 Imbangkan persamaan kimia berikut.
Balance the following chemical equations.
(a) KI(ak) + Br2(ak) → I2(p) + KBr(ak)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Zn(p) + AgNO3(ak) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + Ag(p)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(ce)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) AgNO3(p) → Ag(p) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 14 : Menggunakan Persamaan Kimia
Using Chemical Equations
Example 1 : Etanol terbakar dalam udara yang berlebihan seperti berikut.
Ethanol burnt in excess oxygen as follows.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Berapakah isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik yang dibebaskan jika 4.6 g etanol dibakar
lengkap dalam udara?
What is the volume of gas released at room conditions if 4.6 g of ethanol burnt
completely un air?
[JMR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
[Isi padu molar = 24 dm3
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume = 24 dm3
mol-1
at room conditions]
Bilangan mol di dalam etanol 4.6 g etanol
Number of moles in 4.6 g of ethanol
=
ass (g)
ar ass (g )
=
4 6 g
46 g
= 0.1 mol
1 mol C2H5OH : 2 mole CO2
0.1 mol C2H5OH : 0.2 mole CO2
Isi padu gas karbon dioksida, CO2
= Bilangan mol X Isi padu molar
= 0.2 mol x 24 dm3
= 2.4 dm3
1 mole of C2H5OH : 2 moles of CO2
0.1 mole of C2H5OH : 0.2 moles of CO2
The volume of karbon dioxide, CO2
= Number of moles X Molar volume
= 0.2 mol x 24 dm3
= 2.4 dm3
∆](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-78-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
79
1 Selesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri berikut.
Solve numerical the following stroichiometry problems.
(a) Penguraian kalsium karbonat oleh haba menghasilkan kalsium oksida dan karbon
dioksida. Berapakah jisim kalsium karbonat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1.2
dm3
gas karbon dioksida pada keadaan bilik?
Decomposition of calcium carbonate by heating to produce calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide. What is the mass of calcium carbonate required to produce 1.2 dm3
of carbon
dioxide gas at room conditions?
[JMR / RAM : C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40]
[Isi padu molar = 24 dm3
mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume = 24 dm3
mol-1
at room conditions]
(b) Satu sampel ferum(III) oksida dipanaskan dalam aliran gas hidrogen berlebihan untuk
menghasilkan 5.6 g logam besi.
Hitungkan jisim sampel ferum(II) oksida itu.
A sample of iron(III) oxide is heated in stream of excess hydrogen gas to produce 5.6 g
of iron metal.
Calculate the mass of the iron(III) oxide sample.
[JMR / RAM : O = 16, Fe = 56]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-79-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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Soalan 7 hingga 10 berdasarkan Rajah 2.
Questions 7 to 10 are based on Diagram 2.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan peratusan mengikut jisim bagi unsur dalam alisin iaitu sebatian yang
menyebabkan bau pada bawang putih.
Diagram 2 shows the percentage by mass of elements in the allicin, which is a compound that
causes the smell in garlic.
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
7 Apakah maksud dengan formula
empirik?
What is meant by an empirical
formula?
A Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan
menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili
atom dan nombor subskrip untuk
menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis
yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan
itu
A representation of a chemical
substance using alphabets to represent
the atoms and subscript numbers to
show the number of each type of atoms
founds in the elementary entities of the
substance
B Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan
menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili
atom dan nombor subskrip untuk
menunjukkan bilangan ringkas setiap
jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas
bahan itu
A representation of a chemical
substance using alphabets to represent
the atoms and subscript numbers to
show the simplest number of each type
of atoms founds in the elementary
entities of the substance
C Formula kimia yang menunjukkan
bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis
unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu
molekul sesuatu sebatian
The chemical formula that shows the
actual number of atoms of each element
found in a molecule of a compound
D Formula kimia yang menunjukkan
nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu
sebatian
The chemical formula that shows the
simplest ratio of the number of atoms of
each element in a compound
9 Apakah formula empirik bagi alisin?
What is the empirical formula of
allicin?
[JMR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, S = 32]
A C6H10S2O
B C6H12S4O
C C12H5S2O
D C12H10S4O
8 Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X jika
3.7 mol dalam unsur X?
What is the relative atomic mass of X if
3.7 moles in element of X?
A 9
B 12
C 24
D 32
10 Apakah yang mungkin bagi unsur X?
What is the possible of element of X?
A Karbon
Carbon
B Nitrogen
Nitrogen
C Magnesium
Magnesium
D Litium
Lithium
Alisin
Allicin
X = 44.4%
H = 6.21%
S = 39.5%
O = 9.86%
Bawang putih
Garlic](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-81-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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Bahagian A
Section A
1 Tumbuhan hijau menjalankan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Formula molekul bagi
glukosa adalah C6H12O6.
Green plant undergoes photosynthesis to produce glucose. The molecular formula of glucose is
C6H12O6.
(a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?
What is the meaning of molecular formula?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Tulis formula empirik bagi glukosa, C6H12O6.
Write the empirical formula for glucose, C6H12O6.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Persamaan kimia bagi fotosintesis adalah seperti di bawah.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu.
Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
Paper 2 Questions
SPM 16’](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-82-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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(b) Paku besi yang terdedah kepada udara dan air menghasilkan karat, ferum(III) oksida
terhidrat, Fe2O3.H2O. persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu adalah seperti berikut :
An iron nail that is exposed to air and water to form rust, hydrated iron(II) oxide,
Fe2O3.H2O. Chemical equation for the reaction is as follow:
xFe + yO2 + zH2O 2Fe2O3.H2O
(i) Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai x, y dan
z.
Balanced the chemical equation for the reaction by determine the value of x, y and z.
x : …………….. y : …………….. z : ……………..
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan bilangan mol ferum yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 mol ferum(III)
oksida terhidrat.
State the number of moles of iron that is required to produced 1 mole of hydrated
iron(III) oxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(iii) Hitung jisim formula relatif bagi ferum(III) oksida terhidrat.
Calculate the relative formula mass of hydrates iron(III) oxide.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16, Fe = 56]
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-83-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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2 Jadual 1 menunjukkan empat bahan dengan formula kimia dan jisim molarnya.
Table 1 shows four substances with their chemical formula and molar mass.
Bahan
Substances
Formula Kimia
Chemical formula
Gas Nitrogen
Oxygen gas
N2
Kalsium klorida terhidrat
Hydrated calsium chloride
CaCl2.6H2O
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Copper(II) carbonate
CuCO3
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Jadual 1
Table 1
(a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim atom relatif?
What meant by relative atomic mass?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim molekul relatif?
What meant by relative molecular mass?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(b) Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam
What type of particle is found in
gas nitrogen : ……………………………………
nitrogen gas
asid sulfurik : ……………………………………
sulphuric acid
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(c) Hitung,
Calculate,
[Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64, O =16, C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]
[Relative atomic mass : Cu = 64, O = 16 , C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]
(i) jisim molar kalsium klorida terhidrat.
the molar mass for hydrated calsium chloride.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(ii) jisim molar kuprum(II) karbonat.
the molar mass for copper(II) carbonate.
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-84-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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3 Satu eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida telah dijalankan
dengan jayanya oleh sekumpulan murid.
An experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide was successfully done by
a group of students.
(a) Lukis dan labelkan susunan radas yang telah digunakan oleh murid tersebut untuk
menjalankan eksperimen di atas.
Draw and label the set-up of apparatus used by the students to carry out this experiment.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(b) Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini.
Table 2 shows the results of this experiment.
Penerangan
Description
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung
Mass of the crucible + lid
23.00
Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + pita magnesium
Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon
23.30
Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + magnesium
oksida
Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
23.50
Jadual 2
Table 2
(i) Pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan kertas sebelum dipanaskan. Terangkan mengapa.
The magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper before heating. Explain why.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-85-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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(ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas,
Based on the table above,
Hitung jisim bagi:
Calculate the mass of:
Magnesium
Magnesium : ……………………..
Oksigen
Oxygen : ……………………..
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(iii) Hitungkan nisbah mol bagi atom magnesium kepada atom oksigen.
[Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Mg = 24]
Calculate the ratio of moles of magnesium atoms to oxygen atoms.
[Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Mg = 24]
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(iv) Tentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.
Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(v) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Write the chemical equation of the reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]
(vi) Ramalkan sama ada boleh atau tidak formula empirik bagi plumbum(II) oksida
ditentukan dengan kaedah yang sama dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan mengapa.
Predict whether the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide can be determined by this
experiment? Explain why.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(c) Logam W adalah kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen terhadap oksigen. Bagaimana
hendak memastikan bahawa tindak balas telah selesai.
Metal W is less reactive than hydrogen towards oxygen.
How to determine that the reaction is completed.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah]
[1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-86-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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Bahagian B
Section B
1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan formula struktur nikotin.
Diagram 1.1 shows the structural formula of nicotine.
Rajah 1.1
Diagram 1.1
Nyatakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin.
Bandingkan dan bezakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin.
State the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine.
Compare and contrast the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]
(b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi satu oksida
logam Y. Y kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen.
Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula for an oxide of
metal Y. Y is less reactive than hydrogen.
Rajah 1.2
Diagram 1.2
Gas hidrogen
Hydrogen gas
Oksida logam Y
Oxide of metal Y
Perahu porselin
Porcelain boat
Panaskan
Heat](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-87-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen tersebut.
Information below show the results of the experiment.
Penerangan
Description
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin
Combustion tube + porcelain boat
52.34
Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + oksida Y
Combustion tube + porcelain boat + oxide of Y
105.86
Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + Y
Combustion tube + porcelain boat + Y
102.02
Tentukan formula empirik oksida Y.
Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of Y.
[Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Y = 107]
[Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Y = 107]
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
(c) Hidrogen ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi hanya karbon dan hidrogen. Maklumat
berikut ialah tentang satu daripada hidrokarbon.
Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The information
below is regarding one hydrocarbon.
(i) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, hitung formula molekul bagi hidrokarbon tersebut.
Based on the information above, calculate the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
[5 markah]
[5 marks]
(ii) 4.6 g logam natrium dibakar dalam gas oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan natrium klorida.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
Hitungkan jisim natrium oksida yang dihasilkan.
[Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Na = 23]
4.6 g of sodium metal is burnt excess oxygen gas to produce sodium oxide. Write the
chemical equation of this reaction.
Calculate the mass of sodium oxide produced.
[Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Na = 23]
[5 markah]
[5 marks]
Karbon 85.7 %
carbon 85.7 %
hidrogen 14.3 %
hydrogen 14.3 %
jisim molekul relatif = 42
molecular mass = 42
[Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12]
[Relative atomic mass : H = 1, C = 12]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-88-2048.jpg)
![Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
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(a)(i) Berdasarkan perbuatan di atas, tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida X.
Based on conversation above, determine the empirical formula of oxide of X.
[Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, X = 24]
[Relative atomic mass : O = 16, X = 24]
[3 markah]
[3 marks]
(ii) Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat. Kemudian, berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat
ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu.
Write the chemical equation involved. Give three information that can be interpreted
from the chemical equation.
[5 markah]
[5 marks]
(b) Terangkan kaedah yang digunakan. Kemudian, cadangkan serbuk X.
Explain the method used in this experiment. Then, suggest the powder X.
[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(c) Dengan menggunakan contoh serbuk X, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan
pernyataan di atas.
Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
By using one example of powder X, describe an experiment to prove the statement
above.
Your answer should include procedure, result and conclusion.
[10 markah]
[10 marks]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modulkimiapro-xkssm2022f4-220315212933/75/Modul-kimia-pro-x-kssm-2022-FORM-4-90-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byCikgu Marzuqi
Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4
Based on the diagram above, name the labelled parts and state their functions: A - Safety goggle Function: To protect eyes from chemical splashes or flying objects. B - Gloves Function: To protect hands from chemicals and prevent skin contact with hazardous substances. C - Laboratory coat Function: To protect body from chemicals and prevent contamination of clothing. D - Face mask Function: To protect face and prevent inhalation of hazardous fumes/vapours. E - Safety shoes Function: To protect feet from chemicals, broken glass and prevent slips. F - Fume chamber Function: To contain and remove noxious fumes/vap
Modul kimia pro x kssm 2022 FORM 4
- 1. EDISI PERTAMA 2022 Penulis: Merangkumi semua kemahiran dalam huraian sukatan pelajaran. Meningkatkan keupayaan mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan menganalisis eksperimen. Praktis Berfokus Peperiksaan. Chemistry (Bilingual)
- 2. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 2 Bab 1 Chapter 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia Introduction to Chemistry 7- 24 1.1 Perkembangan Bidak Kimia dan Kepentingan dalam Kehidupan Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life 7 - 10 1.2 Penyiasatan saintifik dalam Kimia Scientific Investigation in Chemistry 11 1.3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas serta Bahan Kimia Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials 12 - 16 Review 1 17 - 24 Bab 2 Chapter 2 Jisim dan Struktur Atom Matter and the Atomic Structure 25 - 51 2.1 Konsep asas Jisim Basic Concepts of Matter 25 - 31 2.2 Perkembangan Model Atom The Development of the Atomic Model 32 - 33 2.3 Struktur Atom Atomic Structure 34 – 38 2.4 Isotop dan Penggunaannya Isotopes and Its Uses 39 – 40 Review 2 41 - 51 Bab 3 Chapter 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia The mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation 52-89 3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass 52 - 57 3.2 Konsep Mol Mole Concept 58 - 66 3.3 Formula Kimia Chemical Formula 67 - 75 3.4 Persamaan Kimia Chemical Equation 76 - 78 Review 3 79 - 89 CHEMISTRY FORM 4
- 3. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 3 Bab 4 Chapter 4 Jadual Berkala Unsur The Periodic Table of Elements 90 - 119 4.1 Perkembangan Jadual Berkala Unsur The Development of the Periodic Table of Elements 91 - 91 4.2 Susunan Unsur dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur Moden The Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements 92 – 95 4.3 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 18 Elements in Group 18 96 - 97 4.4 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 1 Elements in Group 1 98 – 102 4.5 Unsur dalam Kumpulan 17 Elements in Group 17 102 – 105 4.6 Unsur dalam Kala 3 Elements in Period 3 106 – 108 4.7 Unsur Peralihan Transition Elements 108 – 109 Review 4 110 - 119 Bab 5 Chapter 5 Ikatan Kimia Chemical Bond 120 - 147 5.1 Asas Pembentukan Sebatian Basics of Compound Formation 120 – 121 5.2 Ikatan Ion Ionic Bond 121 – 126 5.3 Ikatan Kovalen Covalent Bond 127 – 131 5.4 Ikatan Hidrogen Hydrogen Bond 132 – 134 5.5 Ikatan Datif Dative Bond 134 – 135 5.6 Ikatan Logam Metallic Bond 136 5.7 Sebatian Ion dan Sebatian Kovalen Properties of Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds 137 – 138 Review 5 139 - 147 Bab 6 Chapter 6 Asid, Bes dan Garam Acid, Base and Salt 148 -217 6.1 Peranan Air dalam Menunjukkan Keasidan dan Kealkalian The Role of water on Showing Acidic and Alkaline Properties 148 - 153 6.2 Nilai pH pH value 154 – 155 6.3 Kekuatan Asid dan Alkali Strength of Acids and Alkalis 156 – 157 6.4 Sifat-sifat Kimia Asid dan Alkali Chemical Properties of Acids and Alkalis 158 – 161
- 4. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 4 6.5 Kepekatan Larutan Akueus Concentration of Aqueous Solution 161 – 163 6.6 Larutan Piawai Standard Solution 134 – 166 6.7 Peneutralan Naturalisation 167 – 171 6.8 Garam, Hablur dan Kegunaan dalam Kehidupan Harian Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in Daily Life 172 – 173 6.9 Penyediaan Garam Preparation of Salts 174 – 186 6.10 Tindakan Haba ke atas Garam Effect of Heat on Salts 167 – 191 6.11 Analisis Kualitatif Qualitative Analysis 191 – 204 Review 6 205 - 217 Bab 7 Chapter 7 Kadar Tindak Balas Rate of Reaction 218 - 264 7.1 Penentuan Kadar Tindak Balas Determining rate of Reaction 218 - 231 7.2 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions 231 – 246 7.3 Aplikasi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas dalam Kehidupan Application of Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction in Daily Life 247- 248 7.4 Teori Perlanggaran Collision Theory 249 - 252 Review 7 253 - 264 Bab 8 Chapter 8 Bahan Buatan dalam Industri Manufactured Substances in Industry 265 - 288 8.1 Aloi dan Kepentingannya Alloy and Its Importance 265 – 269 8.2 Komposisi Kaca dan Kegunaannya Composition of Glass and Its Uses 270 -271 8.3 Komposisi Seramik dan Kegunaannya Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses 272 – 273 8.4 Bahan Komposit dan Kepentingannya Composite Materials and Its Importance 274 – 276 Review 8 277 - 288 JAWAPAN ANSWER 289-361
- 5. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 5 PRO-X MODULE dihasilkan dalam bentuk pdf(softcopy) bagi memudahkan guru atau pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran atas talian atau bersemuka. Modul ini ditulis berdasarkan standard terkini dalam sukatan mata pelajaran Kimia KSSM yang meliputi konstruk mengingat, memahami, mengaplikasi, menganalisis, menilai dan mencipta. Selain itu, modul ini dihasilkan oleh Cikgu Marzuqi yang merupakan guru berpengalaman dan cemerlang dalam subjek kimia yang mengajar lebih daripada 10 tahun dengan memiliki Master Pendidikan. Juga, telah menghasilkan banyak modul kimia sejak tahun 2010. PRO-X MODULE berserta ekstra buku soalan Edisi Pertama 2022 Ciri-ciri istimewa dalam Modul Pro-X ini adalah seperti berikut; Kemahiran Abad ke-21 Kemahiran berfikir & menyelesaikan masalah Kemahiran interpersonal & arah kendiri Kemahiran maklumat & komunikasi Meliputi Konstruk mengingat memahami mengaplikasi menganalisis menilai mencipta Aktiviti Pembelajaran Abad ke-21 Pelbagai aktiviti yang menekankan pembelajaran berpusatkan murid dan berunsur Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT).
- 6. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 6 JADUAL BERKALA UNSUR
- 7. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 7 Bab 1 Chapter 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 Perkembangan Bidak Kimia dan Kepentingan dalam Kehidupan Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life Exercise 1 : Maksud Kimia Meaning of Chemistry 1 Apakah kimia? What is chemistry? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Exercise 2 : Bahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Harian dan Radas Chemicals in Daily Life and Apparatus 1 Nyatakan beberapa contoh bagi setiap bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam kehidupan harian. State some examples for each of chemicals commonly used in daily life. SHORT NOTE 1. Perkataan kimia berasal daripada perkataan Arab ‘al-kimiya’. The word chemistry originated from the Arabic word ‘al-kimiya’. 2. Bahan kimia dalam kehidupan harian: Chemicals in daily life: makanan / food perubatan / medicine pertanian / agriculture industri / industry 3. Perkembangan bidang kimia dan sumbangan teknologi kimia. The development in chemistry field and the contributions of chemical technology. Biokimia, botani dan forensik yang memerlukan pengetahuan kimia bagi menyelesaikan masalah. Biochemistry, botany and forensics which require chemical knowledge to solve problems. Keperluan teknologi kimia untuk menyelesaikan masalah mendorong perkembangan teknologi kimia. The need for chemical technology to solve problems spurs the development of chemical technology. 4. Kerjaya berkaitan dengan bidang kimia: Careers related to chemistry: Kosmetik / cosmetics farmaseutikal / pharmaceutical bioteknologi / biotechnology nanoteknologi / nanotechnology teknologi hijau / green technology Makanan Food ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Perubatan Medicine ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………
- 8. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 8 2 Kenal pasti nama radas yang berikut. Identify the name of the following apparatus. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Pertanian Agriculture ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Industri Industry ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………
- 9. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 9 Exercise 3 : Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Sumbangan Teknologi Kimia The Development in Chemistry Field and the Contributions of Chemical Technology 1 Terangkan perkembangan teknologi dalam pengawetan makanan bagi setiap yang berikut. Explain development of techology in food preservation for each following. (a) (b) (c) …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………….
- 10. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 10 Exercise 4 : Kerjaya Berkaitan dengan Bidang Kimia Careers Related to Chemistry 1 Nyatakan beberapa contoh bagi setiap kerjaya berkaitan dengan bidang kimia. State several examples for each of careers related to chemistry. Kosmetik Cosmetics ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Farmaseutikal Pharmaceutical ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Bioteknologi Biotechnology ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Nanoteknologi Nanotechnology ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Teknologi hijau Green technology ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ………………………………………
- 11. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 11 1.2 Penyiasatan saintifik dalam Kimia Scientific Investigation in Chemistry Exercise 5 : Kaedah Saintifik Scientific Method 1 Huraikan setiap kaedah yang berikut. Describe each of following methods. (a) Membuat pemerhatian Making observations : (b) Membuat inferens Making an inference : (c) Mengenal pasti masalah Identifying the problem : (d) Membuat hipotesis Making a hypothesis : (e) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah Identifying the variable : (f) Mengawal pemboleh ubah Controlling the variable : (g) Merancang eksperimen Planning an experiment : (h) Mengumpul data Collecting data : (i) Mentafsir data Interpreting data : (j) Membuat kesimpulan Making a conclusion : (k) Menulis laporan Preparing a report : SHORT NOTE 1. Kaedah saintifik ialah suatu kaedah sistematik yang diguna pakai oleh ahli sains atau penyelidik dalam menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan sains. Scientific method is a systematic method used by scientists or researchers to solve problems related to science. Membuat pemerhatian Making observations Membuat inferens Making an inference Mengenal pasti masalah Identifying the problem Membuat hipotesis Making a hypothesis Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah Identifying the variable Mengawal pemboleh ubah Controlling the variable Merancang eksperimen Planning an experiment Mengumpul data Collecting data Mentafsir data Interpreting data Membuat kesimpulan Making a conclusion Menulis laporan Preparing a report
- 12. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 12 1.3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas serta Bahan Kimia Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials SHORT NOTE 1. Alat perlindungan diri dan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal. Personel protective equipment (PPE) in laboratory. 2. Peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal. Safety equipment in the laboratory. 3. Cara menggunakan alat pemadan kebakaran. Way to use a fire extinguisher. Kaca mata keselamatan Safety goggle Sarung tangan Gloves Kasut makmal Laboratory shoes Topeng muka Face mask Baju makmal Laboratory coat Kebuk wasap Fume chamber Pencuci tangan Hand wash Alat pemadan kebakaran Fire extinguisher Eyewash Pancuran air Safety shower Langkah Step Penerangan Explanation 1 Tarikh kunci keselamatan Pull safety pin 2 Arahkan ke dasar api Aim at base of fire 3 Tekan Gagang Squeeze handle 4 Sapukan sari sisi ke sisi Sweep side to side Pin keselamatan Safety pin Hos Hos e Nozle Nozzle Pemicu Lever Ganggang Handle Tolak tekanan Pressure gauge Label Label Tabung Cylinder Stesen pencuci mata Eyewash station
- 13. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 13 Exercise 6 : Alat Pelindungan Diri dan Peralatan Keselamatan Personel Protective Equipment (PPE) 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat perlindungan diri di dalam makmal. Diagram 1 shows the personel protective equipment in the laboratory. Berdasarkan rajah di atas, namakan bahagian yang dilabelkan dan nyatakan fungsi bagi setiap alat perlindungan diri tersebut dalam jadual di bawah. Based on diagram above, name the part of labelled and state the function of each of personal protective equipment in the table below. Bahagian Part Fungsi Function (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
- 14. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 14 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan mengenal pasti nama peralatan keselamatan dan kegunaan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal. Complete the table below with identifying the name of safety equipment and uses of safety equipment in the laboratory. Nama peralatan keselamatan Name of safety equipment : ……………………………………. Fungsinya Its function : ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. Nama peralatan keselamatan Name of safety equipment : ……………………………………. Fungsinya Its function : ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. Nama peralatan keselamatan Name of safety equipment : ……………………………………. Fungsinya Its function : ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. Nama peralatan keselamatan X Name of safety equipment X : ……………………………………. Fungsinya Its function : ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. Nama peralatan keselamatan Y Name of safety equipment Y : ……………………………………. Fungsinya Its function : ……………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………. X Y
- 15. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 15 Exercise 7 : Kaedah Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas Serta Bahan Kimia Methods of Managing and Handling Apparatus and Chemicals 1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menerangkan cara penyimpanan yang spesifik mengikut jenis bahan. Complete the table below with explanation storage method of chemicals according to the types of substances. Bahan kimia Chemicals Cara penyimpanan Storage method (a) Bahan reaktif Reactive substances (b) Hidrokarbon dan pelarut organik Hydrocarbons and organic solvents (c) Bahan yang senang terurai Substances that decompose easily (d) Bahan yang mempunyai nilai pH < 5 dan pH > 9 Substances with pH < 5 and pH > 9 (e) Logam berat dan bahan toksik Heavy metals and toxic substances 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menerangkan cara pelupusan tang tertentu mengikut jenis bahan. Complete the table below with explanation disposal methods according to the types of substances. Bahan kimia Chemicals Pelupusan bahan kimia Disposal of chemical (a) Hidrogen peroksida Hydrogen peroxide (b) Sisa pepejal Solid wastes (c) Pelarut organik dan hidrokarbon Organic solvents and hydrocarbons (d) Bahan yang mempunyai nilai pH < 5 dan pH > 9 Substances with pH < 5 and pH > 9 (e) Logam berat dan bahan toksik Heavy metals and toxic substances (f) Bahan meruap Volatile substances
- 16. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 16 Exercise 8 : Langkah Pengurusan Kemalangan di dalam Makmal Emergency Management Procedure in the laboratory 1 Senaraikan lima tindakan yang perlu diambil mesti mengikut langkah-langkah yang betul. List five should act according to the correct procedure. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 2 Keracunan merkuri terjadi apabila seseorang terdedah kepada merkuri dalam jumlah yang tertentu. Senaraikan beberapa simpom keracunan merkuri. Mercury poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to mercury in certain amount. List down several sympoms of mercury poisoning. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 3 Senaraikan empat langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil sebaik sahaja berlaku tumpahan merkuri. List four steps to be taken trhe moment mercury spill occurs. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………….………………………………..
- 17. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 17 Chapter 1 Review 1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah perkataan kimia dalam Bahasa Melayu diterbitkan? Which of the following is a chemistry word in Malay derived? A Al-kimiaya Al-kimiaya B Al-kimiya Al-kimiya C Alkimia Alkimia D Chemistry Chemistry 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam pertanian? Which of the following chemicals is commonly used in agriculture? I Hormon Hormone II Fungisid Fungicide III Antiseptik Antiseptic IV Seramik Ceramic A I dan II I and II B II dan III II and III C II dan IV II and IV D I, II, III dan IV I, II, III and IV 3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan pengawetan ke atas roti. Diagram 1 shows the preservation of bread. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Antara berikut, yang manakah kaedah pengawetan ke atas roti? Which of the following is a method of bread preservation? A Pembekuan Freezing B Menjemur di bawah sinaran matahari Sunbathing in the sun C Nanoteknologi Nanotechnology D Membakar Burning 4 Apakah kerjaya dalam bidang jurutera bioperubatan? What is a career in a field of biomedical engineer? A Farmaseutikal Pharmaceutical B Kosmetik Cosmetics C Nanoteknologi Nanotechnology D Bioteknologi Biotechnology 5 Rajah 2 menunjukkan kincir angin. Diagram 2 shows the windmill. Rajah 2 Diagram 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bidang yang terlibat dalam industri tersebut? Which of the following field is involved in the industry? A Teknologi hijau Green technology B Bioteknologi Biotechnology C Nanoteknologi Nanotechnology D Farmaseutikal Pharmaceutical Paper 1 Questions
- 18. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 18 Soalan 6 hingga 10 berdasarkan Rajah 3. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Diagram 3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan dialog di antara dua pelajar mengenai keterlarutan sebatian ion di dalam air dan pelarut organik. Diagram 3 shows a dialogue between two students about the solubility of an ionic compound in water and organic solvents. Rajah 3 Diagram 3 6 Apakah pernyataan masalah dalam eksperimen ini? What is the problem statement in this experiment? A Apakah sebatian ionik larut? Does ionic compound soluble? B Apakah sikloheksana larut? Does cyclohexane soluble? C Adakah sebatian ion tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik? Does an ionic compound not dissolve in water but does dissolve in an organic solvent? D Adakah sebatian ion larut dalam air tetapi tidak larut dalam pelarut organik? Does an ionic compound dissolve in water but does not dissolve in an organic solvent? 7 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan? Which of the following is manipulated variable? A Isi padu pelarut Volume of solvent B Magnesium klorida Magnesium chloride C Air dan sikloheksana Water and cyclohexane D Pepejal larut Solid dissolve 8 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah pemboleh ubah bergerak balas? Which of the following is responding variable? A Pepejal larut Solid dissolve B Isi padu air Volume of water C Kadar tindak balas Rate of reaction D Suhu Temperature 9 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah pemboleh ubah dimalarkan? Which of the following is fixed variable? A Suhu Temperature B Tabung uji Test tube C Pepejal larut Solid dissolve D Isi padu pelarut Volume of solvent 10 Apakah hipotesis yang dapat diperoleh? What is hypotheses can be obtained? A Magnesium klorida tidak larut tetapi larut dalam sikloheksana Magnesium chloride is insoluble but soluble in cyclohexane B Magnesium klorida larut tetapi tidak larut dalam sikloheksana Magnesium chloride is soluble but insoluble in cyclohexane C Magnesium klorida tidak larut Magnesium chloride is insoluble D Magnesium klorida larut Magnesium chloride is soluble Ali : Saya telah menguji keterlarutan magnesium klorida di dalam air. Saya dapati pepejal putih tidak kelihatan lagi. Satu larutan tanpa warna terhasil. I tested the solubility of a magnesium chloride in water. I observed that the white solid disappeared. A colourless solution was formed. Aminah : Saya telah menguji keterlarutan magnesium klorida itu di dalam sikloheksana. Saya mendapati tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih masih kelihatan. I tested the solubility of the magnesium chloride in cyclohexane. I didn’t see any change. The white solid still remained.
- 19. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 19 Bahagian A Section A 1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan alat pemadam kebakaran. Diagram 1.1 shows fire extinguisher. Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 (i) Namakan label P, Q, R dan S dalam Rajah 1.1. Name the labels P, Q, R and S in Diagram 1.1. [2 markah] [2 marks] (ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi alat pemadam kebakaran. State one function of fire extinguisher. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Nyatakan langkah penggunaan alat pemadam kebakaran ini dengan betul. State the steps taken to use this fire extinguisher properly. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3 markah] [3 marks] Paper 2 Questions Tolok tekanan Pressure gauge Pemicu / Discharge lever Panggang / Carrying handle R : ……………………… S : ……………………… Pin keselamatan Safety pin P : ……………………… Q : ………………………
- 20. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 20 (b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal. Diagram 1.2 shows safety equipment in the laboratory. Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.2 (i) Namakan peralatan keselamatan itu. Name the safety equipment. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Nyatakan fungsi bagi peralatan yang dinamakan di 1(b)(i). State the function of the equipment named in 1(b)(i). ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 21. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 21 Bahagian B Section B 1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan dalam makmal. Table 1 shows the apparatus used in the laboratory. Nama radas Name of apparatus Radas Apparatus A B C D E Jadual 1 Table 1 Namakan radas A, B, C, D dan E. Kemudian, nyatakan fungsinya. Name the apparatus A, B, C, D and E. Then, state its function. [10 markah] [10 marks]
- 22. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 22 (b) Kebanyakan kerjaya dalam era perkembangan industri yang pesat ini memerlukan pengetahuan dalam bidang kimia. Nyatakan dua contoh kerjaya dalam setiap bidang yang berikut. In the era of rapid industrial development, most careers require knowledge in chemistry. State two examples of careers in each of the following fields. Kosmetik Cosmetics Farmaseutikal Pharmaceutical Bioteknologi Biotechnology Nanoteknologi Nanotechnology Teknologi hijau Green technology [10 markah] [10 marks]
- 23. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 23 Bahagian C Section C 1(a) Apakah itu kimia? What is chemistry? [2 markah] [2 marks] (b) Semua bahan yang terdapat di sekeliling kita terdiri daripada bahan kimia. Aktiviti harian yang kita lakukan turut melibatkan tindak balas kimia. Nyatakan dua contoh bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam All substance around us made up of chemicals. The activities that we carry out daily involve chemical reactions as well. State two examples of chemicals commonly used in Makanan Food Perubatan Medicine Pertanian Agriculture Industri Industry [8 markah] [8 marks]
- 24. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 24 (c) Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan melawan suhu larutan. Diagram 1 shows a graph of mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt against solution temperature. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan graf di atas. Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan. Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the graph statement above. Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion. [10 markah] [10 marks] Suhu larutan (o C) Solution temperature Jisim garam kalium nitrat yang terlarutkan (g) Mass of dissolved potassium nitrate salt 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 m5 - m4 - m3 - m2 - m1 - X X X X X
- 25. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 25
- 26. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 26 Bab 2 Chapter 2 Jisim dan Struktur Atom Matter and the Atomic Structure 2.1 Konsep Asas Jirim Basic Concepts of Matter Exercise 1 : Memahami Maksud Jirim Understanding about Meaning of Matter 1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jirim? What is meant by matter? …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. 2 Jelaskan maksud jirim. Describe the meaning of matter. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. 3 Mengapa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang diskrit? Why matter consists of particles that is discrete? …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. SHORT NOTE 1. Jirim ialah sesuatu yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang. Matter is something that has mass and occupies space. 2. Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Matter consists of particles that are tiny and discrete. 3. Jirim boleh wujud dalam tiga keadaan, iaitu pepejal, cecair dan gas. Matter can exit in three states, namely solid, liquid and gas. 4. Jirim boleh wujud dalam bentuk unsur atau sebatian. Unsur terdiri daripada zarah atom atau molekul manakala sebatian terdiri daripada molekul atau ion. Matter can exit in the form of elements or compounds. Elements consist of particles of atoms or molecules while compounds are made up of molecules or ions. 5. Takat lebur ialah suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan pepejal menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu. Melting point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from solid state to become liquid at a specific pressure. 6. Takat beku ialah suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan cecair menjadi pepejal pada tekanan tertentu. Freezing point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from liquid state to become solid at a specific pressure.
- 27. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 27 Exercise 2 : Perubahan Keadaan Jirim Changes in the State of Matter 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) unsur, element, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) sebatian, compound, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) atom, atom, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (d) molekul, molecule, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (e) ion. ion. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan maklumat mengenai jirim. Complete the table below with the information about matter. Jirim Matter Unsur Element (a) Atom Atom (b) Molekul Molecule (c) Contoh Example (d)(i) Klorin, Cl Chlorine, Cl (e)(i) Gas klorin, Cl2 Chlorine gas, Cl2 (f)(i) Air, H2O Water, H2O (g)(i) Natrium klorida, NaCl Sodium chloride, NaCl (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (v) (v) (v) (v)
- 28. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 28 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan mengenal pasti jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan-bahan yang berikut. Complete the table below with identifying the type of particles for each of following substances. Bahan Substance Formula kimia Chemical formula Jenis zarah Type of particles (a) Oksigen Oxygen O2 (b) Zink Zinc Zn (c) Litium bromida Lithium bromide LiBr (d) Hidrogen klorida Hydrogen chlorine HCl (e) Magnesium Magnesium Mg (f) Aluminium fosfat Aluminium phosphate AlPO4 (g) Tetraklorometana Tetrachloromethane CCl4 (h) Argon Argon Ar (i) Sulfur Sulphur S8 (j) Metana Methane CH4 (k) Besi Iron Fe (l) Nikel Nickel Ni (m) Ammonia Ammonia NH3 (n) Zink sulfat Zinc sulphate ZnSO4 (o) Air Water H2O (p) Kalium nitrat Potassium nitrate KNO3 (q) Ferum(II) sulfida Iron(II) sulphide FeS (r) Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate CaCO3 (s) Kuprum(II) sulfat Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 (t) Air bromin Bromine water Br2 (u) Natrium klorida Sodium chloride NaCl (v) Naftalena Naphthalene C10H8 (w) Asid hiproklorus Hypochlorous acid HOCl
- 29. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 29 4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menjelaskan perubahan keadaan jirim yang berikut. Complete the table below with explaining about changes in the state of matter. (a) Aiskrim Ice cream ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. (b) Titisan air pada permukaan cermin tingkap Water droplets on the surface of a glass window ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………. 5 Lengkapkan rajah berikut dengan proses perubahan keadaan jirim yang betul. Kemudian, lukiskan susunan zarah dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Fill in the following diagram with the correct process during changes of states of matter. Then, draw the particle arrangement in a solid, liquid and gas. (a) (b) (e) (c) (d) (iii) gas / gas (ii) cecair / liquid (i) pepejal / solid
- 30. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 30 6 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan haba dan tenaga kinetik bagi proses perubahan keadaan jirim yang betul. Fill in the table below with heat and kinetic energy for the correct process during changes of states of matter. Proses Process Haba Heat Tenaga kinetik Kinetic energy (a) Peleburan Melting (b) Pembekuan Freezing (c) Pendidihan Boiling (d) Kondensasi Condensation (e) Pemejalwapan (pepejal → gas) Sublimation (solid → gas) (f) Pemejalwapan (gas → pepejal) Sublimation (gas→ solid) 7 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Sifat Property (a) Pepejal Solid (b) Cecair Liquid (c) Gas Gas Susunan zarah Arrangement of particles (i) (i) (i) Pergerakan zarah Movement of particles (ii) (ii) (ii) Daya tarikan di antara zarah Force of attraction between particles (iii) (iii) (iii) Kandungan tenaga zarah Energy content of particles (iv) (iv) (iv)
- 31. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 31 Exercise 3 : Takat Lebur dan Takat Beku Melting Point and Freezing Point 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) takat lebur, melting point, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) takat didih, boiling point, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) takat beku. freezing point. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Bahan X adalah pepejal putih dan penebat elektrik. Substance X is a white solid and an electrical insulator. (a) Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan X dipanaskan dari suhu bilik ke 110 o C. Kemudian disejukkan. Sketch a graph of temperature against time when substance X is heated from room temperature to 110 o C. Then, it is cooled. Lengkung pemanasan Heating curve Lengkung penyejukan Cooling curve Bahan X melebur pada 80 o C. Substance X melts at 80 o C. Suhu Temperature (o C) Masa Time (s) Suhu Temperature (o C) Masa Time (s) (i) (ii)
- 32. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 32 (b) Lukiskan susunan zarah bahan X pada 50 o C. Draw the arrangement of particles of substance X at 50 o C. (c) (i) Lukis susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bahan X. Draw the apparatus set-up used to determine the melting point of substance X. (ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah bahan X. State the type of particles of substance X. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (d) Menggunakan teori kinetik jirim, Using the kinetic theory of matter, (i) Terangkan apa yang berlaku apabila pepejal X dipanaskan. Explain what happens when solid X is heated. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (ii) Mengapakah suhu malar semasa pepejal X berubah menjadi cecair? Why is the temperature constant when solid X changes to liquid? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (iii) Mengapakah suhu malar semasa cecair X berubah menjadi pepejal? Why is the temperature constant when liquid X changes to solid? ……………………………………………………………………………………………...
- 33. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 33 2.2 Perkembangan Model Atom The Development of the Atomic Model Exercise 4 : Zarah Subatom Subatomic Particles 1 Lengkapkan maklumat mengenai zarah subatom di dalam jadual di bawah. Complete the information about the subatomic particles in the table below. Jenis zarah subatom Type of subatomic particles Simbol Symbol Cas relatif Relative charge Jisim relatif Relative mass Proton Proton Elektron Electron Neutron Neutron 2 Labelkan struktur atom berikut. Labelling the following structure of an atom. SHORT NOTE 1. Zarah subatom yang terdapat di dalam atom, iaitu terdiri daripada proton, neutron dan elektron. The subatomic particles found in an atom which is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. 2. Kajian tentang atom bermula sejak pengenalan teori tentang atom oleh Democritus, seorang ahli falsafah Yunani, kira-kira 500 SM. Studies on atoms started since the introduction of atomic theory by Democritus, a Greek Philosopher, around 500 B.C. Ahli saintis Scientists Sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom The historical development of the atomic structure model John Dalton (1766 - 1844) Atom / Atom J.J Thomson (1856 - 1940) Elektron / Electron Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) Proton / Proton Niels Bohr (1885 -1962) Petala / Shell James Chadwick (1891 - 1974) Neutrons / Neutron (b) (a) (c) p n
- 34. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 34 Exercise 5 : Perkembangan Model Struktur Atom Development of the Atomic Structure Model 1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah berkaitan sejarah perkembangan model atom. Complete the table below regarding the history of the development of atomic model. Ahli sains dan model atom Scientist and atomic model Penemuan Discovery John Dalton (1766 - 1844) ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. J.J Thomson (1856 - 1940) ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. Neil Bohr (1885 - 1962) ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. James Chadwick (1891 - 1794) ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………..
- 35. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 35 2.3 Struktur Atom Atomic Structure SHORT NOTE 1. Nombor proton ialah bilangan proton di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom. Proton number is the number of proton in the nucleus of an atom. 2. Nombor nukleon ialah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom. Nucleon number is the total number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. 3. Perwakilan piawai atom Standard representation of an atom 4. Bilangan maksimum elektron di dalam tiga petala pertama bagi unsur dengan nombor proton 1 hingga 20. Numbers of maximum electrons in the first three shells for elements with proton numbers 1 to 20. 5. Perbandingan antara rajah susunan elektron dengan rajah struktur bagi atom aluminium. Comparison between electron arrangement and atomic structure of aluminium atom. Rajah susunan elektron atom aluminium Electron arrangement of aluminium atom Rajah struktur atom aluminium Atomic structure of aluminium atom Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron atau Nombor nukleon = nombor proton + bilangan neutron Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons or Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons Formula X A Z Simbol unsur Symbol of element Nombor proton Proton number Nombor nukleon Nucleon number Susunan elektron 2.8.8 Electron arrangement 2.8.8
- 36. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 36 Exercise 6 : Nombor Proton dan Nombor Nukleon Proton Number and Nucleon Number 1 Definisikan istilah berikut. Define the following terms. (a) Nombor proton. Proton number. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) Nombor nukleon. Nukleon number. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) Nukleus. Nukleus. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (d) Elektron valens. Valence electron. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Unsur Element Nombor proton Proton number Nombor nukleon Nucleon number Bilangan proton Number of proton Bilangan elektron Number of electron Bilangan neutron Number of neutron Hidrogen Hydrogen 1 1 0 Helium Helium 2 2 Litium Lithium 7 3 3 Berilium Beryllium 4 5 Boron Boron 11 5 Karbon Carbon 6 6 Nitrogen Nitrogen 14 7 Oksigen Oxygen 8 8 8 Fluorin Fluorine 19 9 Neon Neon 10 10 Natrium Sodium 11 23 Magnesium Magnesium 12 12
- 37. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 37 Aluminium Aluminium 27 13 Silikon Silicon 14 28 Fosforus Phosphorus 31 15 Sulfur Sulphur 16 16 Klorin Chlorine 17 35 Argon Argon 18 22 Kalium Potassium 39 19 Kalsium Calcium 20 20 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Simbol Symbol Bilangan proton Number of proton Bilangan neutron Number of neutron Bilangan elektron Number of electron Nombor nukleon Nucleon number X2+ 12 10 24 X2- 8 16 X3+ 13 27 X3- 7 7 X- 18 18 X+ 11 23 X+ 20 39 X2+ 2 9 X- 9 10
- 38. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 38 Exercise 7 : Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Standard Representation of an Atom 1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Perwakilan piawai atom Standard representation of an atom Nombor nukleon Nucleon number Bilangan proton Number of proton Bilangan elektron Number of electron Bilangan neutron Number of neutron 1 0 2 2 7 3 3 5 11 5 6 14 7 8 8 8 19 9 10 23 12 27 13 28 31 15 16 35 18 22 39 19 20 20 2 Ion X mempunyai 10 bilangan elektron dan 2 cas positif. Lukiskan perwakilan piawai bagi atom X. X ion consists of 10 number of electrons and 2 positive charges. Draw standard representation of an atom X.
- 39. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 39 Exercise 8 : Rajah Struktur Atom dan Susunan Elektron Atomic Structure and Electron Arrangement 1(a) Rajah menunjukkan struktur suatu atom. Diagram shows the structure of an atom. Lengkapkan maklumat berikut berdasarkan struktur atom di atas. Complete the following information of an atomic structure above. (i) Nombor nukleon Nucleon number : ………………………………. (ii) Nombor proton Proton number : ………………………………. (iii) Bilangan neutron Number of neutron : ………………………………. (iv) Susunan elektron Electron arrangement : ………………………………. (v) Bilangan petala Number of shell : ………………………………. (vi) Unsur Element : ………………………………. (b) Rajah menunjukkan struktur suatu atom. Diagram shows the structure of an atom. Lengkapkan maklumat berikut berdasarkan struktur atom di atas. Complete the following information of an atomic structure above. (i) Nombor nukleon Nucleon number : ………………………………. (ii) Nombor proton Proton number : ………………………………. (iii) Bilangan neutron Number of neutron : ………………………………. (iv) Susunan elektron Electron arrangement : ………………………………. (v) Bilangan petala Number of shell : ………………………………. (vi) Unsur Element : ………………………………. 10p + 10n 6p + 6n
- 40. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 40 2.4 Isotop dan Penggunaannya Isotopes and Its Uses Exercise 9 : Maksud Isotop Meaning of Isotopes 1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop? What is meant by isotope? …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. 2 Rajah menunjukkan tiga atom untuk unsur hidrogen. Diagram shows three atoms of hydrogen element. (a) Mengapa hidrogen ini dipanggil isotop? Why these hydrogen atoms are known as isotopes? …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. (b)(i) Nyatakan sifat kimia bagi hidrogen itu. State chemical property of the hydrogen. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. (ii) Jelaskan alasan anda di (b)(i). Explain your reason in (b)(i). …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. (c)(i) Nyatakan sifat fizik bagi hidrogen itu. State physical property of the hydrogen. …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. (ii) Jelaskan alasan anda di (c)(i). Explain your reason in (c)(i). …………………………………………………………………………………………….............. SHORT NOTE 1. Isotop ialah atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. 2. Kelimpahan semula jadi ialah peratusan isotop yang wujud dalam suatu sampel semula jadi unsur. Natural abundance is the percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of element. Relative atomic mass = 𝚺(% 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐗 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐞) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Jisim atom relatif = 𝚺(% 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐗 𝐣𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐦 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐩) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 H H H 1 1 2 1 3 1
- 41. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 41 Exercise 10 : Jisim Atom Relatif bagi Isotop Relative Atomic Mass of Isotopes 1 Klorin terdiri daripada dua isotop, Cl dan Cl. Kelimpahan semula jadi Cl ialah 75 % dan Cl ialah 25 %. Hitung jisim atom relatif klorin. Chlorine consists of two isotopes, Cl and Cl. The natural abundance of Cl is 75% and Cl is 25%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine. Exercise 11 : Penggunaan Isotop Uses of Isotopes 1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Bidang Field Isotop Isotope Kegunaan Uses Perubatan Medicine Kobalt-60 Cobalt-60 Iodin-131 Iodine-131 Pertanian Agriculture Fosforus-32 Phosphorus-32 Nuklear Nuclear Uranium-235 Uranium-234 Arkeologi Archaeology Karbon-14 Carbon-14 Plumbum-210 Lead-210 Industri Industry Hidrogen-3 Hydrogen-3 Kejuruteraan Engineering Natrium-24 Sodium-24 35 17 37 17 35 17 17 37 17 35 17 35 17 37 17 37 17
- 42. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 42 Chapter 2 Review 1 Bahan manakah yang merupakan suatu unsur? Which substance is an element? A Udara Air B Stim Steam C Naftalena Naphthalene D Karbon Carbon 2 Bahan yang manakah terdiri daripada ion? Which substance consists of ions? A Kalsium klorida Calcium chloride B Karbon dioksida Carbon dioxide C Sulfur dioksida Sulphur dioxide D Hidrogen klorida Hydrogen chloride 3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan proses pembentukan embun pada permukaan daun. Diagram 1 shows the process of dew formation on the leaf surface. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Antara yang berikut, manakah proses yang sama berlaku seperti proses pembentukan embun? Which of the following is the same process that occurs as the formation of dew? A Air bertukar menjadi ais dalam peti sejuk Water changes into ice in the refrigerator B Isi padu pada minyak wangi berkurang dalam botol yang berbuka Volume of perfume decreases in an opened bottle C Bebola naftalena dalam almari menjadi lebih kecil Naphthalene ball in cupboard becomes smaller D Ais di dalam cawan dibiarkan menjadi cair dan permukaan cawan membentuk titisan air kecil Ice in cup is allowed to melt and the surface of cup forms small water droplets 4 Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu kitar air. Diagram 2 shows a water cycle. Rajah 2 Diagram 2 Apakah proses P? What is process P? A Penyerapan Absorption B Pendidihan Boiling C Penyejatan Evaporation D Kondensasi Condensation 5 Bahan R mempunyai takat lebur -100 o C dan takat didih -35 o C. Apakah bahan R? Substance R has a melting point of -100 o C and a boiling point of -35 o C? What is substance R? A Sulfur / Sulphur B Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide C Alkohol / Alcohol D Air / Water Paper 1 Questions Proses P Process P
- 43. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 43 6 Siapakah yang menjumpai atom dan neutron? Who discovered atoms and neutrons? I John Dalton II J.J Thomson III James Chadwick IV Niels Bohr A I dan/and II B I dan/and III C II dan/and III D II dan/and IV Soalan 7 hingga 10 berdasarkan Jadual 1. Questions 7 to 10 are based on Table 1. Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat didih dan takat lebur bagi bahan-bahan V, W, X dan Y. Table 1 shows the boiling point and melting point of substances V, W, X and Y. Bahan Substance Takat didih Boiling point (o C) Takat lebur Melting point(o C) V 268 197 W 170 150 X 130 80 Y 17 8 Jadual 1 Table 1 7 Apakah maksud takat didih? What is meant by boiling point? A Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan cecair menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu The constant temperature when a substance changes from liquid state to become gas at a specific pressure B Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan pepejal menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu The constant temperature when a substance changes from solid state to become liquid at a specific pressure C Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan gas menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu The constant temperature when a substance changes from gas state to become liquid at a specific pressure D Suhu malar apabila sesuatu bahan bertukar daripada keadaan cecair menjadi pepejal pada tekanan tertentu The constant temperature when a substance changes from liquid state to become solid at a specific pressure 8 Bahan manakah cecair pada 160 o C? Which substance is liquid at 160 o C? A V B W C X D Y 9 Bahan manakah gas pada suhu bilik? Which substance is gas at room temperature? A V B W C X D Y 10 Bahan manakah pepejal pada 170 o C dan cecair pada 100 o C? Which substances is solid at 170 o C and liquid at 100 o C? I V II W III X IV Y A I dan/and II B I dan/and III C II dan/and III D II dan/and IV
- 44. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 44 Bahagian A Section A 1(a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan tiga bahan dan formula kimianya. Table 1 shows three substances and their chemical formulae. Bahan Substance Formula kimia Chemical formula Litium Lithium Li Oksigen Oxygen O2 Naftalena Naphthalene C10H8 Jadual 1 Table 1 Berdasarkan Jadual 1, Based on Table 1, (i) Apakah maksud formula kimia? What is meant by chemical formula? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah dalam oksigen. State the type of particles in oxygen. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Lukis rajah struktur bagi atom litium. Draw atomic structure of lithium atom. [1 markah] [1 mark] Paper 2 Questions
- 45. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 45 (iv) Tuliskan perwakilan piawai bagi unsur litium tersebut. Write the standard representative for lithium element. [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena. Diagram 1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 (i) Tentukan takat lebur bagi naftalena. Determine the melting point of naphthalene. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Terangkan mengapa lengkung graf pada suhu x tidak berubah. Explain why curve of graph at the temperature of x remains constant. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] Suhu Temperature (O C) Masa Time (s) x
- 46. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 46 (c) Jadual 2 menunjukkan magnesium secara semula jadi wujud dalam tiga isotop. Table 2 shows magnesium exits naturally as three isotopes. Unsur Element Nombor proton Proton number Peratusan (%) Percentage 24 Mg 12 79.0 25 Mg 12 10.0 26 Mg 12 11.0 Jadual 2 Table 2 (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop bagi atom magnesium? What is meant by isotope of magnesium atom? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Hitung jisim atom relatif magnesium. Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium. [3 markah] [3 marks] 2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi dua isotop atom karbon. Diagram 2 shows the standard representation of two isotopes of carbon atoms. Rajah 2 Diagram 2 (a) Nyatakan maksud isotop. State the meaning of isotope. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] SPM 17’ C C 12 6 14 6
- 47. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 47 (b) Berdasarkan Rajah 2, Based on Diagram 2, (i) Tentukan bilangan elektron dan neutron dalam jadual di bawah. Determine the number of electrons and neutrons in the table below. Zarah Particle C C Bilangan elektron Number of electron Bilangan neutron Number of neutron [2 markah] [2 marks] (ii) Nyatakan satu kegunaan C dalam kehidupan seharian. State one use of C in our daily life. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark] (c) P adalah satu bahan yang mempunyai takat lebur 51 o C dan takat didih 305 o C. P is a substance that has a melting point of 51 o C and a boiling point of 305 o C. (i) Lakar graf suhu melawan masa apabila bahan P dipanaskan daripada 30 o C ke 90 o C. Skech a graph of temperature ahainst time when substance P is heated from 30 o C to 90 o C. [2 markah] [2 marks] 14 6 12 6 14 6 14 6
- 48. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 48 (ii) Apabila bahan P disejukkan, suhu berkurangan dan menjadi malar pada satu peringkat dan kemudian berkurang semula. When substance P is cooled, the temperature decreases and becomes constant at one stage and then decreases again. Ramalkan suhu yang malar itu. Predict the constant temperature. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark] Terangkan mengapa suhu malar pada peringkat itu. Explain why the temperature is constance at that stage. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2 markah] [2 marks] 3(a) Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R. Table 3.1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R. Atom unsur Atom of element Nombor proton Proton number Nombor nukleon Nucleon number P 8 16 Q 9 19 R 8 17 Jadual 3.1 Table 3.1 (i) Pasangan atom manakah merupakan isotop? Which pair of atoms are isotopes? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di 3(a)(i). Give the reason for your answer in 3(a)(i). ……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Lukis gambar rajah susunan elektron bagi atom Q. Draw the electron arrangement for atom Q. [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 49. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 49 (b) Bahan X adalah pepejal putih dan penebat elektrik. Substance X is a white solid and an electrical insulator. (i) Lukis susunan radas bagi menentukan takat lebur bahan X. Draw the apparatus set-up used to determine the melting point of substance X. [2 markah] [2 marks] (ii) Nyatakan jenis zarah bahan X. State the type of particles of substance X. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Huraikan keadaan bahan X apabila berada pada suhu 40 o C dan 90 o C dalam jadual di bawah. Describe the state of substance X when it is at 40 o C and 90 o C in the table below. Suhu Temperature 40 o C 90 o C Susunan zarah Arrangement of particles Daya tarikan di antara zarah Force of attraction between particles [4 markah] [4 marks] Bahan X melebur pada 61 o C dan meruap pada 301 o C Substance X melts at 61 o C and evaporates at 301 o C
- 50. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 50 Bahagian B Section B 1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan dua Model Struktur Atom. Diagram 1.1 shows the Atomic Structure Model. Saintis R Scientist R Saintis Q Scientist Q Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 (i) Kenal pasti saintis R dan saintis Q. Identify the scientist R and scientist Q. (ii) Huraikan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom bagi setiap ahli saintis tersebut. Describe the history development of the atomic structure model for each of these scientists. (iii) Berdasarkan sejarah perkembangan model struktur atom, salin dan kenal pasti maklumat daripada ahli saintis bagi menentukan suatu unsur dalam atom magnesium dan atom oksigen dalam jadual di bawah. Based on the history development of the atomic structure models, copy and identify information from scientists to determine an element in magnesium atom and oxygen atom in the table below. Unsur Element Maklumat Information Mg O Saintis R Scientist R Saintis Q Scientist Q [10 markah] [10 marks] - - - - - - - - - Elektron Electron Sfera yang bercas positif Positively-charged sphere + Elektron Electron Petala Shell Nukleus yang mengandungi proton Nucleus that contains protons
- 51. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 51 (b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R. Table 1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R. Atom unsur Atom of element Nombor proton Proton number Nombor nukleon Nucleon number J 8 16 K 11 23 L 19 39 Jadual 1 Table 1 Berdasarkan Jadual 1, kenal pasti atom unsur J, K and L dari segi Based on Table 1, identify the atoms of the element J, K and L in terms of (i) Bilangan neutron Number of neutron (ii) Bilangan petala Number of shell [6 markah] [6 marks] (c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena. Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Huraikan lengkung dari bahagian I dan II, dalam huraian anda sertakan: Describe the curve from the region of I and II, in your description include: keadaan jirim state of matter pergerakan zarah-zarah movement of the particles [4 markah] [4 marks] Suhu Temperature (O C) Masa Time (s) 80 I II t1 t2 t3
- 52. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 52 Bahagian C Section C 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara pelajar dalam satu kumpulan untuk menentukan takat beku. Diagram 1 shows the conversation between students in a group to determine freezing point. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 (a) Kenal pasti bahan X. Jelaskan maksud takat beku. Identify the substance X. Explain the meaning of freezing point. [4 markah] [4 marks] (b) Lukis graf lengkung bagi menunjukkan takat beku bahan X. Kemudian, terangkan perubahan keadaan jirim bagi setiap perubahan suhu tersebut. Namakan proses perubahan keadaan jirim yang terlibat. Draw a graph of the curve to show the freezing point of substance X. Then, explain the change in state of matter for each change in temperature. Name the process of change of state of matter involved. [6 markah] [6 marks] (c) Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan daripada perbualan di atas. Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan. Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the statement from the above conversation. Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion. [10 markah] [10 marks] Apakah bahan X? What is substance X? Bahan X terdiri daripada molekul. Substance X consists of molecule. Apakah takat beku bahan X? What is freezing point of substance X? Takat beku bahan X adalah 80 o C. Freezing point of substance X is 80 o C.
- 53. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 53 Bab 3 Chapter 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia The mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation 3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass Exercise 1 : Jisim Atom Relatif, JAR Relative Atomic Mass, RAM Example : Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi atom magnesium, Mg. Determine the relative atomic mass of magnesium atom, Mg. [JAR / RAM : Mg = 24] = 24 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim atom relatif. State the meaning of relative atomic mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menentukan jisim relatif bagi semua unsur atom. Complete the table below with determine the relative atomic mass of all atom elements. Unsur Element JAR RAM Unsur Element JAR RAM Hidrogen / Hydrogen , H Natrium / Sodium , Na Helium / Helium , He Magnesium / Magnesium , Mg Litium / Lithium , Li Aluminium / Aluminium , Al Berilium / Beryllium , Be Silikon / Silicon , Si Boron / Boron , B Fosforus / Phosphorus , P Karbon / Carbon , C Sulfur / Sulphur , S Nitrogen / Nitrogen , N Klorin / Chlorine , Cl Oksigen / Oxygen , O Argon / Argon , Ar Fluorin / Fluorine , F Kalium / Potassium , K Neon / Neon , Ne Kalsium / Calcium , Ca SHORT NOTE 1. Konsep ‘jisim atom relatif, JAR’ dengan membandingkan jisim atom sesuatu dengan jisim atom unsur lain yang dipilih sebagai piawai. The concept of ‘relative atomic mass, RAM’ by comparing the mass of atom of an element to the mass of atom another element that is chosen as the standard. 2. Karbon-12 dipilih sebagai piawai: Carbon-12 is chosen as the standard: mudah dikendalikan memandangkan unsur ini merupakan pepejal pada suhu bilik it is a solid at room temperature and thus can be handled easily karbon-12 mudah bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain carbon-12 combines easily with other elements karbon-12 mudah dijumpai dalam kebanyakan bahan carbon-12 is found in most substances jisim atom relatif karbon-12 adalah tepat 12.0 the relative atomic mass of carbon-12 exactly 12.0 3. Jisim molekul relatif, JMR sesuatu molekul ialah jisim purata molekul tersebut berbanding dengan 1 12 kali jisim satu atom karbon-12. The relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is the average mass of the molecule compared to 1 12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom. 4. Jisim relatif bahan ion dipanggil jisim formula relatif, JFR. The relative mass of an ionic substance is called the relative formula mass, RFM.
- 54. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 54 3 Berikan tiga sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai piawai untuk menentukan jisim atom relatif dan jisim molekul relatif. Give three reasons why carbon-12 is used as a standard to determine the relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Jisim suatu atom adalah sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom dengan membandingkan jisim atom tersebut dengan atom yang lain yang dipanggil jisim atom relatif. Rajah menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom X dengan atom karbon-12. The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, a chemist determines the mass of an atom by comparing the mass of the atom with another atom which is called relative atomic mass. Diagram shows the comparison of mass between atom X with atom carbon-12. (a) Kenal pasti atom X. Identify the atom X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi atom X? What is the relative atomic mass of atom X? ………………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) Beri alasan anda di 4(b). Give your reason in 4(b). ………………………………………………………………………………………………... Exercise 2 : Jisim Molekul Relatif, JMR Relative Molecular Mass, RMM Example : Tentukan jisim molekul relatif bagi heksane, C6H14. Determine the relative molecular mass of Hexane, C6H14. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12] = 6(12) + 14(1) = 86 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim molekul relatif. State the meaning of relative molecular mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. C-12 C-12 Atom X C-12 C-12
- 55. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 55 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, Zn = 65, Br = 80] (a) Glukosa, C6H12O6 Glucose (b) Gas oksigen, O2 Oxygen gas (c) Air, H2O Water (d) Etanol, C2H5OH Ethanol (e) Gas klorin, Cl2 Chlorine gas (f) Karbon dioksida, CO2 Carbon dioxide (g) Sulfur dioksida, SO2 Sulphue dioxide (h) Metana, CH4 Methane (i) Air bromin, Br2 Bromine water (j) Kalium karbonat, CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
- 56. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 56 3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut. Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40] (a) Jisim molekul relatif bagi C3H7XH ialah 60. The relative molecular mass of C2H5XH is 60. (b) Jisim molekul relatif bagi Na2XO3.10H2O ialah 286. The relative molecular mass of Na2XO3.10H2O is 286. (c) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XCl2.2H2O ialah 244. The relative molecular mass of XCl2.2H2O is 244. (d) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XO2 ialah 46. The relative molecular mass of XO2 is 46. (e) Jisim molekul relatif bagi CaX2.6H2O ialah 219. The relative molecular mass of CaX2.6H2O is 219. (f) Jisim molekul relatif bagi X10H8 ialah 128. The relative molecular mass of X10H8 is 128.
- 57. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 57 Exercise 3 : Jisim Formula Relatif, JFR. Relative Formula Mass, RFM Example : Tentukan jisim formula relatif bagi natrium klorida, NaCl. Determine the relative formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl. [JAR / RAM : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5] = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim formula relatif. State the meaning of relative formula mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim formula relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative formula mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, Fe = 56, Cu = 64, Zn = 65] (a) Magnesium sulfat, MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate (b) Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium nitrate (c) Zink klorida, ZnCl2 Zinc chloride (d) Zink sulfat, ZnSO4 Zinc sulphate (e) Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3 Ammonium carbonate (f) Kalium karbonat, K2CO3 Potassium carbonate (g) Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 Iron(II) sulphate (h) Kuprum(II) nitrat, Cu(NO3)2 Copper(II) nitrate
- 58. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 58 3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut. Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X. [JAR / RAM : C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65] (a) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2(SO4)3 ialah 342. The relative formula mass of X2(SO4)3 is 342. (b) Jisim formula relatif bagi ZnX2 ialah 136. The relative formula mass of ZnX2 is 136. (c) Jisim formula relatif bagi X(NO3)2 ialah 188. The relative formula mass of X(NO3)2 is 188. (d) Jisim formula relatif bagi Al(XO3)3 ialah 213. The relative formula mass of Al(XO3)3 is 213. (e) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2SO4 ialah 98. The relative formula mass of X2SO4 is 98. (f) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2CO3 ialah 106. The relative formula mass of X2CO3 is 106.
- 59. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 59 3.2 Konsep Mol Mole Concept Exercise 4 : Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah Number of Moles and Number of Particles Example 1 : Berapakah bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam 0.3 mol aluminium, Al? How many atoms are there in 0.3 mol aluminium, Al? = 0.3 mol x 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 = 1.806 x 1023 atoms Example 2 : Satu sampel zink klorida, ZnCl2 mengandungi 3.612 x 1024 unit ZnCl2. Hitungkan bilangan mol zink klorida, ZnCl2 yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu. A sample of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 contains 3.612 x 1024 ZnCl2 units. Calculate the number of moles of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 found in the sample. = 3 612 1 6 2 1 = 6 mol SHORT NOTE 1. Menurut Kesatuan Antarabangsa Kimia Tulen dan Gunaan (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC), definisi terbaharu bagi mol adalah According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the new definition of mole is definition of mole is 2. Pemalar Avogadro, NA ditakrifkan sebagai bilangan zarah yang terkandung dalam satu mol bahan, iaitu 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1 . The Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles contained in one mole of substance, that is 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1 . 3. Jisim molar ialah jisim satu mol bahan. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance. 4. Isi padu molar ialah isi padu yang ditempati oleh 1 mol gas. Isi padu molar sebarang gas bergantung pada keadaan, iaitu 22.4 dm 3 mol -1 pada STP atau 24 dm 3 mol -1 pada keadaan bilik. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas. The molar volume of any gas depends on the condition, that is 22.4 dm 3 mol -1 at STP or 24 dm 3 mol -1 at room conditions. Mol, simbolnya juga mol, ialah unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan. Satu mol bahan mengandungi 6.02214076 x 10 23 entiti asas bahan tersebut. Nombor ini ialah satu nilai tetap yang dipanggil pemar Avogadro, NA yang dinyatakan dalam unit mol -1 . Pemalar Avogadro, NA juga dikenali sebagai nombor Avogadro. The mole, with the symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole of substance contains 6.02214076 X 10 23 elementary entities of the substance. This number is a fixed value known as the Avogadro constant, NA that is expressed in mol -1 . The Avogadro constant, NA is also called the Avogadro number. Bilangan mol, n = Bi angan zarah NA Number of moles, n = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁𝐴 Bilangan mol Number of moles Bilangan zarah Number of particles x NA ÷ NA Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah: The relationship between the number of mole and the number of particles:
- 60. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 60 1 Nyatakan unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan. State the SI unit of amount of substance. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan molekul dan bilangan atom bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate number of molecules and number of atoms of each of the following substances. [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 ] (a) Sebuah balang gas berisi 2 mol gas nitrogen, N2. A gas jar is filled with 2 mol of nitrogen gas, N2. (b) Sebuah belon berisi 1.5 mol gas ammonia, NH3. A balloon is filled with 1.5 mol ammonia gas, NH3. (c) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.2 mol gas etena, C2H4. A sample contains 0.2 mol of ethene gas, C2H4. (d) Sebuah belon berisi 1.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2. A balloon is filled with 1.2 mol hydrogen gas, H2. (e) Sebuah balang gas berisi 0.8 mol gas oksigen, O2. A gas jar is filled with 0.8 mol of oxygen gas, O2. (f) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.5 mol gas helium, He. A sample contains 0.5 mol of helium gas, He.
- 61. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 61 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol dan bilangan unit formula bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate number of mol and number of formula units of each of the following substances. [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 ] (a) Satu sampel natrium klorida, NaCl mengandungi 3.612 x 1023 atom. A sample of sodium chloride, NaCl contains 3.612 x 1023 atoms. (b) Sebuah belon berisi gas oksigen, O2 mengandungi 2.408 x 1024 atom. A balloon is filled with oxygen gas, O2 contains 2.408 x 1024 atoms. (c) Satu sampel karbon dioksida, CO2 mengandungi 1.0836 x 1025 atom CO2. A sample of carbon dioxide, CO2 contains 1.0836 x 1025 CO2 atoms. (d) Sebuah belon berisi gas nitrogen, N2 mengandungi 6.02 x 1025 atom. A balloon is filled with nitrogen gas, N2 contains 6.02 x 1025 atoms. (e) Satu sampel magnesium oksida, MgO mengandungi 8.428 x 1023 atom. A sample of magnesium oxide, MgO contains 8.428 x 1023 atoms. (f) Satu sampel kuprum, Cu mengandungi 6.02 x 1024 atom. A sample of copper, Cu contains 6.02 x 1024 atoms.
- 62. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 62 Exercise 5 : Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan Number of Moles and Mass of Substances Example 1 : Berapakah jisim bagi 1.5 mol magnesium, Mg? What is the mass of 1.5 mol of magnesium, Mg? [JAR / RAM : Mg = 24] = 1.5 mol x 24 g mol-1 = 36 g Example 2 : Berapakah bilangan mol molekul yang terdapat di dalam 44.8 g sulfur dioksida, SO2? How many moles of molecules are found in 44.8 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2? [JAR / RAM : O = 16, S = 32] JMR/RMM = 32 + (16) = 64 g mol-1 = 44 8 g 64 g = 0.7 mol 1 Apakah jisim molar? What is molar mass? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Fe = 56] (a) 0.4 mol serbuk besi, Fe. 0.4 mol of iron fillings, Fe. (b) 2.2 mol karbon monoksida, CO. 2.2 mol of carbon monoxide, CO. Bilangan mol, n = Jisi (g) Jisi ar (g ) Number of moles, n = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) Bilangan mol Number of moles Jisim (g) Mass (g) x Jisim molar Molar mass ÷ Jisim molar Molar mass Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan jisim bahan: The relationship between the number of mole and the number of substances mass:
- 63. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 63 (c) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.05 mol hablur ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4. An experiment requires 0.05 mol of ammonium sulphate crystals, (NH4)2SO4. (d) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.08 mol hablur ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3. An experiment requires 0.08 mol of ammonium nitrate crystals, NH4NO3. 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the number of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, P = 31, S = 32, I = 127, Pb = 207] (a) 29.4 g asid sulfurik, H2SO4. 29.4 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. (b) 4.61 g plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2. 4.61 g of lead(II) iodide, PbI2. (c) 7.84 g asid fosfat, H3PO4. 7.84 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4. (d) 28.6 g natrium karbonat terhidrat, Na2CO3.10H2O. 28.6 g of sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O. 4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances. (a) 0.9 mol gas X berjisim 3.6 g. 0.9 mol of gas X has the mass of 3.6 g. (b) 0.3 mol bahan X berjisim 18.9 g. 0.3 mol of substance X has the mass of 18.9 g.
- 64. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 64 Exercise 6 : Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas Number of Moles and Volume of Gases Example 1 : Hitungkan isi padu 1.2 mol gas neon, Ne dalam dm3 pada STP? Calculate the volume of 1.2 mol of neon gas, Ne in dm3 at STP? [Isi padu molar / Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada/at STP] = 1.2 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 26.88 dm3 Example 2 : Berapakah isi padu 0.03 mol gas hidrogen, H2 dalam cm3 pada keadaan bilik? What is the volume of 0.03 mol of hydrogen gas, H2 in cm3 at room conditions? [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] = 0.03 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 0.72 dm3 = 0.72 x 1000 cm3 = 720 cm3 1 Apakah isi padu molar? What is molar volume? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3 pada STP bagi setiap gas berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3 at STP of each of the following gases. [Isi padu molar = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada STP] [Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP] (a) 0.5 mol gas klorin, Cl2. 0.5 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2. (b) 1 mol karbon dioksida, CO2. 1 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2. Bilangan mol, n = Isi padu gas Isi padu ar Number of moles, n = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Bilangan mol Number of moles Isi padu gas Volume of gas x Isi padu molar Molar volume ÷ Isi padu molar Molar volume Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan isi padu gas: The relationship between the number of mole and the volume of gas:
- 65. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 65 (c) 3 mol gas ammonia, NH3. 3 mol of ammonia gas, NH3. (d) 0.3 mol gas oksigen, O2. 0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2. . 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3 pada keadaan bilik bagi setiap gas berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3 at room conditions of each of the following gases. [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] (a) 1 mol gas klorin, Cl2. 1 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2. (b) 0.01 mol karbon dioksida, CO2. 0.01 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2. (c) 0.08 mol gas ammonia, NH3. 0.08 mol of ammonia gas, NH3. (d) 0.5 mol gas oksigen, O2. 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2. . (e) 0.7 mol gas hidrogen, H2. 0.7 mol of hydrogen gas, H2. (f) 2 mol gas karbon monoksida, CO. 2 mol of carbon monoxide gas, CO. .
- 66. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 66 Exercise 7 : Hubung Kait antara Bilangan Mol dengan Bilangan Zarah, Jisim dan Isi Padu Gas Relationship between the Number of Moles, Number of Particles, Mass and Volume of Gases 1 Rajah menunjukkan dialog antara cikgu Siti dengan Aina. Diagram shows the dialogue between teacher Siti and Aina. (a)(i) Jisim molekul relatif XO2 ialah 96 g mol-1 . Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X dalam XO2. The relative molecular mass of XO2 is 96 g mol-1 . What is the relative atomic mass of X in XO2. (ii) Kenal pasti unsur X. Identify the element X. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Cikgu Siti : Teacher Aina, sila sediakan gas X yang terdiri daripada 1.204 x 1023 unit XO2. Aina, please prepare gas X which is consist of 1.204 x 1023 XO2 units. Aina : Cikgu, gas X perlu menggunakan isi padu molar pada keadaan bilik atau pada STP? Teacher, gas X should use molar volume at room condition or at STP? Cikgu Siti : Teacher Aina, kamu perlu mengukur dengan menggunakan isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik iaitu 24 dm3 . Aina, you need to measure using the volume of gas at room conditions which is 24 dm3 . Aina : Baik, cikgu. Yes, teacher.
- 67. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 67 (b) Hitungkan, Calculate, [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 ] (i) Bilangan mol Number of mole (ii) Bilangan atom Number of atom (iii) Isi padu gas X dalam cm3 Gas volume X in cm3
- 68. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 68 3.3 Formula Kimia Chemical Formula Exercise 8 : Formula Empirik dan Formula Molekul Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) formula kimia, chemical formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) formula empirik, empirical formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) formula molekul, molecular formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan membandingkan dan membezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi glukosa. Complete the table below by comparing and contrasting molecular formula and empirical formula of glucose. Persamaan: Similarity …………………………………………………………………………………………………... Formula molekul Molecular formula Perbezaan Difference Formula empirik Empirical formula Formula kimia Chemical formula Nisbah bilangan atom Ratio of number of atoms SHORT NOTE 1. Formula kimia ialah perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu. Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary entities of the substance. 2. Formula empirik ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. The empirical formula is the chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each element in a compound. 3. Formula molekul ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian. The molecular formula is the chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element found in a molecule of a compound.
- 69. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 69 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan formula molekul dan formula empirik beberapa bahan. Complete the table below with molecular formula and empirical formula of several substances. Bahan Substance Formula molekul Molecular formula Formula empirik Empirical formula Air Water Ammonia Ammonia Hidrazin Hydrazine Propena Propene Benzena Benzene Asid sulfurik Sulphuric acid Heksena Hexene Exercise 9 : Penentuan Formula Empirik Determination of an Empirical Formula Example 1 : 1.35 g aluminium berpadu dengan 1.2 g oksigen untuk menghasilkan aluminium oksida. Apakah formula empirik aluminium oksida? 1.35 g of aluminium combines with 1.2 g of oxygen to form aluminium oxide. What is the empirical formula of aluminium oxide? Unsur Element Al O Jisim Mass (g) 1.35 1.2 Bilangan mol atom Number of moles of atoms 1 35 27 = 0.05 1 2 16 = 0.075 Nisbah mol atom Mole ratio 5 5 = 1 75 5 = 1.5 Nisbah mol atom paling ringkas Simplest mole ratio of atom 2 3 [JAR / RAM : O = 16, Al = 27] 2 mol atom aluminium berpadu dengan 3 mol atom oksigen. Jadi, formula empirik aluminium oksida ialah Al2O3. 2 mol of aluminium atoms combine with 3 mol of oxygen atoms. Thus, the empirical formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3.
- 70. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 70 1 Satu sampel kalium bromida mengandungi 6.24 g kalium dan 12.8 g bromin. Apakah formula empirik kalium bromida? A sample of potassium bromine contains 6.24 g of potassium and 12.8 g of bromine. What is the empirical formula of potassium bromine? [JAR / RAM : K = 39, Br = 80] 2 Satu sampel 26.1 g stanum klorida didapati mengandungi 11.9 g stanum. Nyatakan formula empirical stanum klorida itu. A sample of 26.1 g of tin chloride contains 11.9 g of tin. State the empirical formula if the tin chloride. [JAR / RAM : Cl = 35.5, Sn = 119]
- 71. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 71 3 0.03 mol unsur Y berpadu dengan 7.62 g iodin untuk menghasilkan garam iodida. Nyatakan formula empirik bagi garam iodida itu. 0.03 mol of element Y combines with 7.62 g of iodine to produce an iodide salt. State the empirical formula of the iodide salt. [JAR / RAM : I = 127] 4 Seorang ahli kimia menganalisis sebatian yang memberikan bau kepada buah pisang yang masak ranum. Dia mendapati sebatian ini mengandungi 64.62 % karbon, 10.77 % hidrogen dan 24.61 % oksigen. Apakah formula empirik sebatian tersebut? A chemist analysed the compound that gives smell to fully ripe bananas. He found that the compound contains 64.62 % carbon, 10.77 % hydrogen and 24.61 % oxygen. What is the empirical formula of that compound? [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
- 72. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 72 Exercise 10 : Penentuan Formula Molekul Determination of a Molecular Formula Example 1 : Satu sebatian mempunyai formula empirik CH2. Jisim molekul relatifnya ialah 56. Apakah formula molekul sebatian itu? A compound has the empirical formula CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 56. What is the molecular formula of the compound? [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12] JRM sebatian RMM of compound = n[12 + 2(1)] Diberikan JRM sebatian 14n = 56 Given the RMM of compound n = 56 14 = 4 Maka, formula molekul sebatian ialah C4H8. Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is C4H8. 1 Asid etanoik mempunyai jisim molar 60 g mol-1 . Jika formula empiriknya ialah CH2O, tentukan formula molekul asid etanoik. Etahnoic acid has a molar mass of 60 g mol-1 . If its empirical formula is CH2O, determine the molecular formula of ethanoic acid. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16] 2 Hidrokarbon terdiri daripada karbon dan hidrogen. 5.7 g satu hidrokarbon mengandungi 4.8 g karbon. Jika jisim molekul relatif hidrokarbon itu ialah 114, tentukan formula molekulnya. Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen. 5.7 g of hydrocarbon contains 4.8 g of carbon. If the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 114, determine its molecular formula. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12]
- 73. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 73 3 Berapakah jisim zink yang diperlukan untuk berpadu dengan 0.5 mol klorin bagi menghasilkan zink klorida, ZnCl2? What is the mass of zinc required to combine with 0.5 mol of chloride to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl2? [JAR / RAM : Zn = 65] 4 Andaikan anda ialah seorang peladang. Anda ingin memilih baja dengan kandungan nitrogen yang tinggi untuk tanaman anda. Berikut ialah tiga jenis baja yang lazim digunakan. Assume you are a farmer. You want to choose a fertiliser with a high nitrogen content for your plants. Three types of commonly used fertilisers are as follows. Baja Fertiliser Formula kimia Chemical formula Ammonium nitrat Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Urea Urea CO(NH2)2 Nitrosol Nitrosol Ca(NO3)2 Baja yang manakah anda akan pilih? Berikan alasan bagi pilihan anda. Tunjukkan jalan kerja penghitungan yang dibuat. Which fertiliser would you choose? Give reasons for your choice. Show the steps used in the calculation. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14]
- 74. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 74 Exercise 11 : Formula Kimia Sebatian Ion Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Example 1 : Tulis formula kimia bagi kalium diklomat(VI). Write chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI) Pembinaan formula kimia kalium dikromat(VI) menggunakan kaedah silang. Constructing the chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI) via cross-change method. 1 Lengkapkan warna pada kation dan anion bagi cas berikut. Complete the colour at cation and anion of the following charge. Kation Cation Warna Colour Anion Anion Warna Colour Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ Iron(II) Ion, Fe2+ Ion manganat(VII), MnO4 - Manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 - Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ Copper(II) Ion, Cu2+ Ion kromat(VI), CrO4 2- Cromate(VI) ion, CrO4 2- Ion mangan(II), Mn2+ Mangan(II) Ion, Mn2+ Ion dikromat(VI), Cr2O7 2- Dicromate(VI) ion, Cr2O7 2- Ion nikel(II), Ni2+ Nickel(II) Ion, Ni2+ Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ Iron(III) Ion, Fe3+ Ion kromium(III), Cr3+ Chromium(III) Ion, Cr3+ K+ Cr2O7 2- K2Cr2O7 2 1
- 75. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 75 2 Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan menyatakan formula ion kation dan anion bagi setiap sebatian. Complete the following table with state the ionic formula of cation and anion of each of the following compounds. Sebatian Compound Kation Cation Anion Anion Aluminium sulfat Aluminium sulphate Kalium sulfat Potassium sulphate Natrium sulfat Sodium sulphate Litium sulfat Lithium sulphate Argentum sulfat Silver sulphate Kuprum(I) sulfat Copper(I) sulphate Ammonium sulfat Ammonium sulphate Kalsium sulfat Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulfat Magnesium sulphate Zink sulfat Zinc sulphate Barium sulfat Barium sulphate Ferum(II) sulfat Iron(II) sulphate Kuprum(II) sulfat Copper(II) sulphate Plumbum(II) sulfat Lead(II) sulphate Stanum(II) sulfat Tin(II) sulphate Ferum(III) sulfat Iron(III) sulphate
- 76. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 76 Exercise 12 : Penamaan Sebatian Kimia Naming of Chemical Compounds 1 Tulis formula kimia bagi sebatian berikut. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds. Asid sulfurik Sulphuric acid Asid hidroklorik Hydrochloric acid Asid nitrik Nitric acid Kalium hidroksida Potassium hydroxide Natrium hidroksida Sodium hydroxide Asid etanoik Ethanoic acid Ammonium karbonat Ammonium carbonate Ammonium hidroksida Ammonium hydroxide Zink klorida Zinc chloride Natrium sulfat Sodium sulphate Argentum sulfat Silver sulphate Ammonium sulfat Ammonium sulphate Kalsium nitrat Calcium nitrate Plumbum(II) sulfat Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium nitrat Magnesium nitrate Kuprum(II) sulfat Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulfat Aluminium sulphate Kuprum(II) karbonat Copper(II) carbonate Natrium klorida Sodium chloride Barium klorida Barium chloride Aluminium oksida Aluminium oxide Magnesium oksida Magnesium oxide Ferum(II) oksida Iron(II) oxide Magnesium sulfat Magnesium sulphate Plumbum(II) nitrat Lead(II) nitrate Stanum(II) nitrat Tin(II) nitrate Ferum(III) nitrat Iron(III) nitrate Zink sulfat Zinc sulphate Stanum(II) sulfat Tin(II) sulphate Aluminium karbonat Aluminium carbonate
- 77. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 77 3.4 Persamaan Kimia Chemical Equation Exercise 13 : Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia How to Write Chemical Equations 1 Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas berikut. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions. (a) Gas nitrogen + gas hidrogen → gas ammonium Nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas → ammonium gas ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (b) Logam natrium + air → larutan akueus natrium hidroksida + gas hidrogen Sodium metal + water → aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (c) Pepejal kuprum(II) karbonat terurai kepada pepejal kuprum(II) oksida dan gas karbon dioksida apabila dipanaskan Solid copper(II) carbonate decomposes into solid copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas when heated ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (d) Pembakaran serbuk aluminium dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan serbuk putih aluminium oksida Burning of aluminium powder in excess oxygen produces white aluminium oxide powder ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. SHORT NOTE 1. Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia How to Write Chemical Equations Hidrogen + oksigen → air H2 + O2 → H2O H2 + O2 → H2O (2 atom H) (2 atom O) (2 atom H, 1 atom O) Persamaan tidak seimbang Equation is not balanced 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (4 atom H) (2 atom O) (4 atom H, 2 atom O) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ce) Tulis persamaan dalam bentuk perkataan terlebih dahulu Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindak balas Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas Semak sama ada persamaan seimbang atau tidak Imbangkan persamaan dengan menyelaraskan pekali di hadapan formula kimia Tulis keadaan fizik setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas Write the equation in words Write down the chemical formula of each reactant and product Check whether the equation in balanced Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficient in front of the chemical formula Write the physical state of each reactant and product
- 78. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 78 2 Imbangkan persamaan kimia berikut. Balance the following chemical equations. (a) KI(ak) + Br2(ak) → I2(p) + KBr(ak) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (b) Zn(p) + AgNO3(ak) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + Ag(p) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (c) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(ce) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (d) AgNO3(p) → Ag(p) + NO2(g) + O2(g) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Exercise 14 : Menggunakan Persamaan Kimia Using Chemical Equations Example 1 : Etanol terbakar dalam udara yang berlebihan seperti berikut. Ethanol burnt in excess oxygen as follows. C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O Berapakah isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik yang dibebaskan jika 4.6 g etanol dibakar lengkap dalam udara? What is the volume of gas released at room conditions if 4.6 g of ethanol burnt completely un air? [JMR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16] [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] Bilangan mol di dalam etanol 4.6 g etanol Number of moles in 4.6 g of ethanol = ass (g) ar ass (g ) = 4 6 g 46 g = 0.1 mol 1 mol C2H5OH : 2 mole CO2 0.1 mol C2H5OH : 0.2 mole CO2 Isi padu gas karbon dioksida, CO2 = Bilangan mol X Isi padu molar = 0.2 mol x 24 dm3 = 2.4 dm3 1 mole of C2H5OH : 2 moles of CO2 0.1 mole of C2H5OH : 0.2 moles of CO2 The volume of karbon dioxide, CO2 = Number of moles X Molar volume = 0.2 mol x 24 dm3 = 2.4 dm3 ∆
- 79. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 79 1 Selesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri berikut. Solve numerical the following stroichiometry problems. (a) Penguraian kalsium karbonat oleh haba menghasilkan kalsium oksida dan karbon dioksida. Berapakah jisim kalsium karbonat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1.2 dm3 gas karbon dioksida pada keadaan bilik? Decomposition of calcium carbonate by heating to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. What is the mass of calcium carbonate required to produce 1.2 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas at room conditions? [JMR / RAM : C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40] [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] (b) Satu sampel ferum(III) oksida dipanaskan dalam aliran gas hidrogen berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 5.6 g logam besi. Hitungkan jisim sampel ferum(II) oksida itu. A sample of iron(III) oxide is heated in stream of excess hydrogen gas to produce 5.6 g of iron metal. Calculate the mass of the iron(III) oxide sample. [JMR / RAM : O = 16, Fe = 56]
- 80. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 80 Chapter 3 Review 1 Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah benar bagi 1 mol bahan? Which of the following statement is true for 1 mole of substance? A 1 mol zink mengandungi 6.02 x 1023 molekul 1 mol of zinc contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules B 1 mol karbon dioksida mengandungi bilangan molekul yang sama dengan bilangan atom dalam 12 g karbon-12 1 mol of carbon dioxide contains the same number of molecules as the number of atoms in 12 g carbon-12 C 1 mol gas oksigen mengandungi 6.02 x 1023 atom 1 mol of oxygen gas contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms D 1 mol ammonia mengandungi bilangan atom yang sama seperti dalam 12g karbon-12 1 mol of ammonia contains the same number of atoms as in 12g of carbon-12 2 Formula kimia bagi kuprum(I) oksida ialah Chemical formula of copper(I) oxide is A CuO B CuO2 C Cu2O D Cu2O2 3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur propena. Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of propene. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Apakah formula empirik bagi propena? What is the empirical formula of propene? A CH2 B C3H6 C C3H8 D H6C3 4 Formula kimia bagi ferum(III) sulfat ialah Chemical formula of iron(III) sulphate is A Fe3(SO4)2 B Fe(SO4)3 C FeSO4 D Fe2(SO4)3 5 Ester menghasilkan bau wangi yang terdapat pada epal hijau iaitu C3H7COOCH3. Ester produces the fragrant smell found in green apple as C3H7COOCH3. Unsur Element C H O Apakah nisbah mol atom paling ringkas? What is simplest mole ratio of atom? A 3 : 7 : 2 B 5 : 10 : 2 C 7 : 9 : 2 D 10 : 20 : 4 6 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah persamaan kimia seimbang? Which of the following is a balanced equation? A PbCO3 → 2PbO3 + 3CO2 B AuCO3 → Au + CO2 + O2 C 4Al(NO3)3 → 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2 D Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO3 + 4NO2 + O2 Paper 1 Questions
- 81. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 81 Soalan 7 hingga 10 berdasarkan Rajah 2. Questions 7 to 10 are based on Diagram 2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan peratusan mengikut jisim bagi unsur dalam alisin iaitu sebatian yang menyebabkan bau pada bawang putih. Diagram 2 shows the percentage by mass of elements in the allicin, which is a compound that causes the smell in garlic. Rajah 2 Diagram 2 7 Apakah maksud dengan formula empirik? What is meant by an empirical formula? A Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu A representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary entities of the substance B Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan ringkas setiap jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu A representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the simplest number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary entities of the substance C Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian The chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element found in a molecule of a compound D Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian The chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each element in a compound 9 Apakah formula empirik bagi alisin? What is the empirical formula of allicin? [JMR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, S = 32] A C6H10S2O B C6H12S4O C C12H5S2O D C12H10S4O 8 Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X jika 3.7 mol dalam unsur X? What is the relative atomic mass of X if 3.7 moles in element of X? A 9 B 12 C 24 D 32 10 Apakah yang mungkin bagi unsur X? What is the possible of element of X? A Karbon Carbon B Nitrogen Nitrogen C Magnesium Magnesium D Litium Lithium Alisin Allicin X = 44.4% H = 6.21% S = 39.5% O = 9.86% Bawang putih Garlic
- 82. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 82 Bahagian A Section A 1 Tumbuhan hijau menjalankan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Formula molekul bagi glukosa adalah C6H12O6. Green plant undergoes photosynthesis to produce glucose. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. (a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul? What is the meaning of molecular formula? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Tulis formula empirik bagi glukosa, C6H12O6. Write the empirical formula for glucose, C6H12O6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Persamaan kimia bagi fotosintesis adalah seperti di bawah. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu. Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] Paper 2 Questions SPM 16’
- 83. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 83 (b) Paku besi yang terdedah kepada udara dan air menghasilkan karat, ferum(III) oksida terhidrat, Fe2O3.H2O. persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu adalah seperti berikut : An iron nail that is exposed to air and water to form rust, hydrated iron(II) oxide, Fe2O3.H2O. Chemical equation for the reaction is as follow: xFe + yO2 + zH2O 2Fe2O3.H2O (i) Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai x, y dan z. Balanced the chemical equation for the reaction by determine the value of x, y and z. x : …………….. y : …………….. z : …………….. [3 markah] [3 marks] (ii) Nyatakan bilangan mol ferum yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 mol ferum(III) oksida terhidrat. State the number of moles of iron that is required to produced 1 mole of hydrated iron(III) oxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Hitung jisim formula relatif bagi ferum(III) oksida terhidrat. Calculate the relative formula mass of hydrates iron(III) oxide. [Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16, Fe = 56] [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 84. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 84 2 Jadual 1 menunjukkan empat bahan dengan formula kimia dan jisim molarnya. Table 1 shows four substances with their chemical formula and molar mass. Bahan Substances Formula Kimia Chemical formula Gas Nitrogen Oxygen gas N2 Kalsium klorida terhidrat Hydrated calsium chloride CaCl2.6H2O Kuprum(II) karbonat Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 Asid sulfurik Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Jadual 1 Table 1 (a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim atom relatif? What meant by relative atomic mass? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim molekul relatif? What meant by relative molecular mass? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam What type of particle is found in gas nitrogen : …………………………………… nitrogen gas asid sulfurik : …………………………………… sulphuric acid [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Hitung, Calculate, [Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64, O =16, C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5] [Relative atomic mass : Cu = 64, O = 16 , C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5] (i) jisim molar kalsium klorida terhidrat. the molar mass for hydrated calsium chloride. [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) jisim molar kuprum(II) karbonat. the molar mass for copper(II) carbonate. [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 85. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 85 3 Satu eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida telah dijalankan dengan jayanya oleh sekumpulan murid. An experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide was successfully done by a group of students. (a) Lukis dan labelkan susunan radas yang telah digunakan oleh murid tersebut untuk menjalankan eksperimen di atas. Draw and label the set-up of apparatus used by the students to carry out this experiment. [2 markah] [2 marks] (b) Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini. Table 2 shows the results of this experiment. Penerangan Description Jisim (g) Mass (g) Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung Mass of the crucible + lid 23.00 Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + pita magnesium Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon 23.30 Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + magnesium oksida Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium oxide 23.50 Jadual 2 Table 2 (i) Pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan kertas sebelum dipanaskan. Terangkan mengapa. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper before heating. Explain why. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 86. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 86 (ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, Based on the table above, Hitung jisim bagi: Calculate the mass of: Magnesium Magnesium : …………………….. Oksigen Oxygen : …………………….. [2 markah] [2 marks] (iii) Hitungkan nisbah mol bagi atom magnesium kepada atom oksigen. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Mg = 24] Calculate the ratio of moles of magnesium atoms to oxygen atoms. [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Mg = 24] [2 markah] [2 marks] (iv) Tentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida. Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (v) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut. Write the chemical equation of the reaction. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (vi) Ramalkan sama ada boleh atau tidak formula empirik bagi plumbum(II) oksida ditentukan dengan kaedah yang sama dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan mengapa. Predict whether the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide can be determined by this experiment? Explain why. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Logam W adalah kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen terhadap oksigen. Bagaimana hendak memastikan bahawa tindak balas telah selesai. Metal W is less reactive than hydrogen towards oxygen. How to determine that the reaction is completed. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark]
- 87. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 87 Bahagian B Section B 1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan formula struktur nikotin. Diagram 1.1 shows the structural formula of nicotine. Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 Nyatakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin. Bandingkan dan bezakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin. State the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine. Compare and contrast the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine. [6 markah] [6 marks] (b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi satu oksida logam Y. Y kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen. Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula for an oxide of metal Y. Y is less reactive than hydrogen. Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.2 Gas hidrogen Hydrogen gas Oksida logam Y Oxide of metal Y Perahu porselin Porcelain boat Panaskan Heat
- 88. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 88 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen tersebut. Information below show the results of the experiment. Penerangan Description Jisim (g) Mass (g) Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin Combustion tube + porcelain boat 52.34 Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + oksida Y Combustion tube + porcelain boat + oxide of Y 105.86 Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + Y Combustion tube + porcelain boat + Y 102.02 Tentukan formula empirik oksida Y. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of Y. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Y = 107] [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Y = 107] [4 markah] [4 marks] (c) Hidrogen ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi hanya karbon dan hidrogen. Maklumat berikut ialah tentang satu daripada hidrokarbon. Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The information below is regarding one hydrocarbon. (i) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, hitung formula molekul bagi hidrokarbon tersebut. Based on the information above, calculate the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. [5 markah] [5 marks] (ii) 4.6 g logam natrium dibakar dalam gas oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan natrium klorida. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini. Hitungkan jisim natrium oksida yang dihasilkan. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Na = 23] 4.6 g of sodium metal is burnt excess oxygen gas to produce sodium oxide. Write the chemical equation of this reaction. Calculate the mass of sodium oxide produced. [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Na = 23] [5 markah] [5 marks] Karbon 85.7 % carbon 85.7 % hidrogen 14.3 % hydrogen 14.3 % jisim molekul relatif = 42 molecular mass = 42 [Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12] [Relative atomic mass : H = 1, C = 12]
- 89. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 89 Bahagian C Section C 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara dua pelajar mengenai kaedah untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi logam yang lebih reaktif. Diagram 1 shows a conversation between two students about the method to determine the empirical formula for more reactive metals. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Lili : Ok baiklah. Lili : Alright. Suzie, timbang 1.92 g serbuk X. Pembakaran serbuk X memerlukan 1.28 g oksigen. Suzie, weight 1.92 g of powder X. Combustion of powder X required 1.28 g of oxygen.
- 90. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 90 (a)(i) Berdasarkan perbuatan di atas, tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida X. Based on conversation above, determine the empirical formula of oxide of X. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, X = 24] [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, X = 24] [3 markah] [3 marks] (ii) Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat. Kemudian, berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu. Write the chemical equation involved. Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation. [5 markah] [5 marks] (b) Terangkan kaedah yang digunakan. Kemudian, cadangkan serbuk X. Explain the method used in this experiment. Then, suggest the powder X. [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Dengan menggunakan contoh serbuk X, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan di atas. Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan. By using one example of powder X, describe an experiment to prove the statement above. Your answer should include procedure, result and conclusion. [10 markah] [10 marks]
- 91. Modul KIMIA KSSMTINGKATAN 4 91 BOLEH DAPATKAN MODUL LENGKAP SEGERA: MODUL PRO-X KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 BERSERTA FREE BUKU SOALAN MODUL PRO-X KIMIA KSSM FORM 4 TERBITAN 2022 BERMINAT? LAYARI WEB INI… https://sites.google.com/view/ koleksibahankimiaspm e-mel: analisissoalan@gmail.com