The present study is carried out with
and without natural fibre. Here, we can use the jute
fibre. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that
can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is
produced from plants in the genus Corchorus,
family Malvaceae. Different experiments were
conducted on bitumen with and without using fibre.
The results were analysized with the use of
Marshall Stability test. In addition to it cost
analysis was also done.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Review on seismic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the seismic performance of elevated water tanks. It discusses how elevated water tanks are vulnerable to earthquakes due to their large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures. Several past earthquakes resulted in collapsed or damaged water tanks due to unsuitable designs. The document reviews various studies on analyzing water tanks using static and dynamic methods, and accounting for factors like sloshing effects, hydrodynamic pressures, and flexible supports. It discusses recommendations to improve seismic provisions in building codes. The review indicates the importance of proper modeling and consideration of fluid-structure interaction for accurately evaluating the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
The penetration resistance test measures the compressive strength of concrete by firing a steel probe into the surface and measuring how deep it embeds. Three valid penetration measurements must be taken at least 200mm apart and 150mm from edges. The average penetration depth is then used to check manufacturer graphs to determine the approximate compressive strength. Any tests with probes not firmly embedded or with readings varying over 5mm are not valid and must be repeated.
Analysis and Design of Commercial Building using ETABSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 commercial building using ETABS software. Soil testing was conducted on the site and the soil properties were determined. A 3D model of the building was created in ETABS with defined material properties and loads. Structural analysis was performed to determine member forces and deflections. The beams, columns, slab, and footing were then designed according to IS code provisions and reinforced detailing was generated. The results obtained from ETABS were verified through manual calculations. The software was found to save time in analysis and design compared to manual methods.
Design of Water Tank for the Town of Population 50000 and Analysis by- Staad ProIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of different types of water tanks for a town with a population of 50,000 people using STAAD Pro software. It summarizes the design of a circular water tank with a flexible base, a circular tank with a rigid base, and a rectangular underground water tank. For each tank, the document outlines the design methodology, considerations, dimensions, reinforcement details and load distributions based on IS code standards. STAAD Pro was utilized to model, analyze and validate the designs. Key steps for the flexible base circular tank included calculating tank dimensions and hoop tension, determining wall thickness and vertical reinforcement. Reinforcement details and load distributions are shown for each tank type.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
The document discusses concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial compressive loads. It summarizes that CFST columns have higher load capacity than hollow steel tubes due to the composite action between steel and concrete. Experimental tests were conducted on circular and square CFST columns with varying concrete grades and heights. The results showed that square CFST columns had higher load capacity than circular columns. Ultimate load also increased with higher concrete grade. Failure modes included local and overall buckling. CFST columns provide advantages like increased strength, reduced construction costs, and improved fire resistance compared to reinforced concrete columns.
Plain and-reinforced-concrete(IS 456 2000)Parvez Alam
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It includes sections on materials, workmanship, inspection and testing of concrete structures. It also covers general design considerations and special design requirements for structural elements. The standard was revised in 2000 to incorporate changes related to durability, mix proportioning, environmental exposure conditions, and other aspects of concrete design and construction. It establishes requirements for the structural design of concrete structures using both working stress and limit state methods.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Review on seismic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the seismic performance of elevated water tanks. It discusses how elevated water tanks are vulnerable to earthquakes due to their large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures. Several past earthquakes resulted in collapsed or damaged water tanks due to unsuitable designs. The document reviews various studies on analyzing water tanks using static and dynamic methods, and accounting for factors like sloshing effects, hydrodynamic pressures, and flexible supports. It discusses recommendations to improve seismic provisions in building codes. The review indicates the importance of proper modeling and consideration of fluid-structure interaction for accurately evaluating the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
The penetration resistance test measures the compressive strength of concrete by firing a steel probe into the surface and measuring how deep it embeds. Three valid penetration measurements must be taken at least 200mm apart and 150mm from edges. The average penetration depth is then used to check manufacturer graphs to determine the approximate compressive strength. Any tests with probes not firmly embedded or with readings varying over 5mm are not valid and must be repeated.
Analysis and Design of Commercial Building using ETABSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 commercial building using ETABS software. Soil testing was conducted on the site and the soil properties were determined. A 3D model of the building was created in ETABS with defined material properties and loads. Structural analysis was performed to determine member forces and deflections. The beams, columns, slab, and footing were then designed according to IS code provisions and reinforced detailing was generated. The results obtained from ETABS were verified through manual calculations. The software was found to save time in analysis and design compared to manual methods.
Design of Water Tank for the Town of Population 50000 and Analysis by- Staad ProIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of different types of water tanks for a town with a population of 50,000 people using STAAD Pro software. It summarizes the design of a circular water tank with a flexible base, a circular tank with a rigid base, and a rectangular underground water tank. For each tank, the document outlines the design methodology, considerations, dimensions, reinforcement details and load distributions based on IS code standards. STAAD Pro was utilized to model, analyze and validate the designs. Key steps for the flexible base circular tank included calculating tank dimensions and hoop tension, determining wall thickness and vertical reinforcement. Reinforcement details and load distributions are shown for each tank type.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
The document discusses concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial compressive loads. It summarizes that CFST columns have higher load capacity than hollow steel tubes due to the composite action between steel and concrete. Experimental tests were conducted on circular and square CFST columns with varying concrete grades and heights. The results showed that square CFST columns had higher load capacity than circular columns. Ultimate load also increased with higher concrete grade. Failure modes included local and overall buckling. CFST columns provide advantages like increased strength, reduced construction costs, and improved fire resistance compared to reinforced concrete columns.
Plain and-reinforced-concrete(IS 456 2000)Parvez Alam
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It includes sections on materials, workmanship, inspection and testing of concrete structures. It also covers general design considerations and special design requirements for structural elements. The standard was revised in 2000 to incorporate changes related to durability, mix proportioning, environmental exposure conditions, and other aspects of concrete design and construction. It establishes requirements for the structural design of concrete structures using both working stress and limit state methods.
This document discusses flexural strength testing of materials. Flexural strength refers to a material's ability to resist deformation when bent or flexed. The flexural strength test involves placing a specimen on supports and applying a load at the center or at third points until failure. The flexural strength or modulus of rupture is calculated based on the maximum load at failure, and the dimensions and span of the specimen. Proper apparatus, loading rates, and procedures are required to accurately determine the flexural strength. Test results should report key details like specimen information, loading conditions, and failure mode.
Plastic as a soil stabilizer by yashwanth sagaryashwanth9611
This document summarizes a study on using plastic as a soil stabilizer. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on lateritic soil mixed with varying percentages of cut plastic strips. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests found that adding 0.4% plastic strips improved the 4-day soaked CBR value of the soil. Plate load tests also showed increased shear strength and load capacity with the addition of plastic. The results indicate that using plastic waste can enhance soil properties for road construction and provide an effective way to reuse non-degradable waste.
High performance concrete provides improved durability and structural capacity compared to conventional concrete. It has a denser microstructure due to a lower water-cement ratio, making it more impermeable and durable. Various methods can be used to produce high strength concrete, including seeding, revibration, and using admixtures. High performance concrete requires careful material selection and mixing to obtain properties like low permeability, high early strength, and resistance to chemical attack. It is an engineered concrete that achieves optimized performance for given loading and exposure conditions.
This document summarizes the forms, types, and properties of prestressing steel used in concrete structures. It discusses the following forms of prestressing steel: wires, strands, tendons, cables, and bars. The types include plain and indented wires, as well as different strand configurations. Properties covered include strength, stiffness, stress-strain behavior, relaxation over time, and codal requirements. Prestressing steel is engineered through processes like cold working and stress relieving to achieve high strength, ductility, and minimal relaxation loss over the life of the structure.
Common thumb rules for civil engineering worksNazeerBhatkar
Thumb Rules are very important for any civil engineer, Site engineer, or civil supervisor to obtain instant decisions on the construction site. Click here to read more
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
Steel fibre reinforced concrete samson adesope & yared aseffaSamsonFemiAdesope
Fibre has been in existence as far back as era ancient time, in the past the horsehair and straw were using in mudbrick. In early 1900s the use of asbestos fibre in concrete material was introduced but it has limitation due to its hazard on human health. In 1950s concept of composite material was adopted in concrete work in which fibre is one of the them but it has not been widely used nowadays as a reinforced material in concrete. In early 1960s in the United States, investigation was firstly made to assess the potential of steel fibres as a reinforcement for concrete. Ever since then, a series of researches have been performed on fibres which steel and glass are major considerations
Parametric study of rcc staging (support structure) for overhead water tanks ...Issar Kapadia
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) support structures for overhead water tanks according to Indian standards. It describes the components and types of overhead water tanks, including circular, rectangular, Intze, and spherical tanks. Circular tanks are commonly used for large capacities. The document outlines design requirements for liquid retaining structures to prevent cracking and stresses in steel and concrete. It examines two common types of support structures: hollow circular shafts and braced column staging. Design criteria are provided for column foundations, shaft-type staging, bracing and columns. Forces and moments on columns are also addressed. The conclusion compares different staging patterns and notes hollow circular shafts are vulnerable to earthquakes while frame-type staging experiences more base
This report summarizes a site visit to observe the construction of reinforced concrete slabs. Various slab types like one-way slabs, two-way slabs, and sunken slabs were observed. Reinforcement details like bent bars, distribution bars, and concrete cover were seen to match theoretical specifications. Questions about slab design and construction were answered on site. The visit confirmed that theoretical RCC knowledge was being properly implemented in practice.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
Rectangular and Circular underground water tank Maliha Mehr
Rectangular and Circular underground water tank comparison.
Brief comparison of properties of rectangular and circular underground water tank.
Mechanical, economical and ease of construction comparison.
The document presents a project proposal to study the performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available waste materials like foundry sand and fly ash. The objectives are to understand waste utilization and examine how RPC properties like strength and ductility are affected when mixed with these materials. A literature review found that foundry sand and fly ash can improve concrete strengths when substituted at certain percentages. The work plan outlines different mixes to be tested with varying replacement levels of foundry sand and fly ash. The project aims to provide insights into developing more sustainable RPC mixtures.
The document summarizes an industrial training report on the construction of a multistoried building. It describes two multistoried residential projects - Verna and Tana constructed by SI Property. Key details include the foundations using pile foundations and raft foundations, concrete mixes used, and reinforcement details of columns, beams and slabs. Amenities provided in the projects like parking, fitness center, kids play area are also mentioned. The report also provides information on new building materials seen during a visit to another project GIE Asteria, including Siporex blocks, Weber glue and fiberglass mesh.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
INVESTIGATION ON FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETESk Md Nayar
The use of Portland cement in concrete construction is under critical review due to high
amount of carbon dioxide gas released to the atmosphere during the production of cement. In
recent years, attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland
cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Most of this by-product material is currently
dumped in landfills, creating a threat to the environment.
Fly ash based concrete is a ‘new’ material that does not need the presence of Portland
cement as a binder. Instead, the source of materials such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon (Si)
and Aluminium (Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder.
This project reports the details of development of the process of making fly ash-based
concrete. Due to the lack of knowledge and know-how of making of fly ash based concrete in the
published literature, this study adopted a rigorous trial and error process to develop the
technology of making, and to identify the salient parameters affecting the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. As far as possible, the technology that is currently in use to manufacture and
testing of ordinary Portland cement concrete were used.
Fly ash was chosen as the basic material to be activated by the geopolimerization process
to be the concrete binder, to totally replace the use of Portland cement. The binder is the only
difference to the ordinary Portland cement concrete. To activate the Silicon and Aluminium
content in fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution was
used.
Manufacturing process comprising material preparation, mixing, placing, compaction and
curing is reported in the thesis. Napthalene-based superplasticiser was found to be useful to
improve the workability of fresh fly ash-based concrete, as well as the addition of extra water.
The main parameters affecting the compressive strength of hardened fly ash-based concrete are
the curing temperature and curing time, The molar H2O-to-Na2O ratio, and mixing time.
Fresh fly ash-based concrete has been able to remain workable up to at least 120 minutes
without any sign of setting and without any degradation in the compressive strength. Providing a
rest period for fresh concrete after casting before the start of curing up to five days increased the
compressive strength of hardened concrete.
The elastic properties of hardened fly ash-based concrete, i,e. the modulus of elasticity,
the Poisson’s ratio, and the indirect tensile strength, are similar to those of ordinary Portland
cement concrete. The stress-strain relations of fly ash-based concrete fit well with the expression
developed for ordinary Portland cement concrete.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
1) The document discusses methods for designing high-performance concrete mixes, including the limitations of existing methods like ACI 211-1 which are intended for normal concrete.
2) It proposes a new simplified method that involves selecting the water-to-binder ratio, water content, superplasticizer dosage, coarse aggregate content, and entrained air content in sequence.
3) The key aspects of high-performance concrete that make existing mix design methods inadequate include the ability to independently control slump and water content using superplasticizers, and the need to satisfy requirements like low permeability and high durability in addition to high strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
1) The presentation summarizes a study on improving the stability of cold mix asphalt by adding polyfibre.
2) The objectives are to determine the optimum fibre content and evaluate the physical properties of aggregate, fibre and emulsion materials.
3) The methodology involves material selection, physical property tests, Marshall compaction tests to find optimum binder and fibre contents, and analysis to draw conclusions.
This document discusses flexural strength testing of materials. Flexural strength refers to a material's ability to resist deformation when bent or flexed. The flexural strength test involves placing a specimen on supports and applying a load at the center or at third points until failure. The flexural strength or modulus of rupture is calculated based on the maximum load at failure, and the dimensions and span of the specimen. Proper apparatus, loading rates, and procedures are required to accurately determine the flexural strength. Test results should report key details like specimen information, loading conditions, and failure mode.
Plastic as a soil stabilizer by yashwanth sagaryashwanth9611
This document summarizes a study on using plastic as a soil stabilizer. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on lateritic soil mixed with varying percentages of cut plastic strips. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests found that adding 0.4% plastic strips improved the 4-day soaked CBR value of the soil. Plate load tests also showed increased shear strength and load capacity with the addition of plastic. The results indicate that using plastic waste can enhance soil properties for road construction and provide an effective way to reuse non-degradable waste.
High performance concrete provides improved durability and structural capacity compared to conventional concrete. It has a denser microstructure due to a lower water-cement ratio, making it more impermeable and durable. Various methods can be used to produce high strength concrete, including seeding, revibration, and using admixtures. High performance concrete requires careful material selection and mixing to obtain properties like low permeability, high early strength, and resistance to chemical attack. It is an engineered concrete that achieves optimized performance for given loading and exposure conditions.
This document summarizes the forms, types, and properties of prestressing steel used in concrete structures. It discusses the following forms of prestressing steel: wires, strands, tendons, cables, and bars. The types include plain and indented wires, as well as different strand configurations. Properties covered include strength, stiffness, stress-strain behavior, relaxation over time, and codal requirements. Prestressing steel is engineered through processes like cold working and stress relieving to achieve high strength, ductility, and minimal relaxation loss over the life of the structure.
Common thumb rules for civil engineering worksNazeerBhatkar
Thumb Rules are very important for any civil engineer, Site engineer, or civil supervisor to obtain instant decisions on the construction site. Click here to read more
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
Steel fibre reinforced concrete samson adesope & yared aseffaSamsonFemiAdesope
Fibre has been in existence as far back as era ancient time, in the past the horsehair and straw were using in mudbrick. In early 1900s the use of asbestos fibre in concrete material was introduced but it has limitation due to its hazard on human health. In 1950s concept of composite material was adopted in concrete work in which fibre is one of the them but it has not been widely used nowadays as a reinforced material in concrete. In early 1960s in the United States, investigation was firstly made to assess the potential of steel fibres as a reinforcement for concrete. Ever since then, a series of researches have been performed on fibres which steel and glass are major considerations
Parametric study of rcc staging (support structure) for overhead water tanks ...Issar Kapadia
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) support structures for overhead water tanks according to Indian standards. It describes the components and types of overhead water tanks, including circular, rectangular, Intze, and spherical tanks. Circular tanks are commonly used for large capacities. The document outlines design requirements for liquid retaining structures to prevent cracking and stresses in steel and concrete. It examines two common types of support structures: hollow circular shafts and braced column staging. Design criteria are provided for column foundations, shaft-type staging, bracing and columns. Forces and moments on columns are also addressed. The conclusion compares different staging patterns and notes hollow circular shafts are vulnerable to earthquakes while frame-type staging experiences more base
This report summarizes a site visit to observe the construction of reinforced concrete slabs. Various slab types like one-way slabs, two-way slabs, and sunken slabs were observed. Reinforcement details like bent bars, distribution bars, and concrete cover were seen to match theoretical specifications. Questions about slab design and construction were answered on site. The visit confirmed that theoretical RCC knowledge was being properly implemented in practice.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
Rectangular and Circular underground water tank Maliha Mehr
Rectangular and Circular underground water tank comparison.
Brief comparison of properties of rectangular and circular underground water tank.
Mechanical, economical and ease of construction comparison.
The document presents a project proposal to study the performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available waste materials like foundry sand and fly ash. The objectives are to understand waste utilization and examine how RPC properties like strength and ductility are affected when mixed with these materials. A literature review found that foundry sand and fly ash can improve concrete strengths when substituted at certain percentages. The work plan outlines different mixes to be tested with varying replacement levels of foundry sand and fly ash. The project aims to provide insights into developing more sustainable RPC mixtures.
The document summarizes an industrial training report on the construction of a multistoried building. It describes two multistoried residential projects - Verna and Tana constructed by SI Property. Key details include the foundations using pile foundations and raft foundations, concrete mixes used, and reinforcement details of columns, beams and slabs. Amenities provided in the projects like parking, fitness center, kids play area are also mentioned. The report also provides information on new building materials seen during a visit to another project GIE Asteria, including Siporex blocks, Weber glue and fiberglass mesh.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
INVESTIGATION ON FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETESk Md Nayar
The use of Portland cement in concrete construction is under critical review due to high
amount of carbon dioxide gas released to the atmosphere during the production of cement. In
recent years, attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland
cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Most of this by-product material is currently
dumped in landfills, creating a threat to the environment.
Fly ash based concrete is a ‘new’ material that does not need the presence of Portland
cement as a binder. Instead, the source of materials such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon (Si)
and Aluminium (Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder.
This project reports the details of development of the process of making fly ash-based
concrete. Due to the lack of knowledge and know-how of making of fly ash based concrete in the
published literature, this study adopted a rigorous trial and error process to develop the
technology of making, and to identify the salient parameters affecting the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. As far as possible, the technology that is currently in use to manufacture and
testing of ordinary Portland cement concrete were used.
Fly ash was chosen as the basic material to be activated by the geopolimerization process
to be the concrete binder, to totally replace the use of Portland cement. The binder is the only
difference to the ordinary Portland cement concrete. To activate the Silicon and Aluminium
content in fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution was
used.
Manufacturing process comprising material preparation, mixing, placing, compaction and
curing is reported in the thesis. Napthalene-based superplasticiser was found to be useful to
improve the workability of fresh fly ash-based concrete, as well as the addition of extra water.
The main parameters affecting the compressive strength of hardened fly ash-based concrete are
the curing temperature and curing time, The molar H2O-to-Na2O ratio, and mixing time.
Fresh fly ash-based concrete has been able to remain workable up to at least 120 minutes
without any sign of setting and without any degradation in the compressive strength. Providing a
rest period for fresh concrete after casting before the start of curing up to five days increased the
compressive strength of hardened concrete.
The elastic properties of hardened fly ash-based concrete, i,e. the modulus of elasticity,
the Poisson’s ratio, and the indirect tensile strength, are similar to those of ordinary Portland
cement concrete. The stress-strain relations of fly ash-based concrete fit well with the expression
developed for ordinary Portland cement concrete.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
1) The document discusses methods for designing high-performance concrete mixes, including the limitations of existing methods like ACI 211-1 which are intended for normal concrete.
2) It proposes a new simplified method that involves selecting the water-to-binder ratio, water content, superplasticizer dosage, coarse aggregate content, and entrained air content in sequence.
3) The key aspects of high-performance concrete that make existing mix design methods inadequate include the ability to independently control slump and water content using superplasticizers, and the need to satisfy requirements like low permeability and high durability in addition to high strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
1) The presentation summarizes a study on improving the stability of cold mix asphalt by adding polyfibre.
2) The objectives are to determine the optimum fibre content and evaluate the physical properties of aggregate, fibre and emulsion materials.
3) The methodology involves material selection, physical property tests, Marshall compaction tests to find optimum binder and fibre contents, and analysis to draw conclusions.
Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumen for Ashpalt Mixtureijtsrd
Every nation depends upon exports and imports of goods and services. These goods and services are majorly done by the road ways. The idea of utilizing of Crumb rubber and glass fiber to enhance the properties and pavement performance of the selected asphalt mixtures. Crumb rubber and glass fiber with an additive dosage rate of 0.1 of binder content and 0.5 of aggregate content and increasing the stability and workability of bituminous mix. In order to improve the stability i.e. bonding between aggregates and pavement and pavement performance of asphalt mixtures, two varieties of admixtures Crumb rubber and glass fiber were selected and then combined. A series of tests about pavement performance of base asphalt mixtures and asphalt mixtures with admixture of Crumb rubber or glass fiber were conducted. 0, 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 , 0.4 and 0.5 Crumb rubber were added into base asphalt mixtures according to quality to evaluate the pavement performance and 0.5 ,1.0 ,1.5 ,2.0 . and were added into base asphalt mixtures. The performance of asphalt mixtures modified with the optimum content of Crumb rubber and glass fiber were tested to evaluate the improvement of stability at high temperature and enhance the materials strength and fatigue characteristics of above mixtures. These results show that the stability and strength and pavement performance of asphalt mixtures improve obviously. The problem of improving the asphalt mixtures performance with a single admixture is solved, in addition to also improving other pavement performance. D. Vamsikrishna | K. V. Manikanta ""Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumen for Ashpalt Mixture"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25125.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25125/tyre-rubber-modified-bitumen-for-ashpalt-mixture/d-vamsikrishna
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Strength Parameters of Concrete Made using Na...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength properties of concrete made with natural and artificial waste fibers. The study aimed to compare the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, durability, and workability of concrete containing different fiber types at 0.5% and 1% volume fractions. Materials tested included bagasse, banana, coir, glass, and plastic fibers. Results showed that fiber-reinforced concrete had higher strength properties than plain concrete and that strength generally increased with higher fiber content. Glass fiber concrete exhibited the highest strength while coir fiber concrete was the lowest but still stronger than plain concrete.
Studies on the mechanical and sorption properties of anacardiumAlexander Decker
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Modified bituminious mix prepared using natural fibre
1. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1
MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIX PREPARED USING NATURAL
FIBRE”
Prof. Hitesh A Patel
Department of civil
engineering
UVPCE, Ganpat University
+91 9913749491
E-mail:-
hitesh_jem@yahoo.co.in
Prof. Prashant K. Lalwani
Department of civil
engineering
UVPCE, Ganpat University
+91 999979674460
E-mail:-
prashant.lalwani86@gmail.com
Prof. Chandresh G Patel
Department of civil
engineering
UVPCE, Ganpat University
+91 9825799472
E-mail:-
chandresh.civil@gmail.com
Abstract: The SMA Technical Working Group of
FHWA defined SMA as “A gap graded aggregate
hot mix asphalt that maximizes the binder content
and coarse aggregate fraction and provides a stable
stone-on-stone skeleton that is held together by a
rich mixture of binder, filler and stabilizing
additives”. The present study is carried out with and
without natural fibre. Here, we can use the jute
fibre. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that
can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is
produced from plants in the genus Corchorus,
family Malvaceae. Different experiments were
conducted on bitumen with and without using fibre.
The results were analysized with the use of
Marshall Stability test. In addition to it cost analysis
was also done.
1. Introduction
Construction of highway involves huge outlay of
investment. A precise engineering design may save
considerable investment as well a reliable
performance of the in-service highway can be
achieved. SMA was developed in Germany in the
1960s by Zichner of the Straubag-Bau AG central
laboratory, to resist the damage caused by studded
tires.SMA is a gap graded mixture containing 70-
80% coarse aggregate of total aggregate mass, 6-7%
of binder, 8-12% of filler, and about 0.3-0.5% of
fibre or modifier. Brown and Manglorkar (1993)
reported that the traffic loads for SMA are carried by
the coarse aggregate particles instead of the fine
aggregate asphalt-mortar.
2. Objectives of the study
1) To carry out the experiments on bitumen
and aggregate to assess their qualities.
2) Design the bituminous mix with use of
natural fiber and without use of natural
fiber.
3) Conduct the Marshall Stability test for
evaluating properties of Bituminous Mix.
4) Carry out comparative analysis and Select
the best alternative.
5) Use of non-conventional natural fibre as
Coconut fibre and jute fibre instead of other
conventional fibre and to study how they
affect the various properties of mix.
3. Methodology of the Study
The Study is divided into five stages stretching over
the study period.
1) Testing of Bitumen for Bitumen Property
Checking.
2) Selection of Modifiers & Assessing their
Bituminous Property.
3) Preparing of Bituminous Modified Mix.
4) Assessing the Modified Bituminous Mix.
5) Comparative Review of Bituminous Mix
3.1 Chart of Mix Design
Mix Design
Marshall Test
Optimum
Binder Content
Conclusion
Result /
Analysis
Stability Flow
Marshall Test
Optimum
Binder Content
Bituminous MixModified
Bituminous
Mix
2. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 2
3.2 Methodology for Testing
Bituminous Materials are tested in accordance with
relevant IS codes & aggregates were tested for
suitability in Bituminous concrete show in table 1
and table 2 are as under below.
Table 1. Tests for Bitumen
Types of test Test method
Ductility Test IS: 1208-1978
Softening Point Test IS: 1205-1978
Specific gravity Test IS: 23869(Part III)
Penetration Test IS: 1203-1978
Flash and fire point Test IS: 1209-1978
Viscosity Test IS: 1206-1978
Table 2. Tests for Aggregate
Types of test Test method
Grading / Sieve Analysis IS:2386-1963(PART I)
Specific gravity Test IS:2386-1963(PART III)
Abrasion value Test IS:2386-1963(PART III)
Impact value Test IS:2386-1963(PART IV)
3.3 Marshall Stability Test
Before preparing the specimens for Marshall Test, it
is required that following steps.
Material proposed for use the gradation requirements
of the project specifications.
The blend combinations meet the gradation
requirements of the project specifications.
Therefore use in density and voids analysis the pulse
specific gravity of all aggregate
used in the blend and the specific gravity of asphalt
are determined.
1. Number of Specimen
At least three specimens are prepared for each
combination of aggregates and bitumen content.
2. Preparation of aggregate
Aggregate are dried to temperature at 1050ºC –
1100C and separation by dry sieving into desired size
fractions.
3. Sieve analysis of aggregates
Numbers of trials are done to fix the proportion of
different aggregate by sieve analysis. This portion is
very important in bitumen mix design.
4. Preparation of mixing and compaction
temperature
Bitumen is heated to about 1300C to 1450C so that
the water vapour present in it is evaporated. The
bitumen is mixed thoroughly with aggregates by
manually or mechanically.
5. Preparation of mould and hammer
Specimen mould and compaction hammer are
cleaned thoroughly and mould assembly is heated in
hot air oven to a temperature of about 1500C. A little
grease is applied to the mould before the mix is
placed in the mould.
6. Preparation of Specimen
The amount of each size of fraction required to
produce a mixed aggregate of 1200 Kg. as per
gradation is weighted. The required height of
specimen is 63.5±1 mm. aggregate and bitumen is
heated separately to the require temperatures. Then
bitumen is poured in aggregate as per requirement.
Then mixture is mixed till a uniform coating of
bitumen is obtained on aggregate. This is obtained at
about 1500C.
Compaction of the Specimen
Mould is assembled and a little grease is applied to
it. Mix is transferred into 3 layers and each layer
being tamped with spatula by 25 times. Then 75
blows are applied through manually electrically
operated compactor. Then same numbers of blows
are applied on the other side of mould. Then the
specimen is allowed to cool, once the specimen
comes to room temperature de-mould is carried out.
8. Application of water bath
Before testing mould on Marshall Apparatus, the
moulds are followed to keep in the water bath for 30
minutes at 600C. Mould should be tested within 3 to
4 minutes after taken out from water bath.
3. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 3
9. Finalizing the Sample
We made a final sample of the bituminous mix with
and without fibre.
4. Result and Discussion
4.1 Optimum Fibre Content
First we find the Optimum fibre content at the 5.5 %
of bituminous mix design of Marshall Stability test
Result. We take the 0.2 %, 0.3 %, 0.4 % fibre and
check the Stability, Density and Flow. In table 4 we
show that we get maximum stability and density at
the 0.3 % adding of Jute fibre. Hence we take 0.3 %
fibre and conducting the test at 5.0 %, 5.5 %, 6.0 %
and 6.5 % bituminous mix design without fibre, with
jute fibre. It is mentioned earlier that one type of
binders, namely 60/70 penetration grade bitumen
binder have been used in the SMA mixes with and
without coconut fibre, and jute fibre in this
investigation. The details result for bitumen test,
aggregate test , optimum fibre content and Marshall
Stability test are given as below.
Table 3. Results for Bitumen
Table 4. Results for Aggregate
Table 5. Results for Aggregate
Figure: - performing the experiment
4.2 Marshall Stability Test result
Tests were performed on different bitumen content
like 5%, 5.5%, 6% and 6.5%.
Tests results shown in following tables.
Property Test Value
Penetration 83 mm
Ductility >100 mm
Softening point 48.5
Flash Point 278
Specific Gravity 1.003
Ash content 0.5 - 0.8%
Pectin 0.2 - 0.5%
Property
Test
Value
Specific Gravity 2.65
Abrasion value 14.98
Impact value 14.71
Water absorption 0.5
Flakiness &
Elongation
26.79
S
r
n
o.
Bit
u
mi
no
us
%
Fi
br
e
%
Without fibre With Jute fibre
Stabil
ity
Den
sity
flo
w
Sta
bilit
y
Densit
y
flo
w
1 5.5 0.2 1012 2.32 2.8 118
2
2.34 2.7
2 5.5 0.3 1100 2.35 2.7 130
7
2.36 2.6
3 5.5 0.4 1040 2.33 2.9 122
0
2.35 2.5
4. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 4
Table 6. Results of Marshall Stability Test without fiber
Sr
.
N
o.
Bitumen
% By
Wt. of
Mix
(%)
Wt. of Specimen gms. Vol.
of
Specime
n
Bulk
Density
(Gmb)
Max.
Th.
Sp.Gr.
Air
Void
%
VMA
%
VFB
%
Stability
(Kg.)
Flow
value
Wt.
in
Air
Wt.
in
Water
Wt.
of
S.S.D
1 5
1211 701 1218 517 2.342
2.537 8.04 17.91 55.1
1117 2.5
1234 709 1240 531 2.324 1028 2.8
1211 700 1219 519 2.333 1077 2.6
2.333
1074 2.6
2 5.5
1220 707 1227 520 2.346
2.517 6.83 17.93 61.9
1257 2.9
1214 704 1221 517 2.348 1211 3.2
1229 712 1237 525 2.341 1189 3.1
2.345 1219 3.1
3 6
1211 708 1218 510 2.375
2.498 4.8 17.21 72.1
1315 3.5
1227 719 1235 516 2.378 1334 3.4
1221 716 1229 513 2.380 1361 3.8
2.378 1337 3.6
4 6.5
1215 708 1222 514 2.364
2.477 4.72 18.27 74.1
1260 4.4
1224 714 1232 518 2.363 1224 4.8
1210 705 1219 514 2.354 1236 4.4
2.360 1240 4.5
Table 7. Result of Marshall Stability Test with fiber:
Sr
.
N
o.
Bitumen
% By
Wt. of
Mix
(%)
Wt. of Specimen gms. Vol.
of
Specime
n
Bulk
Density
(Gmb)
Max.
Th.
Sp.Gr.
Air
Void
%
VMA
%
VFB
%
Stability
(Kg.)
Flow
value
Wt.
in
Air
Wt.
in
Water
Wt.
of
S.S.D
1 5
1211 701 1218 517 2.342
2.537 8.04 17.91 55.1
1117 2.5
1234 709 1240 531 2.324 1028 2.8
1211 700 1219 519 2.333 1077 2.6
2.333
1074 2.6
2 5.5
1220 707 1227 520 2.346
2.517 6.83 17.93 61.9
1257 2.9
1214 704 1221 517 2.348 1211 3.2
1229 712 1237 525 2.341 1189 3.1
2.345 1219 3.1
3 6
1211 708 1218 510 2.375
2.498 4.8 17.21 72.1
1315 3.5
1227 719 1235 516 2.378 1334 3.4
1221 716 1229 513 2.380 1361 3.8
2.378 1337 3.6
4 6.5
1215 708 1222 514 2.364
2.477 4.72 18.27 74.1
1260 4.4
1224 714 1232 518 2.363 1224 4.8
1210 705 1219 514 2.354 1236 4.4
2.360 1240 4.5
5. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 5
5. Cost Estimation
The cost estimation for the under mentioned project
road link (1km) have been calculated based on the
detailed quantities worked out for various items of
work to be executed in the project . The quantity for
preparing unit volume of Binder Course layers have
been worked out along with Rate analysis as per
R&B SOR 2008-09.
We propose the material used in binder course there
is about 2.19 % cost increase in SMA. In SMA using
jute fibre min cost is increase but we increase the
stability and density and decrease the air void.
6. Conclusion:-
It is observed that with increase in binder content the
Marshall Stability value increases up to certain
binder content and then decreases, like conventional
bituminous mixes. In general the Marshall stability is
found to be maximum for in addition of jute fibre as
compared to the without fibre. Marshall Stability also
found adding 0.3 % jute fibre in sample we get
maximum stability as compared to without fibre
mould.
The flow value increases with increase in binder
content and decreases with increase in stiffness of the
binder. When fibre is added to the mix, the flow
value further decreases as compared to normal Mix
without fibre.
The amount of air voids decreases with increase in
binder content in the mix. It also increases or
decreases depending on the percentage of fibre
content in the mix. The mix is observed to have the
lowest air voids at 0.3% fibre content in the mix.
The optimum binder content (OBC) of the mixes,
based on the Marshall test results taking 4% air voids
as the main criterion are observed to increase with
increase in stiffness of the binder.
References
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[2] Sayyed Mahdi Abtahi "Hybrid Reinforcement of
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[3] Abdelaziz mahrez "fatigue and deformation properties
of glass fiber reinforced". Journal of the Eastern Asia
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[4] G.N. Narlule "An experimental study of flexible
pavement by using crumb". International journal of pure.
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[5] Ami Gawande "Utilization of waste plastic in
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[6] Bindu C.S. "Waste plastic as a stabilizing additive in".
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[7] Debashish kar "A Laboratory study of bituminous
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Books
S.K., Khanna and C.E. Jasto , Highway Engg.
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S.C. Rangwala , Highway Engg , Anand: Charotar
Publication, 2007.