This document covers key concepts in modern algebra including equivalence relations, partial orders, functions, binary operations, permutation groups, cyclic groups, order of elements, cosets, Lagrange's theorem, normal subgroups, and quotient groups. It provides examples and definitions for each concept. Equivalence relations are defined as reflexive, symmetric, and transitive relations. Partial orders must also be antisymmetric. Functions can be one-to-one or onto. Binary operations satisfy closure and are demonstrated with examples. Permutation groups results are listed regarding even/odd permutations and inverses. Cyclic groups and the order of an element are discussed. Cosets and Lagrange's theorem relate the order of a group to the order of subgroups