The document defines models as recognizable 3D representations of real or abstract things or systems. Models can be used to enlarge small objects or reduce large objects so they can be observed. They can also demonstrate interior structures or movements clearly. There are several types of models: solid models replicate externals; cross-sectional models show internals; working models demonstrate functioning; and constructional models show how parts assemble. Models enhance learning by engaging multiple senses, saving time and effort, and helping recall. They make complex ideas simpler and applications clearer.

1. MODELS

2. DEFINITION
 ‘A Model is a recognizable
representation of real thing in 3D’.
 ‘It is a recognizable 3D
representation of real thing or an
abstract system’.

3. PURPOSE
 It can be used to reduce very large objects
and enlarge very small objects to a size
that can be observed and handled.
 It can be used to demonstrate the interior
structure of objects or system with a
clarity that is often not possible with 2D
representation.
 It can be used to demonstrate movements.

4.  It can be used to represent highly complex
situation or process in a simplified way.

5. TYPES OF MODELS
MODELS
SOLID MODEL
WORKING MODEL
CROSS SECTIONAL MODEL/
CUT A WAY MODEL
CONSTRUCTIONAL MODEL

6. 1. SOLID MODEL
 It is a replica of an original thing, made
with the same suitable material like clay,
plaster of Paris, wood, iron….ect
 It is used mainly for recognizing external
feature.
 Eg: globe
clay model of animal

8. 2.CROSS SECTIONAL MODEL
 It is the replica of the original thing to
show internal parts.
 These are cutaway models which are used
to enable the viewer to look into the inner
design and structure of system.
 It is difficult to make in the educational
institution. Because it need expertise
work.
 Eg: cross section of human body parts

11. 3.WORKING MODEL
 It is designed to show actual working of
organ or miniature of specific process.
 Various colours are also used to show
different parts and how various parts are
fitted to work or move together
 It is used to illustrate an operation or a
working of big projects.
 Eg: motor cycle pump

13. 4.CONSTRUCTIONAL MODELS
 These are the models which are
assembled and dissembled to show
relationship of parts to whole.
 Eg: construction model of a home

16. IMPORTANCE OF MODELS IN
TEACHING
 It enhance attention and interest of the
students.
 There is a use of maximum senses. so it
improve the level of understanding.
 It save time and effort.
 It helps to recall and fixing knowledge of
the students.

17.  It develop a scientific attitude to the
students.
 It will helps to provide a direct experience
to the students.
 It helps the teacher to improve the
activities of the students.

18. ADVANTAGES
 Models heighten the reality of things and
make learning direct and meaningful.
 Models illustrate the application side of
certain principles and laws.
 It explains the complex operations in a
simplified way and thus make
comprehension easier.
 Models are lasting and ultimately work out
to be cheaper teaching aid.
 It can be make with the help of discarded
materials like empty boxes, pins, clips,
clay……ect

19.  It is easy to handle.
 It involve the use of all senses and thus
make learning easier.

20. DISADVANTAGES
 It can’t be made in educational
institution.
 It needs experts to construct.
 It can give a wrong impression and
concept about the size of the real
thing.
 Some models can be expensive.
 It can’t be applicable for a large
population.
 It is usually too technical and time
consuming for the constructor to build.

21. THANK YOU