This document summarizes a research article that models and simulates a thermoelectric device that can operate as both a heat pump and electric generator under Mediterranean climate conditions. It presents performance curves for the device in both modes and estimates potential energy savings and payback period for using it in homes, schools, and offices in the Mediterranean region. The device utilizes solar energy through an evacuated tube collector to generate electricity when not needed for heating or cooling. The study investigates how device performance is affected by solar radiation, ambient conditions, and device parameters for both operating modes.
Energy and exergy analysis of air based photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector:...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar radiation directly to both electrical and thermal energies. A PVT collector basiccaly combines the functions of a flat plate solar collector and those of a PV panel. This review presents thermodinamics fundamentals, descriptions, and previous works conducted on energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collector. Studies in 2010 to 2018 of the energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collectors are summarized. The energy and exergy efficiency of air based PVT collector ranges from 31% to 94% and 8.7% to 18%, respectively. In addition, flat plate solar collector is presented. Studies conducted on air based PVT collectors are reviewed.
This paper presents the comparison temperature of thermoelectric (Tec1-12708) between the series circuit and parallel circuit by adjusting of water flow rate pump and electrical supplying to thermoelectric, The electrical voltage at 8,10 and 12 V, water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 0.025 kg/s. Experiments perform were 6 hours. The result from the researches, thermoelectric with parallel circuit high temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit. The parallel circuit of thermoelectric can work better than the series circuit in hot side. The different temperature hot side of parallel circuit with the electrical voltage at 8, 10 and 12 V water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s temperature average is 22.44 oC, 22.90 oC, 29.86 oC, and water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s temperature average is 20.67 oC, 26.66 oC, 27.69 oC. Thermoelectric with parallel circuit makes the higher temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit about 33%, 37%, 44% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 30%, 40%, 41% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
Experiment study of water based photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collectorIJECEIAES
Solar radiation can be converted to the electrical energy and thermal energy by photovoltaic panel and solar collector. In this experiment, PV/T collector was designed, fabricated and tested its performance. The experiment conducted on PV/T collector with water flow at mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s. The water flow with the stainless stell absorber help the PV/T collector in increasing the convection of thermal heat transfer. The power output increase with increase of radiation. The efficiency of PVT varies with different intensity of radiation which stated in this experiment for 750 W/m2 and 900 W/m2. The analysis of energy and exergy are excuted and results show energy output for water based PV/T collector are 346 W for solar radiation 700 W/m2 and 457 W for solar radiation 900 W/m2. Meanwhile the total exergy output compared to the PV panel without stainless stell absorber, which the exergy increased by 22.48% for 700 W/m2 and 20.87% for 900 W/m2.
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energypaperpublications3
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
Energy and exergy analysis of air based photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector:...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar radiation directly to both electrical and thermal energies. A PVT collector basiccaly combines the functions of a flat plate solar collector and those of a PV panel. This review presents thermodinamics fundamentals, descriptions, and previous works conducted on energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collector. Studies in 2010 to 2018 of the energy and exergy analysis of air based PVT collectors are summarized. The energy and exergy efficiency of air based PVT collector ranges from 31% to 94% and 8.7% to 18%, respectively. In addition, flat plate solar collector is presented. Studies conducted on air based PVT collectors are reviewed.
This paper presents the comparison temperature of thermoelectric (Tec1-12708) between the series circuit and parallel circuit by adjusting of water flow rate pump and electrical supplying to thermoelectric, The electrical voltage at 8,10 and 12 V, water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 0.025 kg/s. Experiments perform were 6 hours. The result from the researches, thermoelectric with parallel circuit high temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit. The parallel circuit of thermoelectric can work better than the series circuit in hot side. The different temperature hot side of parallel circuit with the electrical voltage at 8, 10 and 12 V water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s temperature average is 22.44 oC, 22.90 oC, 29.86 oC, and water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s temperature average is 20.67 oC, 26.66 oC, 27.69 oC. Thermoelectric with parallel circuit makes the higher temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit about 33%, 37%, 44% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 30%, 40%, 41% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s.
Iris Publishers- Journal of Engineering Sciences | Performance and Design Opt...IrisPublishers
The aim of this work is to optimize the design and performance of solar powered γ Stirling engine based on genetic algorithm (GA). A second-order mathematical model which includes thermal losses coupled with genetic algorithm GA has been developed and used to find the best values for different design variables. The physical geometry of the γ Stirling engine has been used as an objective variable in the genetic algorithm GA to determine the optimal parameters. The design geometry of the heat exchanger was considered to be the objective variable. The heater slots height, heater effective length, cooler slots height, cooler effective length, re-generator foil unrolled length and re-generator effective length are assumed to be the objective variables. Also, three different types of working fluids have been used in the model simulation to investigate the effect of the different working fluid on the engine performance. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation by using the original parameters and the results from the optimized parameters when the engine was powered by solar energy; the higher temperature was 923 K applied to the working fluid when the air, helium, and hydrogen were used as working fluid. The engine power increases from 140.58 watts to 228.54 watts, and it is enhanced by approximately 50%, when the heating temperature is 923 K and the air is used as working fluid. The result showed that the working temperature is one of the most important parameters; because the output power increases by increasing of the hot side temperature.
Experiment study of water based photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collectorIJECEIAES
Solar radiation can be converted to the electrical energy and thermal energy by photovoltaic panel and solar collector. In this experiment, PV/T collector was designed, fabricated and tested its performance. The experiment conducted on PV/T collector with water flow at mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s. The water flow with the stainless stell absorber help the PV/T collector in increasing the convection of thermal heat transfer. The power output increase with increase of radiation. The efficiency of PVT varies with different intensity of radiation which stated in this experiment for 750 W/m2 and 900 W/m2. The analysis of energy and exergy are excuted and results show energy output for water based PV/T collector are 346 W for solar radiation 700 W/m2 and 457 W for solar radiation 900 W/m2. Meanwhile the total exergy output compared to the PV panel without stainless stell absorber, which the exergy increased by 22.48% for 700 W/m2 and 20.87% for 900 W/m2.
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energypaperpublications3
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
A theoretical analysis on the performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented in this paper. The effect of different performance parameters such as output voltage, output current, output power, maximum power output, open circuit voltage, Seebeck co-efficient, electrical resistance, thermal conductance, figure of merit, efficiency, heat absorbed and heat removed based on maximum conversion and power efficiency have been analyzed by varying the hot side temperature up to 350oC and by varying the cold side temperature from 30oC to 150oC. The results showed that a maximum power output of 21.7 W has been obtained with the use of one hybrid thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of 320oC between the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator at matched load resistance. The figure of merit was found to be around 1.28 which makes its usage possible in the intermediate temperature (250oC to 350oC) applications such as heating of Biomass waste, heat from Biomass cook stoves or waste heat recovery etc. It is also observed that the hybrid thermoelectric generator offers superior performance over 250oC of the hot side temperature, compared to standard Bi2Te3 modules.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
This review presents various research and development, as well as design and performances of bifluid-based PVT systems. Moreover, the development of PVT system is a very promising area of research. PVT systems using in various applications, such as solar drying, solar cooling, water heating, desalination, and pool heating. With the recognition of the potentials and contributions of PV system, considerable research has been conducted to attain the most advancement which may produce reliable and sustainable PVT system. The cooling system’s design refers to the absorber design which mostly focuses on water and air-based PVT systems. An air-based system has been developed through different absorber configurations, air flow modes and single- or double-pass design. Bifluid-based PVT system is used to remove heat accumulated in a PV panel and reuses the waste heat (hot air and water) in an appropriate way. PV, thermal and PVT efficiencies of bifluid PVT systems were 6.6%-18.6%, 31%–90% and 60%-83%, respectively.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT), which is the popular technology for harvesting solar energy, receive solar energy and convert it into electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. In this review, design, heat transfer, energy modelling and performance analysis of PVT systems are presented. Four types of PVT systems base on heat transfer medium; air-based PVT system, water-based PVT system, the combination of water/air-based PVT system, and nanofluid-based PVT system are presented. In addition, major finding on energy and exergy analysis of PVT systems are summarized.
Energy efficiency in synchronous single-phase motors 220 (VAC) - 50 (Hz) PMSM...Ibar Federico Anderson
Taking into account the importance of the Energy Efficiency (EE), especially the one referring to the single-phase electric power, of domiciliary and commercial consumption. The problem of the environmental impact (carbon footprint) that is being generated, means an opportunity for the development of more efficient products in the consumption of electric energy (final objective). In clear orientation with this ethical line of Dis. Ind., We worked with our own Ecodesing methodology, focused on the fifth stage of life cycle analysis (LCA): efficient use of electric energy. The purpose was to develop a synchronous motor of type PMSM of 220 (volts), 50 (Hz) of alternating current (AC); to be used in fans, air conditioners and other cooling systems: air forcers, etcetera. The main result obtained was the reduction of 52% of the active power (W), without loss of speed (revolutions per minute) of the blades. As a final conclusion we can say that there was a saving of 58% consumption of active electric power (kWh).
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
A theoretical analysis on the performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented in this paper. The effect of different performance parameters such as output voltage, output current, output power, maximum power output, open circuit voltage, Seebeck co-efficient, electrical resistance, thermal conductance, figure of merit, efficiency, heat absorbed and heat removed based on maximum conversion and power efficiency have been analyzed by varying the hot side temperature up to 350oC and by varying the cold side temperature from 30oC to 150oC. The results showed that a maximum power output of 21.7 W has been obtained with the use of one hybrid thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of 320oC between the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator at matched load resistance. The figure of merit was found to be around 1.28 which makes its usage possible in the intermediate temperature (250oC to 350oC) applications such as heating of Biomass waste, heat from Biomass cook stoves or waste heat recovery etc. It is also observed that the hybrid thermoelectric generator offers superior performance over 250oC of the hot side temperature, compared to standard Bi2Te3 modules.
Solar air heater (SAH), which is the most essential component of solar drying systems, receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy. This review presents descriptions and previous works conducted on performances analysis of SAHs. Exergoenviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental, environmental, and exergy analyses are also presented. In addition, results on the performances of SAHs are summarized. The exergy and energy efficiencies of SAHs at laboratorium testing range from 8% to 61% and from 30% to 79%, respectively.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
This review presents various research and development, as well as design and performances of bifluid-based PVT systems. Moreover, the development of PVT system is a very promising area of research. PVT systems using in various applications, such as solar drying, solar cooling, water heating, desalination, and pool heating. With the recognition of the potentials and contributions of PV system, considerable research has been conducted to attain the most advancement which may produce reliable and sustainable PVT system. The cooling system’s design refers to the absorber design which mostly focuses on water and air-based PVT systems. An air-based system has been developed through different absorber configurations, air flow modes and single- or double-pass design. Bifluid-based PVT system is used to remove heat accumulated in a PV panel and reuses the waste heat (hot air and water) in an appropriate way. PV, thermal and PVT efficiencies of bifluid PVT systems were 6.6%-18.6%, 31%–90% and 60%-83%, respectively.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT), which is the popular technology for harvesting solar energy, receive solar energy and convert it into electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. In this review, design, heat transfer, energy modelling and performance analysis of PVT systems are presented. Four types of PVT systems base on heat transfer medium; air-based PVT system, water-based PVT system, the combination of water/air-based PVT system, and nanofluid-based PVT system are presented. In addition, major finding on energy and exergy analysis of PVT systems are summarized.
Energy efficiency in synchronous single-phase motors 220 (VAC) - 50 (Hz) PMSM...Ibar Federico Anderson
Taking into account the importance of the Energy Efficiency (EE), especially the one referring to the single-phase electric power, of domiciliary and commercial consumption. The problem of the environmental impact (carbon footprint) that is being generated, means an opportunity for the development of more efficient products in the consumption of electric energy (final objective). In clear orientation with this ethical line of Dis. Ind., We worked with our own Ecodesing methodology, focused on the fifth stage of life cycle analysis (LCA): efficient use of electric energy. The purpose was to develop a synchronous motor of type PMSM of 220 (volts), 50 (Hz) of alternating current (AC); to be used in fans, air conditioners and other cooling systems: air forcers, etcetera. The main result obtained was the reduction of 52% of the active power (W), without loss of speed (revolutions per minute) of the blades. As a final conclusion we can say that there was a saving of 58% consumption of active electric power (kWh).
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLSSughosh Deshmukh
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
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A design for a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) assembly with a water-cooled heat sink was
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would increase from 65 to 73 ◦C, when the solar irradiation increases from 500 to 960 W/m2
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and without cooling, respectively. Meanwhile, the output power increased from 35 to 55 W when
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The maximum cell temperature recorded for PV modules without cooling was in the middle of the
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This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
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Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming.. Scientists are focusing on enhancing energy-harvesting power generators in an effort to lessen their effects. Through the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have proven they are capable of converting thermal energy directly into electric power. Thermoelectric systems have arisen during the past ten years as a possible alternative to existing green energy generation technologies because of the distinctive advantages they provide.
Applications of thermoelectric modules on heat flow detectionISA Interchange
This paper presents quantitative analysis and practical scenarios of implementation of the thermoelectric module for heat flow detection. Mathematical models of the thermoelectric effects are derived to describe the heat flow from/to the detected media. It is observed that the amount of the heat flow through the thermoelectric module proportionally induces the conduction heat owing to the temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module. In turn, the Seebeck effect takes place in the thermoelectric module where the temperature difference is converted to the electric voltage. Hence, the heat flow from/to the detected media can be observed from both the amount and the polarity of the voltage across the thermoelectric module. Two experiments are demonstrated for viability of the proposed technique by the measurements of the heat flux through the building wall and thermal radiation from the outdoor environment during daytime.
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3. Researchers studied experimental and numerical models of
thermoelectric devices used for air heating and cooling. Better COP
(coefficients of performance) were recorded by Cosnier et al. [4],
Astrain et al. [5], and Riffat et al. [6].
Russel et al. tested the characteristics of a TEC (thermoelectric
cooling device) under different ambient conditions. Effects of
different parameters on the performance of the (TEC) device were
studied, those parameters included: the number of the thermo-
electric cooling elements, geometric factors, and the resistance of
the cold and hot junctions. Their results showed that the system
could run at the minimum power with minimum operating con-
ditions [7]. Yilbas and Sahin [8], investigated the integration of a
refrigerator with thermoelectric generator. The results exhibited
that the position of the thermoelectric generator in the middle of
the evaporator and condenser reduced the overall coefficient of
performance for the system, and the position in the middle of the
ambient and the condenser improved the overall coefficient of
performance of the system. Miranda et al. [9] modeled a thermo-
electric cooling device used for air conditioning. The results showed
the increase of the convection heat transfer coefficient by 10%. He
et al. [10] investigated thermoelectric heat pump considered in
heating and cooling modes. Photovoltaic/thermal system used to
provide electrical power to the thermoelectric heat pump and
thermal power used for domestic water heating. The investiga-
tional results revealed that the coefficient of performance of the
thermoelectric heat pump was greater than 0.45 and the water
temperature of the storage tank was approximately 9 C. Shen et al.
[11] modeled and examined an innovative thermoelectric heat
pump. The results have shown that the coefficient of performance
of the thermoelectric heat pump was close to that in traditional air
conditioner and radiant air conditioner, but its cost is higher. Zhao
et al. [12] investigated the integration of both phase change ma-
terial as heat storing system and thermoelectric cooler. The results
exhibited that the coefficient of performance was in the range of
0.87e1.22 and the phase change material reduced the electricity
consumption by 35.3%.
Zhang et al. [13], Zheng et al. [14], and He et al. [15] designed
thermoelectric systems in which solar collectors were integrated for
double functions: the first was Electricity Generation and the second
was Water Heating. Their results showed that integrating thermo-
electric devices with solar collectors was economically feasible, and
such integration could be used for large-scale applications. These
studies also revealed the relationships between the electrical and
thermal efficiencies with solar radiation, number of thermoelectric
elements, water temperature, and ambient temperature.
Kinsella et al. [16] studied a thermoelectric device to generate
electricity used to charge a battery. Krishna et al. [17] simulated a
thermoelectric generator and a photovoltaic module using MAT-
LAB. Their system was designed to harvest thermal energy rejected
from car engines and reuse it for air heating, air-cooling, lighting,
and charging the battery.
Montecucco and Knox [3], Rezania et al. [18], and Kraemer et al.
[19] modeled and simulated a thermoelectric device to produce
electricity with maximum power output. Both electrical and ther-
mal models were simulated. Their results showed that the simu-
lation results were close to experimental records for the (TEGs).
They also showed that the maximum power generation could be
achieved at various thermal and electrical resistance values.
Lesage et al. [20], Nia et al. [21], and Date et al. [22] designed
thermoelectric generators, which utilized solar energy as a source
for electricity generation. Their results showed the relationship
between the optimum load and the maximum output power. They
also showed that the thermoelectric generator was a promising
technology for power generation from renewable energy sources
rather than fossil fuels.
Martinez et al. [23] presented a thermoelectric generator, which
could be cooled by itself without the need for extra electrical po-
wer. Their results showed that thermoelectric self-cooling systems
could work as temperature controllers.
Francis et al. [24] simulated a refrigeration thermoelectric de-
vice at different working conditions using MATLAB. Their results
showed that the COP was affected by the temperature difference
between the heat sink and the heat source; hence, the COP was
maximized when the temperature difference was minimized.
Maneewan et al. [25] simulated the combination of a thermo-
electric generator with a solar collector installed on a rooftop in
order to reduce an attic heat gain. The proposed system generated
enough electricity to run a fan used to cool the system and
Nomenclature
TH hot side temperature of thermoelectric device, K
TL cold side temperature of thermoelectric device, K
A cross sectional area of thermoelectric module, cm
L length of thermoelectric module, cm
QC cooling capacity of thermoelectric heat pump, W
N number of modules, N
a Seebeck factor for thermoelectric element, V/K
aT total Seebeck factor for the module, V/K
I electrical current, A
R electrical resistance of thermoelectric module, U
PINH input electrical power for heating, W
PINC input electrical power for cooling, W
n number of thermoelectric elements, n
Ta ambient temperature, K
Qh heating capacity for thermoelectric heat pump, W
COPH coefficient of performance for heating, COPH
K thermal conductance of thermoelectric module, W/K
Pout output power from thermoelectric generator, W
QH absorbed heat at hot side of thermoelectric generator,
W
V voltage difference between hot and cold sides of
thermoelectric device, V
PELEC output electrical power from thermoelectric generator,
W
QL absorbed heat at cold side of thermoelectric generator,
W
RL load resistance of thermoelectric generator, U
h thermoelectric generator efficiency, %
Ai surface area of internal tube, m2
Re Reynolds number, Re
V air velocity, m/s
r air density, kg/m3
m dynamic viscosity of the air, N s/m2
hia convection heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2
K)
Nu Nusselt number, Nu
k thermal conductivity of the air, W/(m K)
Qth absorbed heat by thermoelectric generator, W
Aabs absorption area of solar collector, m2
G solar radiation, W/m2
hthermal thermal efficiency of evacuated tube solar collector
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e122
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
4. minimize the ceiling heat addition. The results showed that the
saved electricity per year was 362-kWh and the payback period of
the system was 4.36-years.
Singh et al. [26] designed a thermoelectric generator combined
with thermos-syphon to produce electric power. The temperature
difference between the hot and the cold junctions was in the range
of (40e60)-C. The results showed that the system could generate
electric power from low temperature difference, especially when it
was used in rural areas.
Tayebia et al. [27] studied and optimized a micro fabricated
thermoelectric generator made from thin film. The results revealed
that this kind of fabrication could give an efficiency competitive
with the traditional one and a fewer intermittent as an energy
source. Hadjistassou et al. [28] proposed a model to develop the
optimal efficiency of thermoelectric generator. The model was valid
for temperature range from 298 K to 623 K. The Results exhibited
that the suggested model had the maximum efficiency of 5.29% at a
temperature difference of 324.6 K. Yusop et al. [29] studied a model
of hybrid thermoelectric generator with solar energy. The shaping
method dependent on the exponential function of reverse dynamic
study was used in order to stabilize the electrical voltage. The re-
sults exhibited that the suggested method would be applied in
order to track the thermoelectric module performance. Attia et al.
[30] designed the low temperature difference of thermoelectric
generator used for small power generation. The investigational
results showed that the typical thermoelectric generator could
produce the highest power. Fisac et al. [31] studied the integration
of thermoelectric modules with photovoltaic modules in order to
cool the back side of the photovoltaic modules and increase their
efficiency. In the mean while, the temperature absorbed by ther-
moelectric device was used to produce electricity. As a result, the
total electrical energy production from the system was increased.
Raghavendran and Asokan [32] simulated an analytical model of
thermoelectric generator with battery that assisted the medicinal
server. The suggested model used the maximum power point
tracker in order to get the peak power from the system. The results
showed that the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator was
improved with the tracking system.
This paper presents modeling and simulation of a thermoelec-
tric device used as a power generator (TEG) and as a heat pump for
cooling and heating. The thermoelectric system will be functional
as a power generator when air conditioning is not needed. Using
thermoelectric devices for those two purposes under Mediterra-
nean climate is very advantageous. This system is used to generate
electricity when there are moderate weather conditions like those
in spring and autumn. In this time of year there is no need for air
conditioning since the temperature is near the thermal comfort
level. In addition, it can operate as a power generator when the
space is unoccupied by residents like in vacations or off days and
after working hours.
2. System overview
2.1. Components and mechanism
Referring to Fig. 1, the system consists of an evacuated tube solar
collector (A), which receives solar radiation and converts it into
thermal energy transferred to the thermoelectric generator (D) to
generate power during its power generation mode. Then, this
generated power is transferred to the battery (E) to be stored.
During the heat-pumping mode, electric power is provided by an
AC source (B), then it is converted into DC and supplied to the
thermoelectric device (D) by a DC source (C). The thermoelectric
device (D) converts electric energy into thermal energy, which is
used to change the air temperature of the space (F) using a fan. This
fan is also used to circulate air around the cold junction in order to
extract rejected heat in the power generation mode.
In addition to the mentioned components, there are two more
components: the first one is the MPPT (maximum power point
tracker), which is a type of a control system that works on calcu-
lating the output current and voltage from the TEG (thermoelectric
generator). This will change the duty cycle of the converter to
maintain the output power to its maximum. The second compo-
nent is the fan controller, which calculates the speed and the cur-
rent of the fan to control the speed.
The studied system contains 18 thermoelectric modules and 18
evacuated tubes.
2.2. The heat pump
When the ambient temperature is low and falls in the range of
(0e19)-C, the thermoelectric system will be functioning as a heat
pump. Under these conditions, the system is used for space heating,
and electric power is drawn from the DC source to create a tem-
perature gradient across the junctions. Heat is then transferred into
the space e which acts as a heat sink-using the fan.
The system will also be functioning as a heat pump when the
ambient temperature is high and falls in the range of (26e35)-C.
Under these conditions, the system is used for space cooling; this
can happen by reversing the direction of the direct current. This
implies that the thermoelectric device will start cooling the air
instead of heating it.
2.3. Electricity generator
The thermoelectric system will be functioning as a power
generator when the ambient temperature is moderate and space
heating or cooling is not necessary. Under these conditions, the
solar thermal collector absorbs solar radiation to heat water. This
water will be circulating to act as a heat source for the (TEG), and it
will be stored in a tank to be used in other domestic applications.
The cold junction's temperature can be controlled by exposing it to
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the system. (A) Evacuated Tube Solar Collector. (B) AC
Source. (C) DC Source. (D) Thermoelectric Device. (E) Battery. (F) Space to be
conditioned.
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e12 3
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
5. outdoor ambient temperature, or by utilizing any other cold
reservoir like geothermal cold-water sources such as water wells.
3. Modeling and simulation
3.1. Heat pump model
A simple model is proposed for the thermoelectric device, which
is valid for all geometries. The heat balance equations are applied
on both the hot and cold sides.
3.1.1. Assumptions
The thermal conductivity (k), electrical conductivity (s), and the
Seebeck factor (a) are constants and temperature independent.
They are found at the average temperature between the hot and
cold junctions.
The model is valid for one or many pairs of legs and several
modules of thermoelectric devices according to reference [7].
The value of the hot side temperature is higher than the ambient
temperature, and the cold side temperature is below the
ambient temperature according to reference [6].
3.1.2. Governing equations
The system as a cooler is described by the following set of
equations:
TH ¼ Ta þ 13 (1)
K ¼
kA
L
(2)
aT ¼ na (3)
TH ¼
L
As
(4)
QC ¼ N
aT ITL À KðTH À TLÞ À 0:5RI2
(5)
PINC ¼ N
aT IðTH À TLÞ þ RI2
(6)
COPC ¼
QC
PINC
(7)
The above equations are valid for one module with one or many
pairs of legs and several thermoelectric modules. Equation (2) is
based on the assumption that the hot side temperature is higher
than the ambient temperature.
The heat balance at the hot or the cold junctions refers to three
main heat sources: (A) Joule Heat. (B) Conduction Heat. (C) Peltier
Heat Pumping. The Joule Heat means that the current flows to
produce a resistance along the thermoelectric module. The Con-
duction Heat occurs when heat is transferred from the hot junction
to the cold junction across the module. The Peltier effect Heat
Pumping is when heat is absorbed by one junction and released
from the other junction.
The performance of the thermoelectric system as a heat pump is
described by the COP (coefficient of performance). The COP is
defined as the fraction of useful thermal heat, which is absorbed or
released to the provided electric work.
To describe the system as a heater, the following set of equations
are used in addition to equations (2)e(4) [34]:
TH ¼ Ta À 3 (8)
QH ¼ N
aT ITH À KðTH À TLÞ þ 0:5RI2
(9)
PINC ¼ N
aT IðTH À TLÞ þ RI2
(10)
COPH ¼
QH
PINC
(11)
Equation (8) is based on the assumption that the cold side
temperature is below the ambient temperature.
3.2. Thermoelectric generator model
3.2.1. Assumptions
The system isrunning under moderateweatherconditions(Spring
and Autumn), or when there are no occupants in the space.
The thermal conductivity (k), electrical conductivity (s), and the
Seebeck factor (a) are constants and temperature independent.
They are found at the average temperature between the hot and
cold junctions.
3.2.2. Governing equations
QH ¼ N
aT ITH þ KðTH À TLÞ À 0:5RI2
(12)
QC ¼ N
aT ITL þ KðTH À TLÞ þ 0:5RI2
(13)
Pout ¼ QH À QL (14)
I ¼
nfðTH À TLÞ
R þ RL
(15)
V ¼ NðnfðTH À TLÞ À IRÞ (16)
Pelectric ¼
NðnfðTH À TLÞÞ2
4R
(17)
h ¼
Pout
QH
(18)
3.3. Evacuated tube solar collector model
A simple thermal analysis is used to describe the output of the
evacuated tube solar collector. The purpose of using the model is to
predict the temperatures of the hot and the cold sides of the
thermoelectric generator. The model is similar to the one found in
reference [33].
Re ¼
rVDi
m
(19)
Nu ¼ 0:3Re0:6
(20)
hia ¼
Nuk
Di
(21)
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e124
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
6. Fig. 3. Building block diagram of the thermoelectric air cooler heat pump, (Cooling Mode) in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Fig. 2. Building block diagram of the thermoelectric air heater heat pump, (Heating Mode) in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e12 5
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
7. Rth ¼
1
hiaAi
(22)
Qth ¼
GAabshth
N
(23)
TL ¼ Ta þ
GAabshth
N
Rth (24)
TH ¼ Ta þ
GAabshth
N
ðRth þ RÞ (25)
3.4. Simulation
3.4.1. Heat pump
Fig. 2 presents a building block diagram of the thermoelectric
heat pump in heating mode. This diagram is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
The inputs for the heating mode simulation are the hot
side temperature, the ambient temperature, and the elec-
tric current. The outputs of the simulation are the cold side
temperature, the heating capacity, and the coefficient of
performance.
Fig. 3 shows a complete building block diagram of the ther-
moelectric heat pump (cooling mode). This diagram is simulated
using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Inputs for the cooling mode are the ambient temperature, the
cold side temperature, and the electric current. The outputs of the
simulation are the hot side temperature, the cooling capacity, and
the coefficient of performance.
Fig. 4 shows a flow chart designed for the system simulation as a
heat pump (Cooling and Heating modes). Programming of the
simulation is based on this flow chart.
3.4.2. Thermoelectric generator
Fig. 5 shows a complete building block diagram of the ther-
moelectric generator. This diagram is simulated using MATLAB/
SIMULINK environment.
Fig. 4. Flow chart for the heat pump simulation algorithm.
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8. The inputs for the power generation mode are the weather
conditions for Irbid city in Jordan. The outputs of the simulation are
the useful heat absorbed by the thermoelectric device, the tem-
peratures of the hot and the cold sides, the voltage difference, the
electric current, the power, and the efficiency.
Fig. 6 shows a flow chart designed for the system simulation as a
power generator. Programming of the simulation is based on this
flow chart.
3.5. Selected parameters
3.5.1. Thermoelectric module
The physical specifications of the selected thermoelectric
module are shown in Table 1, whereas the electrical and thermal
specifications of the thermoelectric module are shown in Table 2.
3.5.2. Evacuated tube solar collector
Table 3 shows the geometrical specifications of the evacuated
tube solar collector selected for this study.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Heat pump
4.1.1. Heating mode
Fig. 7 shows the electrical current variation with the electrical
input power. It is noticed that as the electrical current increases the
input power increases and reaches its peak value of 2208 W at the
maximum current value of 10 A. In addition, it is noticed that the
coefficient of performance reaches its maximum value of 3.8 when
the electrical current is low. The coefficient of performance
decreases and reaches its minimum value of 1.26 when the electric
current increases and reaches its maximum value of 10 A.
Fig. 8 shows the relationship between the electric power input
with the heating capacity and the coefficient of performance for
heating mode. It is noticed that when the input power is low, the
coefficient of performance reaches its maximum value. The coeffi-
cient of performance decreases to its minimum value as the elec-
trical power increases to its peak point. Furthermore, it can be
noticed that when the electrical input power to the heat pump
increases, the heating capacity also increases. Accordingly, the
thermoelectric heat pump can operate at the maximum coefficient
of performance with low input power, but the heating capacity is
low and will not be sufficient for the intended purpose.
Fig. 9 shows the relationship between the heating capacity and
input power of the thermoelectric heat pump with the hot side
junction temperature. It is concluded that the hot side temperature
increases when the heating capacity and input electrical power
increase.
4.1.2. Cooling mode
Fig. 10 shows the coefficient of performance as a function of the
input power and the cooling capacity. It is noticed that the coeffi-
cient of performance reaches its maximum value of 2.35 when the
power input is low. The coefficient of performance decreases to its
minimum value at the input power's peak value, and the cooling
capacity increases to its maximum value.
Fig. 11 shows the relationship between the electric current with
coefficient of performance and cooling capacity. When the elec-
trical current is low, the coefficient of performance is high. The
coefficient of performance decreases to its minimum value of 0.38
when the electric current is in its maximum value of 8.5 A. The
cooling capacity also increases to its peak value of 626 W.
Fig. 5. Building block diagram for the thermoelectric generator (TEG) in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e12 7
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
9. Fig. 6. Flow chart for the power generator simulation algorithm.
Table 1
Physical specifications of the thermoelectric module that have been chosen for this
study, [35].
Physical properties Value Unit
Length 6.27 cm
Width 6.27 cm
Area 39.31 cm2
Number of thermocouples 97 N
Table 2
Electrical and thermal specifications of the thermoelectric module, which has been
chosen for this study, [35].
Property Value Unit
Power 9 W
Load voltage 3.28 V
Internal resistance 1.15 U
Current 2.9 A
Open circuit voltage 6.5 V
Efficiency at 200
C temperature difference 4.5 %
Thermal conductivity 0.018 W/(cm K)
Heat flux 5.52 W/cm2
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generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
10. Fig. 12 shows the relationships between the cold side junction
temperature with input electrical power and cooling capacity. It is
noticed that the needed input power increases when the cold side
temperature increases. This is explained by the increase in the
cooling capacity needed to cool the ambient at relatively high
temperature of the cold side.
4.2. Power generator
Fig. 13 shows the relationship between the cold and hot junc-
tions temperatures and the absorbed heat. It is noticed that the hot
side temperature increases to its maximum value of 433.8 K when
the absorbed heat reaches its peak value of 845.9 W in addition, the
cold side temperature increases by conduction to its maximum
value of 359.8 K.
Table 3
Geometrical specifications of the evacuated tube solar collector, which was selected
for this study, [13].
Geometrical properties Value Unit
Outer glass tube diameter 0.07 M
Inner tube diameter 0.058 M
Length of the tube 1.95 M
Number of tubes 18 N
Number of solar collectors 1 N
Fig. 7. The relationship between the coefficient of performance and the input power
with the electric current.
Fig. 8. The relationship between the coefficient of performance and the heating ca-
pacity with the input power.
Fig. 9. The relationship between the heating capacity and the input power with the
hot side temperature.
Fig. 10. The relationship between the coefficient of performance and the cooling ca-
pacity with the input power.
Fig. 11. The relationship between the coefficient of performance and the cooling ca-
pacity with the electric current.
Fig. 12. The relationship between the input power and the cooling capacity with the
cold side temperature.
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e12 9
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
11. The difference in temperature is an important factor since it
plays a significant role in generating the output power from the
thermoelectric generator. When the difference in temperature in-
creases, the electrical current and the power generation increase to
their maximum points of 1.027 A and 21.85 W; respectively at the
maximum temperature difference value of 74 C, as shown in
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15 describes the relationship between the generated electric
power and the total heat absorbed by the thermoelectric generator,
with the efficiency of thermoelectric generator. It can be seen that
the heat absorbed by the thermoelectric generator increases to a
high temperature of the hot side junction, leading to an increase in
the output power and generator efficiency; respectively. The
maximum thermoelectric generator efficiency is 2.58%.
4.3. Energy calculations
Tables 4 and 5 show the energy calculations results for the
system as a heat pump and as a generator under Summer and
Winter conditions; respectively.
It can be seen that the thermoelectric generator contributes in
low percentage of the energy consumption reduction from the heat
pump. This percentage is acceptable since using the device for
electricity generation is a secondary purpose. In addition, the
thermoelectric generator can be fully operated when there is no
need for the heat pump in Autumn and Spring seasons.
As can be seen from these Tables 6e8, the thermoelectric
generator saves 19% of energy consumption from the heat pump in
both heating and cooling mode throughout the year in the typical
school building. Furthermore, the thermoelectric generator saves
8% of energy consumption from the heat pump in both heating and
cooling modes throughout the year in the typical office building.
The thermoelectric generator saves 6% of energy consumption from
the heat pump in both heating and cooling mode throughout the
year in the typical home building.
4.4. Summary of the results
The results of the thermoelectric heat pump (cooling mode)
simulation are shown in Figs. 10e12. The calculated coefficient of
performance for cooling was 0.48 for a current of 7.5 A. Input power
was 1285 W and the cooling capacity was 618.94 W. Similarly, the
results of thermoelectric heat pump (heating mode) are shown
in Figs. 7e9. The calculated coefficient of performance for heating
was 1.46 for a current of 7.5 A. Input power was 1268 W and the
heating capacity was 1860.4 W.
The results of the thermoelectric generator were obtained and
revealed that the saved energy was 9.9% of the energy consumption
from the thermoelectric heat pump (cooling mode), 7.7% of the
energy consumption from the thermoelectric heat pump (heating
mode), and 4.3% of the total energy consumption of the heat pump
for one year.
5. Economic analysis
An economic study is carried out and presented in this paper.
The lifetime of the thermoelectric device is known to be 20-years.
The device includes 18 thermoelectric modules which are con-
nected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The total area
of the system is 0.0708 m2
. The initial investment includes the costs
Fig. 14. The relationship between the electric current and the temperature different
with the electric power output.
Fig. 15. The relationship between the absorbed heat and the electric power output
with the thermoelectric generator efficiency.
Table 4
Different operating conditions for the heat pump and the thermoelectric generator in summer.
The percentage of operation hours for the heat pump (Cooling Mode) 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Energy consumption from the heat pump (kWh) 3.084 6.168 9.252 12.336 15.420
The percentage of day light operation hours (%) 0 10 10, 20 10, 20, 30 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
Energy production by thermoelectric generator (kWh) 0 0.025 0.025, 0.05 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 0.025, 0.050 0.075, 0.100 0.125
The percentage of thermoelectric generator energy production from heat
pump energy consumption (%)
0 4 3, 5.4 2, 4, 6 1.6, 3.2, 4.9, 6.4, 8.1
Fig. 13. The relationship between the hot side temperature and the cold side tem-
perature with the absorbed heat.
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12. of the thermoelectric device with the fan, the maximum point
power tracker and the battery. Maintenance costs are assumed to
be neglected.
The annual energy production was 42 kWh for the maximum
temperature difference between the both sides of 74 C. The annual
energy production became 70 kWh when the maximum temper-
ature difference between the two sides became 94 C. The gener-
ated energy from this device is used to charge a small battery,
which can be used for household applications.
6. Closing summary
Modeling of a small thermoelectric system integrated with an
evacuated tube solar collector used for heating, cooling and elec-
tricity generation is studied and simulated using MATLAB. This study
includes mathematical modeling of the system's behavior, simula-
tion procedures, energy calculations, and an economic analysis.
Performance curves describing the system operating as a heat
pump (heating and cooling) and as an electricity generator are
obtained. The curves show the relationship between many
different variables. In addition, different tables are presented to
show results of the energy calculations and the economic study
(Tables 9 and 10).
The studied system operates as a heat pump (cooling mode)
when the temperature difference between the hot and cold junc-
tions is 28 C. The calculated values of the coefficient of perfor-
mance varied in the range of 0.38e2.35.
Table 7
Comparison of energy consumption from thermoelectric heat pump and energy production by thermoelectric generator in an office building in Jordan (Case Study).
Months of the year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
Days of the work 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 264
Operation hours 8 8 0 0 0 8 0 8 0 0 0 8 40
Energy consumption (kWh) 185 213 0 0 0 577 0 137 0 0 0 275 868
Holydays, spring and autumn days 6 6 30 30 30 12 30 6 30 30 30 6 246
After work hours 48 48 0 0 0 48 0 48 0 0 0 48 159
Energy production (kWh) 2 2 6 7 9 6 12 2.8 7 6 5 2 72
Energy saving (%) 1 1 e e e 11 e 2 e e e 1 8
Table 8
Comparison of energy consumption from thermoelectric heat pump and energy production by thermoelectric generator in a typical home building in Jordan (Case Study).
Months of the year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
Days of the work 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 365
Operation hours for heat pump (H C) M 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 8 0 0 0 8 40
Energy consumption from the heat pump (kWh) 231 266 171 231 171 0 0 0 344 125
Holydays, spring and autumn days 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
During work hours 5 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 5 34
Energy production by generator (kWh) 4. 5 6 7 9 5 6 4 7 6 5 4 74
Energy saving by thermoelectric generator (%) 2 2 e e e 8 4 3 e e e 1 6
Table 9
Capital cost of thermoelectric device components, [36].
Item No. of units One unit
price (JOD)
Total
price (JOD)
Thermoelectric modules 18 6 108
Small cooling fan 1 4 4
Electric battery 1 4 4
Fan controller 1 2 2
Maximum power point tracker 1 20 20
Sum e e 138
Table 6
Comparison of energy consumption from thermoelectric heat pump and energy production by thermoelectric generator in a typical school in Jordan (Case Study).
Months of the year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
Days of the work 5 15 23 22 22 18 0 11 22 17 21 25 201
Operation hours 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 30
Energy cons. (kWh) 28.9 99.9 0 0 0 32.5 0 47.1 0 0 0 215 423.7
Holydays, spring and autumn days 25 15 30 30 30 12 30 19 30 30 30 5 286
After work hours 10 45 0 0 0 10 0 44 0 0 0 50 159
Energy prod.(kWh) 4.20 3.99 6.5 7.7 9.5 6.95 12. 6.38 7.5 6.6 5.7 2.1 80.02
Energy saving (%) 15 4 e e e 21 e 14 e e e 1 19
Table 5
Different operating conditions for the heat pump and the thermoelectric generator in winter.
The percentage of operation hours for the heat pump (Heating Mode) 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Energy consumption from the heat pump (kWh) 3.04 6.086 9.130 12.173 15.216
The percentage of day light operation hours of the
thermoelectric generator (%)
0 0.0175 0.0175, 0.0341 0.0175, 0.0341, 0.052 0.0175, 0.0341, 0.052,
0.0691, 0.087
Energy production from thermoelectric generator (kWh) 0 0.0175 0.0175, 0.0341 0.0175, 0.0341, 0.052 0.0175, 0.0341, 0.052
0.0691, 0.087
The percentage of thermoelectric generator energy production
from heat pump energy consumption (%)
0 2.9 1.9, 3.8 1.4, 2.9, 4.3 1.2, 2.3, 3.5, 4.6, 5.8
M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Energy xxx (2015) 1e12 11
Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090
13. Similarly, the system operated as a heat pump (heating mode)
when temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions is
24 C. The calculated values of the coefficient of performance varied
in the range of 1.26e3.8.
The electricity generation performance of the thermoelectric
device, including the evacuated tube solar collector attached to the
hot side was also investigated. Factors, such as the output power,
the current, and the temperature difference were studied.
The potential of energy saving, as a result of implementing the
electricity generation mode system, has been estimated in three
cases: typical home, typical school and typical office building in the
region. Operating the thermoelectric system in its dual mode will
yield the following average percentages in energy saving over the
year: 19% in typical school, 6% in the typical home and 8% in typical
office building.
In conclusion, this system is satisfactory when used under
Mediterranean weather conditions. The main purpose of the ther-
moelectric system is to be primarily used as a heat pump (heating
and cooling). Using the same system as a power generator is a
secondary purpose. The expected payback period for the system is
14 years.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to than Mr. Dahdolan, Moh'd-Eslam for
his effort in editing the manuscript.
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Table 10
Results of economic analysis for thermoelectric device.
Interest rate (%) BCR NPV(JOD) PBP (Yr)
Life time of the system
5 10 15 20
5 1.42 À89
À40 9.18
58.5 14
6 1.29 À90
À45 À1.46
40.1 15.17
7 1.17 À92
À49.5 À11
24.1 16.5
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Please cite this article in press as: Al-Nimr MA, et al., Modeling and simulation of thermoelectric device working as a heat pump and an electric
generator under Mediterranean climate, Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.090