The document describes a study that used Aspen Plus software to model and simulate the pyrolysis process of beech wood. The model represented the pyrolysis reactor as a non-stoichiometric reactor (RYield) that decomposed the wood into solid, liquid, and gas products based on the wood's composition. The simulation was run at temperatures from 400-600°C and particle sizes from 1.6-2.0 mm. The results showed that carbon dioxide yield from gaseous products decreased with increasing temperature, while carbon monoxide and methane increased. Liquid products like acetic acid were affected more at temperatures over 500°C. The model was validated by comparing results to experimental data, with less than 1%
Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio oil and chemicals -an overview march 2019Souman Rudra
Introduction to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of biomass, History of HTL technology, HTL biocrude calculation, HTL Vs pyrolysis, Activities on HTL in the University of Agder.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM WASTE HDPE PLASTICS AND OPTIMIZING PARAMETERSIAEME Publication
In my research of fuel production through waste HDPE and plastic with the help of plastic to catalyst ratio as a catalyst in that first of all i prepare a mild steel closed air tight vessel having a lid on the top of it along with the hole which is attached by a long galvanize steel pipe then I filled the container up ¾ of its height with the waste plastic and polythene then by using external source of heater temperature of closed chamber is arises up to 300o C-450o C from room temperature on which the pyrolysis takes place which converts the waste plastic or polythene in useful fuel whose texture ,odour, colour, and all other properties like flash point ,fire point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, are almost near to the petrol. After that the outcome fuel from a waste plastic or polythene is used as a normal fuel in a 100 CC bike and found the fuel gives more millage as compare to petrol about 4-6 km. Which increases the efficiency of the engine by 5-8%.& by using Taguchi Technique I optimize the various parameters which affects the production of plastic fuel by using advance technique I found the plastic to catalyst ratio is most affecting parameter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio oil and chemicals -an overview march 2019Souman Rudra
Introduction to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of biomass, History of HTL technology, HTL biocrude calculation, HTL Vs pyrolysis, Activities on HTL in the University of Agder.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM WASTE HDPE PLASTICS AND OPTIMIZING PARAMETERSIAEME Publication
In my research of fuel production through waste HDPE and plastic with the help of plastic to catalyst ratio as a catalyst in that first of all i prepare a mild steel closed air tight vessel having a lid on the top of it along with the hole which is attached by a long galvanize steel pipe then I filled the container up ¾ of its height with the waste plastic and polythene then by using external source of heater temperature of closed chamber is arises up to 300o C-450o C from room temperature on which the pyrolysis takes place which converts the waste plastic or polythene in useful fuel whose texture ,odour, colour, and all other properties like flash point ,fire point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, are almost near to the petrol. After that the outcome fuel from a waste plastic or polythene is used as a normal fuel in a 100 CC bike and found the fuel gives more millage as compare to petrol about 4-6 km. Which increases the efficiency of the engine by 5-8%.& by using Taguchi Technique I optimize the various parameters which affects the production of plastic fuel by using advance technique I found the plastic to catalyst ratio is most affecting parameter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67699
Raw poultry litter has certain drawbacks for energy production such as high ash and moisture content, a corrosive nature, and low heating values. A combined solution to utilization of raw poultry litter may involve fractionation and pyrolysis. Fractionation divides poultry litter into a fine, nutrient-rich fraction and a coarse, carbon dense fraction. Pyrolysis of the coarse fraction would remove the corrosive volatiles as bio-oil, leaving clean char. This paper presents the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis process parameters on the calorific value of char and on the characterization of bio-oil. Poultry litter samples collected from three commercial poultry farms were divided into 10 treatments that included 2 controls (raw poultry litter and its coarse fraction having particle size greater than 0.85 mm) and 8 other treatments that were combinations of three factors: type (raw poultry litter or its coarse fraction), heating rate (30 or 10 °C/min), and pyrolysis temperature (300 or 500°C). After the screening process, the poultry litter samples were dried and pyrolyzed in a batch reactor under nitrogen atmosphere and char and condensate yields were recorded. The condensate was separated into three fractions on the basis of their density: heavy, medium, and light phase. Calorific value and proximate and nutrient analysis were performed for char, condensate, and feedstock. Results show that the char with the highest calorific value (17.39MJ/kg) was made from the coarse fraction at 300°C, which captured 68.71% of the feedstock energy. The char produced at 300°C had 42mg/kg arsenic content but no mercury. Almost all of the Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P remained in the char. The pyrolysis process reduced ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4-N) in char by 99.14% and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) by 95.79% at 500°C.
Antipyrene preparation based on phosphoric acid with carbamideSubmissionResearchpa
In this work, we have carried out research on the synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing fire retardants. Epichlorohydrin, urea, melamine, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, orthophosphoric acid, morpholine were selected as objects of research by Olimova Mohinur Karimjon qizi 2020. Antipyrene preparation based on phosphoric acid with carbamide. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 292-299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.761 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/761/730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/761
Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling of Microwave Drying of Sri Lankan Black Pe...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Drying characteristics of black pepper (Piper nigrum) was investigated in a microwave drying system. Drying experiments were carried out at three different microwave power levels, 180, 360 and 540 W and the moisture content was measured at different time intervals. Experimental results were fitted to seven thin layer drying models; Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Midilli et. al., Weibull and Kaleta et. al.. Statistical indicators; Coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (RMSE) and reduced chi square values (2) showed Midilli et. al., Weibull and Kaleta et. al. models give better fit to the experimental values. Drying rate constants and the equation constants were compared and analyzed. Similarities of the drying models were observed and discussed with respect to the equation parameters. The absence of the constant drying rate period in drying curves show the drying of black pepper lies totally in the falling rate period where the drying rate is controlled by the moisture diffusion. Maximum drying rates observed were 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 kg moisture/kg of dry material/ min at 180, 360 and 540 W power levels. Results revealed drying rate constant and the effective moisture diffusivity values increases with the microwave power level. Drying rate constants were 0.03, 0.09 and 0.16 min-1 and the effective moisture diffusivity values were 2.43 x 10-10, 4.87 x 10-10, 1.42 x 10-9 m2/s for power levels of 180, 360 and 540 W respectively. The Activation energy of black pepper calculated based on the Arrhenius equation is 86.7 W/g.
Experimental investigation of continuous torrefaction conditions of biomass residues for the subsequent use of torrefied pellets in domestic and district heating systems
Optimising Treatment System for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Particleboard wit...izran kamal
Particleboard is widely used for panelling, partitioning and ceiling in buildings. The treatment of this material to improve fire performance is not an exception. A study was carried out to determine the fire performance of kenaf particleboard treated with phosphorous-based fire retardants. Kenaf core particles were first treated separately with 8 and 10% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and a mixture of boric acid, guanylurea phosphate and phosphoric acid (BP®) using hot and cold bath processes. The soaking time needed to achieve the standard dry salt retention, i.e. 50 kg m-3 was determined. Particleboards from these treated kenaf particles were fabricated and their fire performance evaluated. Using 8% treating solution, it took about 36, 21 and 48 min of immersing in cold bath to achieve the standard retention requirement for MAP, DAP and BP® respectively but for 10% concentration, the times were slightly shorter, i.e. 15, 20 and 35 min respectively. Among the three phosphorous formulations, BP® showed the best performance in improving the insulation and integrity of kenaf particleboard when exposed to fire. This is followed by MAP and DAP. BP® treated board was the last to ignite compared with the other two boards.
Ionic Liquid Pretreatment
DISCLAIMER:
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BioRefineryEPC™ , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BioRefineryEPC™ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BioRefineryEPC™ BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
This study aimed to investigate the polymerisation process of Merbau extractives (ME) and the characteristics of the phenolic resin polymers made from ME. These polymerised ME (PME) can potentially be utilised as an impregnating material to enhance the wood properties of young plantation timber. Selected PME were characterised via Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Xray diffraction analysis, and ultraviolet-visible analysis. The prediction of the enhancement to
the wood properties when treated with the obtained PME was discussed in relation to the physico-chemical and thermal characteristics of the polymeric materials. The results showed that the ME can be polymerised in its base condition with formaldehyde and resorcinol as the copolymer to produce the PME. The resin was classified as a resole and polymerisation can be done at room temperature. The physico-chemical tests and analyses, via boiling tests and FTIR spectra confirmed that the polymeric compound is a promising impregnating material that can enhance wood properties. This polymeric material is also eco-friendly as the low level of free formaldehyde.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
Determination of temperature regions in thermal degradation of ligninMichal Jablonsky
In this paper, industrial lignins were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetry (TG). The aim was to find the main intervals of lignin degradation and maximum rate of their degradation. The results obtained can be helpful in finding the applicability of the materials at their thermal decomposition. The differences between individual lignins have been confirmed by EA and TG.
Experimental Study of CO2 Gasification of Biomethanation WasteIJERA Editor
Gasification is one of prominent thermochemical processes generally used to convert organic feedstock to combustible syngas (CO and H2). An experimental study of biomass gasification using carbon dioxide as an gasifying medium was carried out in a fixed bed gasifier. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the output syngas. The present study reported the results for producing syngas with CO2 as gasification agent and biomass (rice husk and bio-methanation waste) as raw material. The gasification was performed at 700-900°C respectively and CO2 flow rate was maintained at 0.5 lpm. Maximum syngas production found at high temperature (900°C). The syngas analysis showed higher hydrogen yield at higher temperatures.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67699
Raw poultry litter has certain drawbacks for energy production such as high ash and moisture content, a corrosive nature, and low heating values. A combined solution to utilization of raw poultry litter may involve fractionation and pyrolysis. Fractionation divides poultry litter into a fine, nutrient-rich fraction and a coarse, carbon dense fraction. Pyrolysis of the coarse fraction would remove the corrosive volatiles as bio-oil, leaving clean char. This paper presents the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis process parameters on the calorific value of char and on the characterization of bio-oil. Poultry litter samples collected from three commercial poultry farms were divided into 10 treatments that included 2 controls (raw poultry litter and its coarse fraction having particle size greater than 0.85 mm) and 8 other treatments that were combinations of three factors: type (raw poultry litter or its coarse fraction), heating rate (30 or 10 °C/min), and pyrolysis temperature (300 or 500°C). After the screening process, the poultry litter samples were dried and pyrolyzed in a batch reactor under nitrogen atmosphere and char and condensate yields were recorded. The condensate was separated into three fractions on the basis of their density: heavy, medium, and light phase. Calorific value and proximate and nutrient analysis were performed for char, condensate, and feedstock. Results show that the char with the highest calorific value (17.39MJ/kg) was made from the coarse fraction at 300°C, which captured 68.71% of the feedstock energy. The char produced at 300°C had 42mg/kg arsenic content but no mercury. Almost all of the Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P remained in the char. The pyrolysis process reduced ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4-N) in char by 99.14% and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) by 95.79% at 500°C.
Antipyrene preparation based on phosphoric acid with carbamideSubmissionResearchpa
In this work, we have carried out research on the synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing fire retardants. Epichlorohydrin, urea, melamine, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, orthophosphoric acid, morpholine were selected as objects of research by Olimova Mohinur Karimjon qizi 2020. Antipyrene preparation based on phosphoric acid with carbamide. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 292-299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.761 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/761/730 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/761
Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling of Microwave Drying of Sri Lankan Black Pe...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Drying characteristics of black pepper (Piper nigrum) was investigated in a microwave drying system. Drying experiments were carried out at three different microwave power levels, 180, 360 and 540 W and the moisture content was measured at different time intervals. Experimental results were fitted to seven thin layer drying models; Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Midilli et. al., Weibull and Kaleta et. al.. Statistical indicators; Coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (RMSE) and reduced chi square values (2) showed Midilli et. al., Weibull and Kaleta et. al. models give better fit to the experimental values. Drying rate constants and the equation constants were compared and analyzed. Similarities of the drying models were observed and discussed with respect to the equation parameters. The absence of the constant drying rate period in drying curves show the drying of black pepper lies totally in the falling rate period where the drying rate is controlled by the moisture diffusion. Maximum drying rates observed were 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 kg moisture/kg of dry material/ min at 180, 360 and 540 W power levels. Results revealed drying rate constant and the effective moisture diffusivity values increases with the microwave power level. Drying rate constants were 0.03, 0.09 and 0.16 min-1 and the effective moisture diffusivity values were 2.43 x 10-10, 4.87 x 10-10, 1.42 x 10-9 m2/s for power levels of 180, 360 and 540 W respectively. The Activation energy of black pepper calculated based on the Arrhenius equation is 86.7 W/g.
Experimental investigation of continuous torrefaction conditions of biomass residues for the subsequent use of torrefied pellets in domestic and district heating systems
Optimising Treatment System for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Particleboard wit...izran kamal
Particleboard is widely used for panelling, partitioning and ceiling in buildings. The treatment of this material to improve fire performance is not an exception. A study was carried out to determine the fire performance of kenaf particleboard treated with phosphorous-based fire retardants. Kenaf core particles were first treated separately with 8 and 10% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and a mixture of boric acid, guanylurea phosphate and phosphoric acid (BP®) using hot and cold bath processes. The soaking time needed to achieve the standard dry salt retention, i.e. 50 kg m-3 was determined. Particleboards from these treated kenaf particles were fabricated and their fire performance evaluated. Using 8% treating solution, it took about 36, 21 and 48 min of immersing in cold bath to achieve the standard retention requirement for MAP, DAP and BP® respectively but for 10% concentration, the times were slightly shorter, i.e. 15, 20 and 35 min respectively. Among the three phosphorous formulations, BP® showed the best performance in improving the insulation and integrity of kenaf particleboard when exposed to fire. This is followed by MAP and DAP. BP® treated board was the last to ignite compared with the other two boards.
Ionic Liquid Pretreatment
DISCLAIMER:
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BioRefineryEPC™ , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BioRefineryEPC™ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BioRefineryEPC™ BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
This study aimed to investigate the polymerisation process of Merbau extractives (ME) and the characteristics of the phenolic resin polymers made from ME. These polymerised ME (PME) can potentially be utilised as an impregnating material to enhance the wood properties of young plantation timber. Selected PME were characterised via Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Xray diffraction analysis, and ultraviolet-visible analysis. The prediction of the enhancement to
the wood properties when treated with the obtained PME was discussed in relation to the physico-chemical and thermal characteristics of the polymeric materials. The results showed that the ME can be polymerised in its base condition with formaldehyde and resorcinol as the copolymer to produce the PME. The resin was classified as a resole and polymerisation can be done at room temperature. The physico-chemical tests and analyses, via boiling tests and FTIR spectra confirmed that the polymeric compound is a promising impregnating material that can enhance wood properties. This polymeric material is also eco-friendly as the low level of free formaldehyde.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
Determination of temperature regions in thermal degradation of ligninMichal Jablonsky
In this paper, industrial lignins were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetry (TG). The aim was to find the main intervals of lignin degradation and maximum rate of their degradation. The results obtained can be helpful in finding the applicability of the materials at their thermal decomposition. The differences between individual lignins have been confirmed by EA and TG.
Experimental Study of CO2 Gasification of Biomethanation WasteIJERA Editor
Gasification is one of prominent thermochemical processes generally used to convert organic feedstock to combustible syngas (CO and H2). An experimental study of biomass gasification using carbon dioxide as an gasifying medium was carried out in a fixed bed gasifier. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the output syngas. The present study reported the results for producing syngas with CO2 as gasification agent and biomass (rice husk and bio-methanation waste) as raw material. The gasification was performed at 700-900°C respectively and CO2 flow rate was maintained at 0.5 lpm. Maximum syngas production found at high temperature (900°C). The syngas analysis showed higher hydrogen yield at higher temperatures.
A thermodynamic Equilibrium model of Fluidized bed Gasifier using ASPEN HYSYSAI Publications
A steady state thermodynamic equilibrium model for biomass gasification in atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier was developed using Aspen Hysys version 10. The model addressed the physical properties of the oil palm frond (OPF) and the chemical reaction involved in the process. This chemical reactions is embedded in sequential set of reactors: conversion and equilibrium reactors. Oil palm frond (OPF) decomposition into constituents in the pyrolysis zone is modeled with a pyrolytic yield reactor. The combustion of char and volatiles in the combustion zone were modeled with a conversion and equilibrium reactor respectively. The gasification zone was also modeled with conversion and equilibrium reactor. The models of the gasification process were validated with both experimental data and simulation results from literature. The optimal condition of the process operating parameter like gasification temperature, steam-biomass ration and air-fuel ratio where found to influence the syngas compositions. Increase in temperature increases the hydrogen and carbon- monoxide composition in the syngas. The optimum temperature in the various zones of the gasifier: drying, pyrolysis, and volatile combustion where 300, 500 and 850 respectively and gasification temperature at the three gasifiers(A, B and C) are 940, 207 and 653 respectively. The steam to biomass ratio of 1.11 and air to fuel ratio of 0.104 were the optimal gasification condition. Steam to biomass increase favours the production of H_2 and 〖CO〗_2, which also increases the heating value of the synthesis gas.
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Prediction of recovery energy from ultimate analysis of waste generation in ...IJECEIAES
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an environmentally friendly renewable fuel developed to reduce waste generation. RDF can consist of various kinds of waste such as paper and gardens. One of the critical parameters is the chemical element and calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for waste reduction and the relationship of ultimate longevity in RDF to the calorific value. This study's paper and garden waste mixture were P0 (100% paper), P25 (75% paper and 25% garden), P50 (50% paper and 50% garden), P75 (25% paper and 75% garden), and P100 (100% garden). The calorific value of the mixture can reach 3.6-5.2 kWh/kg. Simultaneously the relationship of ultimate elements nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and ash affects the heating value of RDF. Sampling the application in Depok City can reduce waste by 6.67%, with the potential for electrical energy from paper and garden wastes of 358,903.8 kWh and 48,681 kWh, respectively. This shows that this energy waste can supply 0.1% of the total daily electricity demand in Depok City.
The use of Cooking Gas as Refrigerant in a Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
The application of cooking gas refrigerants in refrigeration system is considered to be a potential way to improve
energy efficiency and to encourage the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. Refrigeration operation has
been met with many challenges as it deals with environmental impact, how it affects humans and how it
contributes to the society in general. Domestic refrigerators annually consume several metric tons of traditional
refrigerants, which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential
(GWP). The experiment conducted employs the use of two closely linked refrigerants, R600a (Isobutene) and
cooking gas which is varied in an ideal refrigerant mixture of 150 g of refrigerant and 15 ml of lubricating oil (to
a rating of 40 wt % expected in the compressor). The Laboratory process involved the use of Gas
Chromatography machine to ascertain the values of the mole ratio, molecular weight and critical temperatures.
Prode properties and Refprop softwares were used to ascertain other refrigerant properties of the mixture. The
results indicated that the mixture of R600a with lubricant confirm mineral oil as being the most appropriate for
the operation. The experimental results indicated that the refrigeration system with cooking gas refrigerant
worked normally and was found to attain high freezing capacity and a COP value of 2.159. It is established that
cooking gas is a viable alternative refrigerant to replace R600a in domestic refrigerators. Hence, its application
in refrigerating systems measures up to the current trend on environmental regulations with hydrocarbon
refrigerants
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):710-717.
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711
characteristics and reactivity of aerobic wood char and their propensity to self-ignition. Homma et
al. (2014) presented models that described pyrolysis reactions based on the number of moles of
product species that were generated. Kazakova et al. (2015) built biomass pyrolysis model based on
multistep devolatilization of the three main biomass components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and
lignin) which led to determination of the liquid, solid and gaseous phases at any point in the
process.
No literature to the best of my knowledge reported a model set to give estimates of actual
compositions of products obtainable from pyrolysis of beech wood. The objectives of this work are
to model and simulate pyrolysis process of beech wood in order to estimate compositions of
individual compounds in both liquid and gaseous products and to study the effect of pyrolysis
temperature and wood particle size on the products compositions.
The study will give an idea of compositions of various products expected from pyrolysis of the
wood specie, which will help an interested researcher in knowing the expected products and their
compositions at various pyrolysis temperatures.
2. Materials and methods
Beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a hard wood specie abundant in Europe, extending from
southern Norway to northern Spain and from the south of England to the Black Sea found mainly in
public forests. The composition of Beech wood obtained from proximate and ultimate analysis,
(Table 1) was used in this work. The components of the product stream are substances on the right
hand side of Equation 1. The development of the process model was carried out using Aspen Plus
Software, Version 8.4. Aspen Plus has no in-built pyrolysis reactor, hence the reactor was modelled
as RYield, which is a non-stoichiometric reactor that was based on known yield distribution that
decomposed the wood into solid, liquid and gas containing different compounds as in equation 1.
Table 1: Beech Wood Composition
Ultimate analysis (%wt) Proximate analysis(% wt)
Carbon 49.2 Volatile matter 85.3
Hydrogen 6 Fixed carbon 14.3
Oxygen 44.1 Moisture 0
Nitrogen 0.5 Ash 0.4
Sulphur 0.02
Source: Rabacal et al. (2014).
Wood was modelled as solid made up of free elements and compounds of given compositions
presented in Table 1. The wood get decomposed upon heating in an oxygen deficient environment
to yield the products of equation 1. Char was modelled as solid containing mainly carbon. The
liquid product was modelled by defining the compounds (C6H6, CH3OH, CH3COOH etc.) from the
software’s data base. The gaseous products were also modelled in the same manner with the liquid.
→ )
Model Assumptions
Steady state operation was considered
The temperature in each block was considered uniform with negligible heat losses
The wood chips are of variable particle sizes and spherical in shape
The char is virtually made up of carbon
The model was based on law of conservation of matter as depicted in equation 2
3. Idriss et al.: Modeling and Simulation of Pyrolysis Process For A Beech Wood Material. AZOJETE,
13(6):710-717. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
712
(2)
In pyrolysis no mass is consumed or generated, hence equation 2 reduced to Eqn. 3
(3)
where: represents the amount of wood fed into pyrolysis reactor, represents the volatiles
(liquid and gas) and stands for the char.
The model represents the decomposition of beech wood into various products as depicted in
Equation 1. Development of the process model was carried out using Aspen Plus Software, Version
8.4. Beech wood does not exist in the software’s library, but was created hypothetically using its
proximate and ultimate analysis that is presented in Table 1. But every other component used the
conventional compounds from the software’s library. In choosing the property package, ideal
equation of state was adopted due to high temperatures involved in the process. RYield was used to
represents the pyrolysis reactor (PYRO-RE) which allows the decomposition of non-conventional
solid into conventional material. RYield is a non-stoichiometric reactor based on known yield
distribution, hence suitable for the representation of pyrolysis which involves non-stoichiometric
reactions. Studies show that pyrolysis of hard wood normally starts from 400o
C, hence Table 2
presents the operating parameters of the heart of the process, which was pyrolysis reactor (PYRO-
RE). Pyrolysis product separator was represented by CYCLONE to separate the pyrolysis product
from the reactor into volatiles and char. A cooling system (cooler) was used to represents
CONDENSER which quenches the volatiles into liquid (bio-oil) and non-condensable gases. The
complete pyrolysis model built in the simulation environment is depicted in Figure 1.
Table 2: PYRO-RE Inputs Operating Conditions
Feed flow rate 10 kg/hr.
Feed particle size 1.6-2.0 mm
Pyrolysis temperature 450 o
C
Pyrolysis Pressure 1 atm
Nitrogen gas flow rate 0.2 kg/min
Figure1: The model flow chart showing the beech wood pyrolysis process
4. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):710-717.
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713
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Model Validation
The model (Figure 1) was rerun 5 times at varying temperatures to compute the products
compositions. The results of the simulation at 400o
C were compared with experimental data
presented by Bajus (2010) at the same temperature as shown in Table 3.The standard deviation was
found to be 0.47 which shows closeness of the model’s results to that of the experiment.
Table 3: Simulated products composition compared with experimental results of Bajus (2010)
Components
Compositions (%wt)
error400 °C 400 °C
(Modeled) (Bajus, 2010)
CO2 50.67 52.80 2.13
CO 34.88 34.70 0.18
Methane 5.21 6.20 0.99
Ethane 1.37 1.50 0.13
Ethylene 1.21 1.00 0.21
Propane 0.36 0.50 0.14
Propene 1.37 1.10 0.27
Methylpropane 0.03 0.02 0.01
Butane 0.08 0.09 0.01
trans-2-Butene 0.12 0.10 0.02
1-Butene 0.24 0.20 0.04
Methylpropene 0.12 0.20 0.08
cis-2-Butane 0.12 0.10 0.02
1, 3-Butadiene 0.10 0.09 0.01
trans-2-Pentene 0.02 0.03 0.01
1, 3-Pentadiene 0.04 0.04 0.00
2-Methyl-2-butene 0.05 0.04 0.01
c5-hydrocarbons 0.04 0.05 0.01
Pentane 0.02 0.03 0.01
2-Methyl-1-butene 0.05 0.04 0.01
1-Hexan 0.18 0.20 0.02
Benzene 0.46 0.50 0.04
3.2 Effect of pyrolysis temperature on products compositions
Temperature is one of the key factors affecting product distribution in pyrolysis of biomass. To
study the effect of pyrolysis temperature, simulations were performed by varying temperatures
between 400 and 600o
C because pyrolysis of hard wood begins from temperature as high as 400o
C
(Homma et al., 2014). The distribution of components by percentage weight in the gaseous stream
at varied temperatures from 400 to 600o
C was depicted in Figure 2. The notable species of gases
from the Beech wood pyrolysis are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane
(CH4). The result shows that CO2 decreased with increase in temperature and the yield of CO
decreased slightly as temperature increased from 400-450 o
C. This might be as the result of
decomposition of CO2 to form more CO just as reported by Prins and Jensen (2006).These led to the
depletion of the CO2 as it was formed. The variation in CO2 and CO composition with temperature
in this model is also in agreement with that presented by Paviet et al. (2009) in their study of
temperature effect on biomass thermochemical treatment. Methane which was the third most
abundant component in the gas stream increased linearly with temperature, and this is interesting
because of its usefulness as source of fuel. Ethane and ethylene were also noticed to increase as the
5. Idriss et al.: Modeling and Simulation of Pyrolysis Process For A Beech Wood Material. AZOJETE,
13(6):710-717. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
714
pyrolysis temperature gets higher. Temperature change did not provide significant effect on propene
production.
Bio-oil which formed the liquid stream contained many species. Most of the higher molecular
species’ compositions decreased with increase in temperature due to their instability at higher
temperatures which subsequently led to further breakdown into lighter gaseous components. Figure
3 shows the influence of temperature on some major liquid products.
Figure 2: Effects of temperature on gaseous products from beech wood pyrolysis
Figure 3: Plot of bio-oil compositions at different temperatures
Acetic acid composition was not affected by temperature increase from 400 to 450 o
C, the effect
becomes more pronounced when the temperature reached 500o
C. Formic acid followed the same
trend but sharp decrease in composition with temperature increased from 550o
C to 600o
C was
recorded as compared to that of acetic acid. Temperature increase shows significant reduction in the
gross compositions of acetic, formic and lactic acids respectively. This might have resulted from
decarboxylation of acids groups present in wood to form CO2 at high temperatures. This led to
increase in CO due to reaction of CO2, steam and porous char. Furfural was the third most
considerable components after acetic acid, formic acid and lactic acid in terms of composition.
Temperature increase was accompanied by slight increase in furfural formation up till 500o
C before
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CO2 CO Methane Ethane Ethylene Propene
Composition(%wt)
400 °C
450 °C
500 °C
550 °C
600 °C
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1-Hexane
Benzene
Methanol
Aceticacid
Formicacid
Furfural
Lacticacid
Composition(%wt)
400 °C
450 °C
500 °C
550 °C
600 °C
6. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):710-717.
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715
it started decreasing. High composition of the furfural was achieved at 500o
C, beyond which its
production was not favoured. Further temperature increase did not favour the production of the
product.
Temperature shows no significant change in the composition of methanol as with benzene which
was in trace amount. 1-Hexene composition was not affected much with temperature change.
Production of methanol composition increases with temperature increase up to 550o
C. At higher
temperature of 550o
C, methanol composition dropped. Benzene composition decreases with
increasing pyrolysis temperatures.
The decrease in the overall bio-oil contents at higher temperatures may be emanated from
secondary reaction which cracked some of the liquid components into non-condensable gases.
3.3 Effect of particle size on gaseous and liquid compositions
Wood particle size distribution also plays a significant role in both product and components
distribution of pyrolysis process. Plot of the compositions of most significant gases and liquid
products at varying feed particle size range were depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively.
Figure 4: Effect of feed particle sizes on gaseous products composition
Figure 5: Effect of feed particle size on liquid components distribution
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
CO2
CO
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Propene
Composition(%wt)
1.0-1.5 (mm)
1.6-2.0 (mm)
2.1-2.5 (mm)
2.6-3.0 (mm)
3.1-3.5 (mm)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1-Hexane
Benzene
Methanol
Aceticacid
Formicacid
Furfural
Lacticacid
Composition(%wt)
1.0-1.5 (mm)
1.6-2.0 (mm)
2.1-2.5 (mm)
2.6-3.0 (mm)
3.1-3.5 (mm)
7. Idriss et al.: Modeling and Simulation of Pyrolysis Process For A Beech Wood Material. AZOJETE,
13(6):710-717. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
716
The results show a general reduction in the compositions of the gases. This may be explained in
terms of heat transfer resistance offered by larger sizes of the wood which prevents full
decomposition of feed into volatiles. The bio-oil components also diminished as the particle sizes
get larger.
4. Conclusion
A model of pyrolysis process of Beech wood was created and simulated. Effects of pyrolysis
conditions on products compositions were in. It was found that temperature has significant impact
in determining products compositions. The model is credible enough to estimate the composition of
different compounds obtainable from pyrolysis of beech wood. Carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide formed the highest part of the gaseous product followed by methane, ethane and
ethylene. Temperature range of 450 to 550o
C suggested good yield of methane and ethane. The
liquid fuel yields were also favoured around this temperature range but the fuel tends to be acidic
due to higher concentration of formic, acetic and lactic acids. However, at higher temperatures of
500 to 600o
C the acidic groups undergo secondary reactions to form more CO2 which broke into CO
by secondary reaction as well. Production of more CO at higher temperatures suppressed higher
yield of CO2 from the breakdown of the acidic groups. It was established that methanol, a very
useful compound could be obtained at appreciable yield at a pyrolysis temperature of 550o
C.
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Bajus M. 2010. Pyrolysis of Woody Material. Petroleum & Coal, 207-214.
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