This document describes the development of an inundation map for a hypothetical dam break scenario of the Asa Dam in Ilorin, Nigeria using HEC-RAS and ArcGIS modeling. Hydraulic modeling was conducted for a 100-year flood event to simulate water surface elevations along the 12 km river channel. The results showed that several important areas like industrial zones, residential areas, and places of worship would be inundated based on the water surface elevations exceeding local ground elevations. Floodplain boundaries were extracted from HEC-RAS and an inundation map was generated in ArcGIS to identify areas vulnerable to flooding from a potential dam failure.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Numerical Modelling of Waterlogging Problem in New Urbanized Communities in A...IJERA Editor
Expanding the urbanization of new communities within the limited low flat desert surfaces of Al-Qairawan area, Kuwait has started to face the continuous growth of population. The traditional urbanized logged areas affect urbanization of these flat desert surfaces as a result of the difference in the topographic level, inadequate drainage system and the existence of inland Sabkhas beside shallow-depth clay lenses beneath these sites. Moreover, the soil water depths vary from few centimeters below ground surface to 5.5 m and the soil-water moves generally from the southwest to the northeast towards the Arabian Gulf. The present paper threw light on a trial to mitigate the waterlogging problem due to the bad use of water resources in Gardening-irrigation activities in the relatively high-land areas of the present traditional urbanized communities in Al-Qairawan area applying mathematical modeling. The groundwater flow model, Visual MODFLOW v.3, was used to test the reliability of the proposed solution for mitigation and its limitation. Three proposed scenarios for mitigation of waterlogging problem were checked. Decreasing the soil water level using wall sheet system was proposed as a first scenario. The second scenario proposed suitable dewatering system while the third one assumed the construction of transverse open drainage system in the southern boundary of the study area. The results showed that the third scenario was the best solution since it reflected both the lowest soil water level (2.72m) and least cost economically (146250 Kuwait-Dinar). Accordingly, the solution concerning soil water rise control in the study area through applying the construction of transverse open drain in the southern boundary of the study water logged area is highly recommended.
Geophysical Investigations of a Pavement Failure Along Akure-Ijare Road, Sout...iosrjce
Geophysical investigations were carried out along two failed segments of Akure-Ijare road, named
locality 1 and locality 2, with the aim of establishing the cause(s) of the incessant pavement failure along the
road. The geophysical investigations involved the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and
Electrical Resistivity Methods. The VLF-EM measurements were taken at intervals of 10 m along traverses
parallel to road pavements. Two techniques were adopted for the electrical resistivity method namely: the
vertical electrical sounding (VES) and a combination of horizontal profiling and sounding using dipole-dipole
configuration with inter stations separation (a) of 5 m and an expansion factor (n) that varies from 1 to 5. The
Schlumberger configuration was used for the VES with AB/2 varying from 1 to 65 m. Nine (9) and twelve (12)
VES were carried out at localities 1 and 2 respectively. The VLF-EM method revealed that the road pavement is
founded on a weakly conductive material devoid of major geological structure. The Vertical electrical sounding
curves range from A, H to KH. The geoelectric sections generally identified three to four geologic sequences
that comprise topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fracture basement and fresh basement. At locality 1,
the topsoil/subsoil on which the road is founded are of low resistivity generally less than 100 Ω-m composed of
clayey materials, while the road pavement along locality 2 is within the resistive topsoil or directly on bedrock.
The bedrock along this locality is generally shallow (< 2 m) with an uneven interface. Therefore, from the
results of the investigation the causes of road failure in the studied roadway are heterogeneity and clayey nature
of the topsoil/sub-grade material, lack of proper drainage at the road embankment and poor construction
material.
Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Evaluation of Foundation Failure in P...inventionjournals
Geophysical and geotechnical methods have been integrated with the aim of assessing characteristics of sub-surface layers to identify why structures in some parts of Ikere-Ekiti Southwestern Nigeria are failing or sinking as a result of foundation failure. Eight (8) vertical electrical sounding (VES) were carried out using resistivity meter and six (6) pits were dug to a depth of 1.2m. Six disturbed soil samples were collected from the six dug pits for the study. These samples were subjected to geotechnical tests in the laboratory, which include moisture content, shear test, Atterberg limit and grain size analysis. The acquired VES data were processed and interpreted using partial curve matching technique. The results of the all the mall the eight VES produced H curves. This curve type manifested three layers which are composed of sandy-clay, clayeysand/weathered basement and weathered basement/rock head. The depth o rockhead ranges from 12.1 to 43.2m. VES stations four and five have deeper depth to rock head (i.e. 21.3 to 43.2m) while other locations have lesser depth to rockhead (i.e.1 12.1m to 17.5m). The second layer has the lowest resistivity values meaning that it is somewhat conductive owing to clayey sand deposition and weathered area. Geotechnical test shows that the soils in the study area generally has high moisture content, low plasticity, and from grain size distribution, high concentrations of silt and clay. From the result, it is established that the layer in which the foundations are built upon are rated as poor to fairly competent. This might be as a result of poor drainage system characterised the study area which brought about the local deposition of the supposed subsoil. Therefore, high moisture content made the subsoil to lose its competency thereby causing the structures in the study area to subside
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D resistivity imaging and hydrogeochemical analysis have been
applied in the study of aquifer contamination in a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, southern
Nigeria. Fourteen sounding points were occupied in the area and the resistivity imaging employing the Dipole
dipole configuration was measured along two orthogonal traverse lines cutting across the dumpsite. The
geoelectric sections reveal four distinct layers namely topsoil, fine sand, medium grained sand and fine to
medium grained sand. The low resistivity values obtained beneath the dumpsite in the southern direction in the
N-S geoelectric section, could be attributed to the effect of leachate from the dumpsite. The results of the
resistivity imaging show contamination in the W-E and N-S direction, with values ranging from 22 to 100 ohmm,
because the area show low longitudinal conductance of < 0.05 mhos and 0.06 to 0.09 mhos, which depicts
weak and low protective capacity respectively. Finally, the results of the hydrogeochemical analysis confirm the
concentration of lead and total viable bacteria counts and this is an indication that the aquifer is gradually
receiving contamination from the dumpsite
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Radiation originates from anthropogenic, primordial, and cosmogenic sources.
The impact of radiation through anthropogenic and cosmogenic sources is negligible
to the environment while the primordial radioactivity is widely distributed in the earth
and its environs. This radioactive material and its Byproducts are found mainly in
diverse geological formations around us. Inadequate access to public water supply in
Abuja has forced more than 80 percent of the population of about 5 million to drill
private boreholes. Nigerian drillers are unaware of high concentrations of
radioactivity present in granitic rocks which vary with depth. The radioactivity of
226Ra as well as 232Th decay chains for the lithological rock samples could be at
equilibrium considering the age as well as the isotopic mass proportion which is
assumed to be equal to its natural isotope. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is
adopted for this study with the aim of minimizing sample size as well as less counting
rate in order to estimate the radioactivity concentration in rock samples. Two
boreholes are drilled in Abuja in order to randomly collect the rock samples from
three different layers of each site. All the samples were duplicated for each
radionuclide examination, resulting to twelve samples in all. The results showed that
the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the two sites were in the order
232Th > 226Ra > 40K. 226Ra and 232Th possess activity concentration
Development of a Modified Rational Model for Flood Risk Assessment of Imo Sta...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Numerical Modelling of Waterlogging Problem in New Urbanized Communities in A...IJERA Editor
Expanding the urbanization of new communities within the limited low flat desert surfaces of Al-Qairawan area, Kuwait has started to face the continuous growth of population. The traditional urbanized logged areas affect urbanization of these flat desert surfaces as a result of the difference in the topographic level, inadequate drainage system and the existence of inland Sabkhas beside shallow-depth clay lenses beneath these sites. Moreover, the soil water depths vary from few centimeters below ground surface to 5.5 m and the soil-water moves generally from the southwest to the northeast towards the Arabian Gulf. The present paper threw light on a trial to mitigate the waterlogging problem due to the bad use of water resources in Gardening-irrigation activities in the relatively high-land areas of the present traditional urbanized communities in Al-Qairawan area applying mathematical modeling. The groundwater flow model, Visual MODFLOW v.3, was used to test the reliability of the proposed solution for mitigation and its limitation. Three proposed scenarios for mitigation of waterlogging problem were checked. Decreasing the soil water level using wall sheet system was proposed as a first scenario. The second scenario proposed suitable dewatering system while the third one assumed the construction of transverse open drainage system in the southern boundary of the study area. The results showed that the third scenario was the best solution since it reflected both the lowest soil water level (2.72m) and least cost economically (146250 Kuwait-Dinar). Accordingly, the solution concerning soil water rise control in the study area through applying the construction of transverse open drain in the southern boundary of the study water logged area is highly recommended.
Geophysical Investigations of a Pavement Failure Along Akure-Ijare Road, Sout...iosrjce
Geophysical investigations were carried out along two failed segments of Akure-Ijare road, named
locality 1 and locality 2, with the aim of establishing the cause(s) of the incessant pavement failure along the
road. The geophysical investigations involved the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and
Electrical Resistivity Methods. The VLF-EM measurements were taken at intervals of 10 m along traverses
parallel to road pavements. Two techniques were adopted for the electrical resistivity method namely: the
vertical electrical sounding (VES) and a combination of horizontal profiling and sounding using dipole-dipole
configuration with inter stations separation (a) of 5 m and an expansion factor (n) that varies from 1 to 5. The
Schlumberger configuration was used for the VES with AB/2 varying from 1 to 65 m. Nine (9) and twelve (12)
VES were carried out at localities 1 and 2 respectively. The VLF-EM method revealed that the road pavement is
founded on a weakly conductive material devoid of major geological structure. The Vertical electrical sounding
curves range from A, H to KH. The geoelectric sections generally identified three to four geologic sequences
that comprise topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fracture basement and fresh basement. At locality 1,
the topsoil/subsoil on which the road is founded are of low resistivity generally less than 100 Ω-m composed of
clayey materials, while the road pavement along locality 2 is within the resistive topsoil or directly on bedrock.
The bedrock along this locality is generally shallow (< 2 m) with an uneven interface. Therefore, from the
results of the investigation the causes of road failure in the studied roadway are heterogeneity and clayey nature
of the topsoil/sub-grade material, lack of proper drainage at the road embankment and poor construction
material.
Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Evaluation of Foundation Failure in P...inventionjournals
Geophysical and geotechnical methods have been integrated with the aim of assessing characteristics of sub-surface layers to identify why structures in some parts of Ikere-Ekiti Southwestern Nigeria are failing or sinking as a result of foundation failure. Eight (8) vertical electrical sounding (VES) were carried out using resistivity meter and six (6) pits were dug to a depth of 1.2m. Six disturbed soil samples were collected from the six dug pits for the study. These samples were subjected to geotechnical tests in the laboratory, which include moisture content, shear test, Atterberg limit and grain size analysis. The acquired VES data were processed and interpreted using partial curve matching technique. The results of the all the mall the eight VES produced H curves. This curve type manifested three layers which are composed of sandy-clay, clayeysand/weathered basement and weathered basement/rock head. The depth o rockhead ranges from 12.1 to 43.2m. VES stations four and five have deeper depth to rock head (i.e. 21.3 to 43.2m) while other locations have lesser depth to rockhead (i.e.1 12.1m to 17.5m). The second layer has the lowest resistivity values meaning that it is somewhat conductive owing to clayey sand deposition and weathered area. Geotechnical test shows that the soils in the study area generally has high moisture content, low plasticity, and from grain size distribution, high concentrations of silt and clay. From the result, it is established that the layer in which the foundations are built upon are rated as poor to fairly competent. This might be as a result of poor drainage system characterised the study area which brought about the local deposition of the supposed subsoil. Therefore, high moisture content made the subsoil to lose its competency thereby causing the structures in the study area to subside
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D resistivity imaging and hydrogeochemical analysis have been
applied in the study of aquifer contamination in a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, southern
Nigeria. Fourteen sounding points were occupied in the area and the resistivity imaging employing the Dipole
dipole configuration was measured along two orthogonal traverse lines cutting across the dumpsite. The
geoelectric sections reveal four distinct layers namely topsoil, fine sand, medium grained sand and fine to
medium grained sand. The low resistivity values obtained beneath the dumpsite in the southern direction in the
N-S geoelectric section, could be attributed to the effect of leachate from the dumpsite. The results of the
resistivity imaging show contamination in the W-E and N-S direction, with values ranging from 22 to 100 ohmm,
because the area show low longitudinal conductance of < 0.05 mhos and 0.06 to 0.09 mhos, which depicts
weak and low protective capacity respectively. Finally, the results of the hydrogeochemical analysis confirm the
concentration of lead and total viable bacteria counts and this is an indication that the aquifer is gradually
receiving contamination from the dumpsite
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Radiation originates from anthropogenic, primordial, and cosmogenic sources.
The impact of radiation through anthropogenic and cosmogenic sources is negligible
to the environment while the primordial radioactivity is widely distributed in the earth
and its environs. This radioactive material and its Byproducts are found mainly in
diverse geological formations around us. Inadequate access to public water supply in
Abuja has forced more than 80 percent of the population of about 5 million to drill
private boreholes. Nigerian drillers are unaware of high concentrations of
radioactivity present in granitic rocks which vary with depth. The radioactivity of
226Ra as well as 232Th decay chains for the lithological rock samples could be at
equilibrium considering the age as well as the isotopic mass proportion which is
assumed to be equal to its natural isotope. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is
adopted for this study with the aim of minimizing sample size as well as less counting
rate in order to estimate the radioactivity concentration in rock samples. Two
boreholes are drilled in Abuja in order to randomly collect the rock samples from
three different layers of each site. All the samples were duplicated for each
radionuclide examination, resulting to twelve samples in all. The results showed that
the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the two sites were in the order
232Th > 226Ra > 40K. 226Ra and 232Th possess activity concentration
Development of a Modified Rational Model for Flood Risk Assessment of Imo Sta...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Building Development Practice in Flood Prone Area: Case of Ogbaru Council Are...IJERA Editor
This study examined the practice of building development in flood prone areas and how it has contributed to the menace of flooding in Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State Nigeria. It was a survey research where questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households, in addition to physical observations on buildings within the selected households. Four towns out of sixteen towns that made up Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State were purposefully selected. From these towns, 96 households each were randomly selected and a total of 384 questionnaires were administered to the head of each household or their representative, whereas 242 copies were completed, returned and found useful, thus, giving a response rate of 62.92%. The study found that siting of buildings on waterways, flood channels/plains, inadequate/lack of drains in the compounds, lack of planning restriction/developmental control, size of the building/area occupied by the building among others contribute greatly to the incessant flood menace in the study area. The study therefore deduced that some building practices such as those identified above have the ability of exacerbating the velocity and rate of flooding in the area which turned into natural disaster, and thus, recommended strict enforcement of building and urban development laws and control in the state to reduce indiscriminate erecting of building structures on waterways, including planlessness of our emerging urban centres.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LAND USE CHANGES ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN THE UPP...IAEME Publication
River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Application of GIS in Evaluationof Coastal River Bathymetry, A Case Study of ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which
affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery
of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river
by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water
resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water
shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous
studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin
and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources
management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present
research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate
as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to
suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We
feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and
total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial
water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the
water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value
=11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya
region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water
shortage.
Estimation of hydraulic properties from pumping tests data of nairobi area, k...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the hydraulic properties of Nairobi area in order to highlight the groundwater potential
and to identify the distribution of hydraulic characteristics of aquifers in the area as well as to highlight vulnerability of the
aquifer to heavy abstraction. Documented pumping tests data of boreholes located in Nairobi County were analyzed. Pumping
test data from eighty four (84) single-well boreholes were analyzed in AQTESOLV software to determine transmissivity and
storativity using Cooper-Jacob’s, Theis’s, Papadopolus-Cooper’s and Theis’s recovery methods. Hydraulic conductivity was
calculated based on the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The values of transmissivity for all wells
ranged between 1.11 and 360.58 m²/d by using Theis -and Cooper-Jacob methods, 1.10 and 360.58 m²/d by Papadopulos-Cooper
method and between 1.289 and 677.81 m²/d by Theis recovery method. The city of Nairobi faces increasing ground-water demand
due to ever rising population which is mainly driven by rural-urban migration and industrial growth. Surface water has not only
been over-stretched but also heavily polluted and unreliable thus groundwater is the only reliable alternative source of water in
the area. Lava and pyroclastic formed during Cenozoic age make up the geology. Under these lavas and pyroclastic rocks lie
schists of Precambrian age and gneisses of Mozambique belt of the same age. These results indicate that the aquifer is
heterogeneous and that the groundwater supply for local water supply (small communities and plants) is reliable but withdrawal
for great regional supply is limited.
Keywords: Hydraulic Properties, Groundwater Management, Igneous Rocks, Pumping Test, Nairobi
Similar to Development of Inundation Map for Hypothetical Asa Dam Break using HEC-RAS and ARC GIS (20)
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Balogun and Ganiyu: Development of Inundation Map for Hypothetical Asa Dam Break using HEC-RAS and
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832
Several researchers have compared one and two-dimensional hydraulic models developed by various
institutions and research centres which include HEC-RAS, SOBEK, MIKE 2 and FLO-2D for dam
break analysis (Fosu et al., 2012). HEC-RAS was chosen for this study based among other reasons
on the fact that it is an open source application and its geometric data input and simulation can be
performed in arc GIS environment. Some of the past HEC-RAS applications are analysis and
modeling of hypothetical dam breach inundation of Pinaus Lake Dam and Cold Spring Creek Dam in
Canada by (Ahmad et al., 2014). The analysis estimated the inundation levels resulting to damages of
downstream communities and potential loss of life, (Changzhi et al., 2014) determined the flood
inundation extents and the break velocities of a hypothetical failure of the Muya reservoir dam in
Shandong Province, China. The result indicated that most of the urban area would be flooded and a
plan for integrated dam break flood management was presented to mitigate the food risk.
As the world population is increasing, it is certain that a large number of home structures may
be built in flood prone areas due to lack of proper guidance (Walker and Maidment, 2006). Since
the construction of the Asa dam in 1984, it has been observed that a lot of physical developments are
taking place within the flood plain along the downstream section. There are many private residential,
commercial as well as religious houses, farms, industries, bridges and roads which have the potential
of being completely inundated or at least in some way adversely affected by the catastrophic flooding
that may result from the failure of Asa Dam. This study provides a realistic view of using arc GIS
analysis and its display capabilities combined with hydraulic modeling tools to develop flood
inundation map. HEC-GeoRAS was used to extract geometric information from a digital terrain
model and provide the tools to develop and modify HEC-RAS model simulation as well as to
perform flood extent mapping analysis. The hydraulic modeling results were displayed in map using
Geometric Information System which is currently the most widely used tools in the management of
floods.
1.1 The Study Area
Asa River has its source in Oyo State, South-West Nigeria and it flows through Ilorin, capital of
Kwara State, Nigeria in a South-North direction forming a dividing boundary between the eastern
and western parts of Ilorin metropolis. Asa River major tributary is River Awon, which continues to
form one of the tributaries of River Niger at approximately 12.2 km North of Ilorin. River Asa is
joined by River Oyun to the East and to the West by River Imoru. Afidikodi, Ekoro, Obe are among
the earliest tributaries of Asa River while its tributaries in Ilorin include River Agba, Aluko,
Atikeke, Mitile, Odota, Okun and Osere (Ojo, 1998 and Ibrahim et al., 2013). The Asa Dam is
located between latitudes 8°
36´N and 8°
24´N and longitudes 4°
36´E and 4°
10´E in Ilorin. The River is
approximately 56 km long with a maximum width of approximately 100 m within the dam site. Its
total catchment area is approximately 1037 km2
lying within Kwara State and Oyo State of Nigeria
with about one third of the basin area located in Oyo State (Okekunle, 2000).
The Asa River channelization corridor is characterized by many significant features, among which
include the downstream of the Asa Dam. Generally, the Asa river channelization can be divided into
six (6) main consistent sections with about four significant features of water reservoir, bridges and
culverts and the extent of urbanization (Balogun and Ganiyu, 2017). The various segments are (i)
From Asa Dam axis to Asa Dam Road/Dangote Factory Crossing, (ii) River Course from the Dam
Crossing to the Bridge at Geri Alimi/Offa Garage Bye Pass, (iii) The Stretch between Geri Alimi Bye
pass and Unity Road Bridge (Coca Cola Axis) (iv) Stretch between Unity Road Bridge and Emir’s
3. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):831-839.
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833
Road (Behind the Railway station) (v) Emir’s Road/Amilegbe Stretch* and (vi) The stretch from
Amilegbe and beyond to Duma. Asa River is a very significant source of water in terms of economic,
agricultural and environmental purposes in the city as it is used in homes and industries (Ahaneku
and Animashaun, 2013). There are farmlands, residential and industrial buildings along the banks of
the river upstream and downstream of the dam. Figure 1 is the map of Kwara State showing the
Study Area (Inset: Map of Nigeria)
Figure 1: Map of Kwara State Showing the Study Area (Source: Olorunfemi and Raheem, 2013)
2.0 Model Development
The methodology used in this study consists of three steps: (i) Pre-processing of geometric data for
the HEC-RAS computer program using HEC-GeoRAS (ii) Hydraulic analysis in HEC-RAS and (iii)
Post-processing of the HEC-RAS results and floodplain (inundation) mapping using HEC-GeoRAS.
Figure 2 shows the flow diagram for using HEC-GeoRAS which describes how the three processes
listed above are being carried out:
4. Balogun and Ganiyu: Development of Inundation Map for Hypothetical Asa Dam Break using HEC-RAS and
Arc GIS. AZOJETE, 13(6):831-839. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
834
Figure 2: Flow Diagram Showing the Methodology Used (Source: Gary (2010))
3.0 Results and Discussion
In Table 1, column 2 lists the river stations, column 3 describes the locations, column 4 lists the
computed water surface elevations in meters and column 5 lists the ground level elevations in meters.
The water surface elevations (WSE) at the selected locations were extracted from the complete HEC-
RAS results output and ground elevations were obtained from the lowest floodplain elevations at
each of the listed river stations.
The simulation was modelled with 100 year 24 hr flow event data which was selected to illustrate
severe event scenario. For the flow scenario investigated, the results show that at the industrial area
where Coca-Cola and Pepsi factories are located, the computed water surface elevation (WSE) is
265.95 m with corresponding ground elevation of 262.62 m and WSE of 265.97 m with
corresponding ground elevation of 262.11 m respectively, recreational centre, Circular Hotel has
computed WSE of 265.94 m with corresponding ground elevation of 261.91 m, worship house,
Church of Christ along Adura Lere Road has a computed WSE of 258.63 m with corresponding
ground elevation of 257.54 m. In all these cases, the computed water surface elevations are higher
5. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):831-839.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
835
than the ground elevations which clearly indicate that the areas will be inundated during the dam
break phenomenon.
Table 1: HEC-RAS Simulated Results at Some Selected Cross Sections Along Asa River Channel
S/No River
Station
Description of Cross Section Locations Along Asa
River
W.S. Elev
(m)
Ground Elev
(m)
1 11+372 160 m away from the Dam 271.8 270.15
2 8+987 1.19 km away from Asa Dam Bridge 265.94 264.69
3 8+188 Along Coca Cola Factory 265.97 262.11
4 7+829 Along Pepsi Factory 265.95 262.62
5 7+430 Along Ash Asset Nigeria Limited 265.95 263.99
6 7+385 Residential Areas along Coca Cola Road 265.95 265.67
7 6+696 Along Circular Hotel 265.94 261.91
8 6+504 Residential Areas (250 m before Unity Bridge) 265.94 262.12
9 6+291 38 m close to Unity Road Bridge 265.93 264.58
10 6+238 15 m downstream of Unity Road Bridge 265.65 264.73
11 5+913 Residential Areas (530 m close to Emirs’ Road
Bridge)
265.64 264.65
12 5+635 Residential Areas (250 m close to Emirs’ Road
Bridge)
262.9 261.08
13 5+423 40 m close to Emirs’ Road Bridge 263.02 261.89
14 5173 Confluence of Aluko Stream and Asa River (Along
Iyana Opomolu Bus Stop)
262.81 261.04
15 4+680 280 m close to Amilegbe Bridge 262.43 261.67
16 4+486 85 m close to Amilegbe Bridge 258.84 257.34
17 4+243 160 m away from Amilegbe Bridge 258.79 257.28
18 3+977 Church of Christ along Adura Lere Road 258.63 257.54
19 3+517 885 m away from Amilegbe Bridge 258.03 257.00
20 2+968 1.43 km away from Amilegbe Bridge 257.96 256.17
21 2+037 1.64 km close to Royal Valley Estate Bridge 257.90 254.60
22 0+293 Royal Valley Estate 251.12 251.00
In addition to the table, Figure 3 shows the plot of water surface and ground elevations versus river
station. It is clearly shown in the plot that the water surface elevation is greater than the natural
ground elevation for some selected locations within the river length, which indicates that most of the
areas will be inundated.
6. Balogun and Ganiyu: Development of Inundation Map for Hypothetical Asa Dam Break using HEC-RAS and
Arc GIS. AZOJETE, 13(6):831-839. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
836
Figure 3: Plot of Water Surface Elevation and Ground Elevation versus River Station
3.1 Developing the Flood Inundation Map
Dam break flood inundation map is a graphic display that can be used to indicate areas that may be
flooded as a result of dam failure. The map may be used by a wide range of end-users for planning
and as a response tool to determine the effects of dam failure in downstream areas. For this study,
flood inundation map was generated using HEC-GeoRAS and ArcGIS.
The floodplain result from the HEC-GeoRAS model of Asa River is shown in Figure 4. The
floodplain boundary (b max.WS) is represented by the yellow line. The inundation depth grid is
represented with different hues of blue. The largest and smallest values of water depth are
represented with dark and light blue respectively.
Figure 4: The Floodplain Delineation
Figure 5 shows the floodplain result of the study area in Google earth (inundation map) from the
upstream to downstream of the channel indicating several areas that will be inundated. The
inundation map indicates that extensive length of major roads such as Asa dam road, Unity road,
Emirs’ road and Amilegbe road would be inundated with the spread of water ranging between 120 m
and 1.2 km in width under the dam break scenario considered. Some of these areas with their
approximate values of extent of spread include: Coca Cola factory (800 m), Pepsi factory (720 m),
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
W.S. Elev (m) Ground Elev (m)
River Station (km)
Elevations(m)x100
WaterSurfaceandGroundElevations(m)
Floodplain boundary
(b max.WS)
Inundation depth grid
7. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2017; Vol. 13(6):831-839.
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837
Honey Moon Hotel (720 m), Kasmag Bus Park (710 m), Young Legacy (460 m), Ilorin Railway
Station (240 m), Iyana Opomalu Bus Stop (480 m) and Church of Christ along Adura Lere (610 m).
Severe environmental damage would also be expected throughout the length of the downstream river
channel and floodplain areas due to the size of the flood wave and expected inundation areas.
When the simulated results were studied critically, it was noticed that the flood polygon shows some
flow discontinuities in some areas. This is because these areas have steep river beds which cause
water to move quickly downstream preventing inundation. Also, some of the areas have high banks
which serve as impedance to overflow.
Figure 5: Inundation Map between the Dam Axis and along Adura Lere
(Upstream to Downstream of the River Channel)
4.0 Conclusion
In this study, the flood inundation map was generated by HEC-GeoRAS (a tool box for ArcGIS™)
and imported into Google Earth to delineate the areas flooded under the assumed dam break scenario.
The outcome of the modelling showed that in the event of failure of Asa dam, some areas which
include industrial and residential areas were identified to have very high risk of being inundated due
to the significant difference in the value of water surface elevation and ground elevation. For
example, at station 8+188 (Coca Cola Factory), the computed water surface elevation is 265.97 m
while the corresponding ground elevation is 262.11 m or approximately 3.90 m elevation difference
and at station 6+504 which is a predominantly residential area along unity road, the computed water
surface elevation is 265.94 m while the corresponding ground elevation is 262.12 m or
approximately 3.80 m elevation difference.
8. Balogun and Ganiyu: Development of Inundation Map for Hypothetical Asa Dam Break using HEC-RAS and
Arc GIS. AZOJETE, 13(6):831-839. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng
838
Due to the scenario described above, it was established that displacement of people from residential
homes and commercial establishments located along the study area, such as business centers,
recreational areas, industrial areas and worship places will occur. The inundation map was developed
based on the extent of the water spread along the channel. The map is very useful as a tool to
formulate an emergency rescue plan of the affected areas.
Recommendations
The following recommendations are proposed for future consideration.
1. Conduct additional study to investigate flood events that are of lower magnitude compared to
the extreme event studied in this report.
2. In view of the on-going channel improvement project along the Asa River channel, it is
important to perform these studies using the most current bathymetry data of the newly
constructed channel.
3. Carry out investigation of practical implementation of the results of this study in assisting to
prepare an emergency evacuation plan.
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