This document provides an analysis of security issues and solutions for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks. It discusses various threats and attacks at different layers of the OSI model, including jamming, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks at the physical layer. At higher layers, threats include selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. The document then outlines some solutions, such as intrusion prevention, intrusion detection systems, and key management techniques. It concludes by discussing prospects for improved security through techniques like elliptic curve cryptography and quantum cryptography.

1. SECURITY ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS
OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AND WIRELESS
MESH NETWORK
Done By :- Aman Singh(13BCE0827)
VIT UNIVESITY VELLORE TAMIL NADU)
Faculty : Nalini N

2. CONTENTS
. Introduction
• Security Issues in (Wireless Sensor Networks)WMNs
• Threats and Attacks in WMNs and WSNs
• Solutions for Security Issues in WMNs
• Prospects for Future
• Proposed Solutions
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
• WSN are composed of a large set of homogeneous nodes with extreme resource
constraints. Each sensor node has wireless communication capability plus some
level of intelligence for signal processing and data networking. These nodes are
usually scattered over the area to be monitored to collect data, process it, and
forward it to a central node for further processing. In case of wireless sensor
network, the communication among the sensors is done using wireless transceivers.
The low cost and adaptability of wireless sensor networks make them a better option
to be commercial and scientific use and thus they are widely used in civil, military,
and other fields. WSN, as an emerging network technology, have risen gradually
recently. They can obtain a lot of detailed and reliable information in the network
distributed area anytime and anywhere Wireless sensor networks have a very
important scientific and practical value.

4. SECURITY ISSUES IN WMNS
The security issues for WMNs are basically identical to security
requirements for any other communication system. These issues
include:
Availability : - Availability ensures the survivability of network
services despite denial of service attacks.
Access Control:- It ensures that only authorized actions can be
performed. Also, access control entails the authentication and
authorization of the network entities of the WMNs.

5. SECURITY ISSUES IN WMNS
Integrity:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is
never corrupted. A message could be corrupted because of benign
failures, such as radio propagation impairment, or because of malicious
attacks on the network.
Confidentiality:-It ensures that the information is only accessible to
those who have been authorized to access it.
Non-repudiation:- Non-repudiation ensures that the sender and the
receiver of a message cannot deny that they have ever sent or received
such a message.

6. THREATS AND ATTACKS IN WMNS AND WSNS
• Wireless sensor networks are subject to several types of attacks which can be categorized
into attacks based on the layers present in different protocols. We classify all the
security threats based on different layers of the OSI.
• The physical layer is responsible for frequency selection, carrier frequency generation,
signal detection, modulation, and data encryption.
• Jamming :- Jamming attacks are sever Denial-of-service attacks against wireless
medium. This type of attack which interferes with the radio frequencies that the
nodes use in a WSN for communication.
Physical Layer Attacks

7. THREATS AND ATTACKS IN WMNS AND WSNS
Water Torture Attack: - In this attack the attacker pushes a
Subscriber Station (SS) to trench its battery or consume computing
resources by sending false frames.
Man in the Middle Attack :- In this attack an attacker grasp the valid frames
and then intentionally resends the frames to the target system. A wireless – specific
variation of man-in-the-middle attack is placing a rogue access point within range of
wireless stations.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack :- In the denial-of-Service (DoS) attack, the hacker‘s
objective is to render target machines inaccessible by legitimate users.

8. LINK LAYER ATTACKS
• Unencrypted Management Communication :- Almost all the IEEE 802.16
management messages are still sent unencrypted. The IEEE 802.16-
2004 standard does not provide any capability to encrypt management
messages.
• Masquerading threat :- By intercepting the management messages an attacker can
use the hardware address of another registered device.
• Threats due to Initial Network Entry:- In IEEE 802.16j-2009 no integrity protection
for management messages can be made in case of multicast transmissions and in
case of initial network entry by a new candidate node.

9. NETWORK LAYER ATTACKS
• Selective forwarding:- In a selective forwarding attack, malicious nodes may refuse
to forward certain messages and simply drop them, ensuring that they are not
propagated any further.
• Sinkhole:- In a sinkhole attack, the adversary manipulates the neighboring nodes to
attract nearly all the traffic from a particular area through a compromised node and
create a sink.
• Wormhole: - The main aim of the wormhole attack is to replay the packet on the
other side of the network. This attack is executed by two nodes colluding to form a
wormhole.
• Acknowledgment spoofing:- The objective of this attack is to hide the real identity of
the attacker.

10. TRANSPORT LAYER ATTACKS
• FLOODING:- By repeatedly make new connection requests until
the resources required by each connection may be exhausted, may
reach a maximum limit or may lead to memory exhaustion through
flooding.
• DESYNCRONIZATION:- De-synchronization refers to the
disruption of an existing connection. An attacker may, for example,
repeatedly spoof messages to end host causing the host to request the
retransmission of missed frames.

11. SESSION AND APPLICATION LAYER ATTACKS
• SESSION LAYER :- In Session Layer attack an attacker attempts to hijack an
established TCP session between two computers by guessing the sequence numbers
and taking out one of the user. The counterattacks can be using encryption
techniques, limiting incoming traffic etc.
• APPLICATION LAYER:- Application Layer attacks involve viruses, worms,
malicious codes, application abuses. When data being transmitted is unencrypted, it
is vulnerable to sniffing as well as attacks against applications

12. SOLUTIONS FOR THE SECURITY ISSUES IN WMN
• Intrusion Prevention Mechanisms :- Intrusion prevention mechanisms are
considered as the principle line of defense against malicious nodes and include
encryption, authentication and secure routing. A key management service is
responsible for keeping track of bindings between keys and nodes and for assisting
the establishment of mutual trust and secure communication between nodes.
Existing key management solutions for wireless and wired networks may be
classified into the following three typical categories: centralized, decentralized and
distributed key updating protocols.

13. SOLUTIONS FOR THE SECURITY ISSUES IN WMN
• Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) :- Intrusion detection systems are
also deployed to provide a second line of defense. Intrusion Detection
Systems in wired or wireless networks are used to alert the users about
possible attacks, ideally in time to stop the attack or mitigate the damage
• They consist of three functions :-
1) Event monitoring
2) Analysis engine
3) Response

14. SOME PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE TRENDS
• Key Management:- As the features of wireless sensor network
node resource are limited, asymmetric key system has been
considered unsuitable for wireless sensor networks; after elliptic curve
cryptography (ECC) has been proposed, asymmetric key system
application in wireless sensor networks has become possible.
Compared to the symmetric key system, asymmetric key system has
great advantages in terms of management and security keys.

15. SOME PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE TRENDS
• The Establishment of a Trust Model:- Establishing trust model
between nodes can reduce communication overhead between nodes and improve the
efficiency of certification to some extent.
• Improved Public Key Algorithm:- The public key algorithm has its
advantages in terms of safety, but the calculation is too big and there is some
difficulty in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks applications.
Certification

16. SOME PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE TRENDS
• Multipath Routing Protocol: - In recent years, traditional single-layer sensor network
only concerns the effective use of energy node, but it does not consider security issues.
The researchers began to focus on multipath routing protocol security and research how
to avoid the secure routing protocols which has been the victim node and the potential
victim node, but currently the secure routing protocols consider the situation in which
the victim node has been detected.
• Routing Protocol Hierarchy:- In addition, due to the particularity of the hierarchical
sensor networks structure, they are convenient for security solutions while providing
additional management overhead and other issues hierarchy; therefore, routing protocol
hierarchy is a research focus in recent years.
Security Routing

17. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
• The consequences of poor security in wireless sensor networks are severe. By using
well-established principles, appropriate protocols and ciphers, it is possible to build
systems that are both secure and efficient. Still there are many ways by which we
can improve the performance of security by introducing new techniques which are
more advanced and versatile. There are much advancement in this field and in some
recent time the techniques whose modified version and some new ones can sort out
this problem. To be mentioned, we propose two more techniques which falls under
the term cryptography – Improved ECC(Elliptical curve cryptography) and
Quantum cryptography

18. CONCLUSION
• The security of WSNs and WMNs is a big concern for the proper transmission of
data and thus many solutions have been proposed for the security issues. The
attacks we see in wireless sensor networks are mainly caused by the insertion of
false information by the compromised nodes within the network. Wireless Sensor
Networks would be widely deployed in future mission-critical applications. As
wireless sensor networks continue to grow and become more common, we expect
that further expectations of security will be required of these wireless sensor
network applications. On the other side WMNS due to their characteristics, such as
the open medium, the multi hop nature, and the lack of concentration points where
traffic can be analyzed, they pose new challenges in achieving security and thus the
threats they proposed should be rectified.

19. REFERENCES
• 1. Culler, D. E and Hong, W., ―Wireless Sensor Networks‖, Communication of the
ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6, June 2004, pp. 30-33.
• Ian F.Akyildiz,Xudong Wang and Weilin Wang, ―wireless mesh networks: a survey,‖
Computer Networks, vol. 47, pp. 445- 487, Jan. 2005.
• J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal., Wireless Sensor Network Survey, 2008
• J. Paul Walters, Z. Liang, W. Shi, and V. Chaudhary, Wireless Sensor Network
Security: A
Survey, Department of Computer Science Wayne State University.
• S. Tripathy and S. Nandi, Defense against outside attacks in wireless sensor
networks, Department of Information Technology, North Eastern Hill University,
October 2007