A marvelous presentation on the many complicated factors involved in calculating the value of solar to an electric utility. Presented on 9/20/13 by Lena Hansen and Virginia Lacy of the Rocky Mountain Institute to a Value of Solar Workshop hosted by the Division of Energy Resources of the Minnesota Department of Commerce. Part 1 of the stakeholder process for establishing the state's value of solar methodology for utilities.
Corporation Green Energy Technology not only gives customers an advanced technical solution, but also gives customers a real business opportunity efficiently and help customers get rich from the resources Natural and availability advantages, improve production quality and economic efficiency - environment. It is the obligation and our pride.
Corporation Green Energy Technology not only gives customers an advanced technical solution, but also gives customers a real business opportunity efficiently and help customers get rich from the resources Natural and availability advantages, improve production quality and economic efficiency - environment. It is the obligation and our pride.
You Be the Judge: A Ratings Tool for Selecting the Best Solar Module Rick Borry
What is the best PV module for a particular application? Is it one with the lowest cost per watt? Ultimately, it is the amount of energy produced that is the key factor in the economics of investment recovery and profit.
The Principal Solar Institute (PSI) has developed a tool for analyzing this key element: The PSI PV Module Rating, an energy assessment tool for comparing the Lifetime Energy Production of PV modules over a 25-year period. Using the PSI Rating, solar energy professionals can finally make easy, meaningful energy-economics comparisons of PV modules between manufacturers or within one manufacturer’s product line.
Hear Matt Thompson PhD, Executive Director of the Principal Solar Institute, and Kenneth Allen, COO of Principal Solar, Inc. and Principal Solar Institute Ratings Expert Panelist give an overview of the PSI PV Module Rating and explain how to use the ratings in financial calculations and comparisons of modules and manufacturers. Also, Steven Hegedus, PhD, scientist at the University of Delaware Institute of Energy Conversion, will present an overview of PV module field testing and performance metrics.Then discover specific applications for your business during a LIVE question-and-answer segment following the presentation.
PSI has just published a whitepaper detailing the PSI PV Module Ratings. You should download it free of charge here.
http://www.principalsolarinstitute.org/uploads/custom/3/_documents/PSIRatingsSystem.pdf
Dhaka | Aug-15 | Solar mini-grids in Bangladesh – Opportunities & ChallengesSmart Villages
Asma Huque, Managing Director, Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd.
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
Executive Summary Solar Energy Without Borders, Inc. is inviting Stakeholders...Syed Hashimi
Executive Summary Solar Energy Without Borders, Inc. is inviting Stakeholders, Joint Venture (JV) partners and Investors to join in this exciting opportunity
This module shows India is how suitable for solar power. It tells you about the government support for solar, investment opportunities and growth drivers for solar in India.
Introduction Letter of Industrial Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
We are the leading turnkey solutions provider in Dairy, Sugar, Textile, Power, Process and Telecom in all over world.
Dhaka | Aug-15 | Village level energy access in Bangladesh: Solar Home System...Smart Villages
Farzana Rahman, Unit Head (Investment), Renewable Energy
Md. Mahfuzur Rahman, Assistant Manager, Renewable Energy
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
You Be the Judge: A Ratings Tool for Selecting the Best Solar Module Rick Borry
What is the best PV module for a particular application? Is it one with the lowest cost per watt? Ultimately, it is the amount of energy produced that is the key factor in the economics of investment recovery and profit.
The Principal Solar Institute (PSI) has developed a tool for analyzing this key element: The PSI PV Module Rating, an energy assessment tool for comparing the Lifetime Energy Production of PV modules over a 25-year period. Using the PSI Rating, solar energy professionals can finally make easy, meaningful energy-economics comparisons of PV modules between manufacturers or within one manufacturer’s product line.
Hear Matt Thompson PhD, Executive Director of the Principal Solar Institute, and Kenneth Allen, COO of Principal Solar, Inc. and Principal Solar Institute Ratings Expert Panelist give an overview of the PSI PV Module Rating and explain how to use the ratings in financial calculations and comparisons of modules and manufacturers. Also, Steven Hegedus, PhD, scientist at the University of Delaware Institute of Energy Conversion, will present an overview of PV module field testing and performance metrics.Then discover specific applications for your business during a LIVE question-and-answer segment following the presentation.
PSI has just published a whitepaper detailing the PSI PV Module Ratings. You should download it free of charge here.
http://www.principalsolarinstitute.org/uploads/custom/3/_documents/PSIRatingsSystem.pdf
Dhaka | Aug-15 | Solar mini-grids in Bangladesh – Opportunities & ChallengesSmart Villages
Asma Huque, Managing Director, Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd.
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
Executive Summary Solar Energy Without Borders, Inc. is inviting Stakeholders...Syed Hashimi
Executive Summary Solar Energy Without Borders, Inc. is inviting Stakeholders, Joint Venture (JV) partners and Investors to join in this exciting opportunity
This module shows India is how suitable for solar power. It tells you about the government support for solar, investment opportunities and growth drivers for solar in India.
Introduction Letter of Industrial Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
We are the leading turnkey solutions provider in Dairy, Sugar, Textile, Power, Process and Telecom in all over world.
Dhaka | Aug-15 | Village level energy access in Bangladesh: Solar Home System...Smart Villages
Farzana Rahman, Unit Head (Investment), Renewable Energy
Md. Mahfuzur Rahman, Assistant Manager, Renewable Energy
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
Solar Power 2020: India On A National Solar MissionHIMADRI BANERJI
India can now make 700 megawatts of photovoltaic modules each year, according to the plan. The aim would be to make 20,000 megawatts of solar cells annually by 2017 and to establish expertise in solar thermal technologies.
Total costs would be 85,000 and 105,000 crores ($18.5 billion to $22.8 billion) over a 30-year period. To help finance the project, the plan foresees a significant tax on gasoline and diesel — fuels the government currently subsidizes.
Sungen is a PV solar panel manufacture with HQ located in Hong Kong and with 2 Manufacturing facilities in mainland china. We specialize in a-Si thin film technology with over 120 mw production per year and ramping up to 200mw in 2011 using Anwell automated production equipment.. we also manufacture the traditional Mono and Poly crystalline modules. Having offices in Asia, Australia, Europe and USA. (Tel. 1 650 492 5202)
A series of modules on project cycle, planning and the logical framework, aimed at team leaders of international NGOs in developing countries.
New improved version of Writing Project Proposals in February 2014.
Assessing Benefits and Costs of Distributed Solar ResourcesAnnie Lappé
With distributed solar growing at a record pace, states nationwide are assessing the benefits and costs of this dynamic resource. The implications of these studies couldn't be greater, as cornerstone policies such as net metering are on the line. Join Vote Solar and the Solar Energy Industries Association for a webinar featuring experts from:
* Rocky Mountain Institute
* Interstate Renewable Energy Council
* Rabago Consulting
Review their reports on lessons learned from recent studies and come away armed with a new framework for best practices in cost/benefit study design.
Presentation slides from the April 9, 2020 webinar featuring state and private sector leaders discuss shovel-ready infrastructure opportunities that can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the short-term in the U.S.
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/events/2020/04/webinar-build-back-better-shaping-us-stimulus-package
Community Microgrids: Savings and resilience for local governments (1/25/18)Clean Coalition
The Clean Coalition was a partner organization for the The Promise of Microgrids conference, which took place on January 25, 2018 in Los Angeles, CA. Frank Wasko, Program Director for the Clean Coalition, participated on a panel discussing local government microgrids.
"Next Gen Grid Tech Commercialization" for Duke University Energy Initiative ...Josh Gould
Guest lecture on "Next Gen Grid Tech Commercialization" for Duke University Energy Initiative graduate level course entitled: “Emerging Energy Technologies – From Lab to Market.” (790-01)
The Community Microgrid Initiative: The path to resilience and sustainabilityClean Coalition
The Clean Coalition's Development & Strategic Partnerships Director, Matt Renner, presented on our Community Microgrid Initiative at ACI’s West Coast Conference on Microgrids, which took place August 29-30, 2018 in Spokane, WA.
How the Energy Efficiency sector can embrace Exponential Leadership principles to spark meaningful change for the environment. Oct 2019 Keynote presentation at The Power of Collaboration conference hosted by ESG / Direct Technology.
Analysis of Community Microgrids: The path to resilient and sustainable commu...Clean Coalition
Greg Thomson, Director of the Community Microgrid Initiative for the Clean Coalition, presented on Community Microgrids to the Municipal Sustainability & Energy Forum on January 25, 2018. This modern energy solution that delivers unparalleled environmental, economic, and resilience benefits to communities.
A presentation about protecting clean water during construction projects. Presented by Robert Roseen of Geosyntec Consulting during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2014 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
Community Choice Energy for Policymakers organized by Business for Clean Energy, Joint Venture Silicon Valley, and the Cities Association of Santa Clara County. Hosted by Microsoft.
Silicon Valley Bank Energy Efficiency Report: Key Sector TrendsSilicon Valley Bank
SVB's Energy Efficiency Report provides perspective on the key players and most compelling trends in the Energy sector. Topics covered include VC and government funding in the energy efficiency market; industry trends related to regulation, consumer demand and technology enhancements; and an overview of financing for energy companies.
Community Microgrids: Optimizing economics, environment, & resilience (5/17/18)Clean Coalition
The Clean Coalition’s Executive Director, Craig Lewis, presented on our Community Microgrid Initiative at Leadership Palo Alto’s Environment & Sustainability Day, which took place on May 17, 2018 in Palo Alto, CA.
Helping mining companies with their sustainability strategiesSchneider Electric
Schneider Electric™ has a proven record of leading
companies to thriving sustainability programs across
economic, environmental, and social dimensions. As
a global leader in sustainability services, we provide
an end-to-end solution that truly sets us apart from
others and integrates strategies, technologies, and
implementation capabilities.
How building owners, developers and tenants are working together with technology providers to develop high-performance, net-zero, and positive-energy buildings.
Making the Shift to a Clean Energy Economy in New YorkJeremy Cherson
A Presentation by Jennifer Metzger, Co-Director of Citizens for Local Power. Learn more at www.citizensforlocalpower.com.
Presentation made on April 2nd, 2016.
Which Costs Less? A Surprising Comparison of Utility-Scale, Community, and Ro...John Farrell
Electric utilities often misrepresent the cost of solar energy to serve their own profit interests. The truth? Costs are comparable for utility-scale, rooftop, and community solar––and local solar offers benefits aside from clean electricity, from reducing energy burdens for electric customers to providing resilience in the face of natural disaster. State legislatures should create policies to capture the benefits of all sizes and ownership methods of building more solar energy, but should especially work to undo years of utility misdirection by promoting local solar.
Which Costs Less? A Surprising Comparison of Utility-Scale, Community, and Ro...John Farrell
Electric utilities often misrepresent the cost of solar energy to serve their own profit interests. The truth? Costs are comparable for utility-scale, rooftop, and community solar––and local solar offers benefits aside from clean electricity, from reducing energy burdens for electric customers to providing resilience in the face of natural disaster. State legislatures should create policies to capture the benefits of all sizes and ownership methods of building more solar energy, but should especially work to undo years of utility misdirection by promoting local solar.
Energy Democracy: How the deciders in the energy system are changingJohn Farrell
This presentation as part of the Distributed Energy Resources debate at the 2019 MIT Energy Conference, dispels myths about the relative economics of distributed and centralized renewable energy and emphasizes how the decision making structure of energy systems is already changing hands.
Can Puerto Rico overcome a colonial past to build and own a greener grid? This slideshow accompanied a 10-minute presentation by ILSR co-director John Farrell to the Black Start Conference in Puerto Rico in March 2019. He explains the lingering colonial impact, the dangers of relying on privatization for accountability, and the opportunity from embracing distributed renewable energy with widely shared ownership.
Choosing the Electric Avenue: Unlocking Savings, Emissions Reductions, and Co...John Farrell
Already available electric vehicles can meet most Americans' daily travel needs, charge inexpensively, and cost less to operate than gasoline cars. This webinar explains how to capture their benefits for drivers, the grid, and society and why we need to act now.
Reverse Power Flow: How solar+batteries shift electric grid decision making f...John Farrell
For 100 years, most decisions about the U.S. electric grid have been made at the top by electric utilities, public regulators, and grid operators. That era has ended.
Small-scale solar has provided one-fifth of new power plant capacity in each of the last four quarters, and over 10 percent in the past five years. One in 5 new California customers of the nation’s largest residential solar company are adding energy storage to their solar arrays. Economic defection––when electricity customers produce most of their own electricity––is not only possible, but rapidly becoming cost-effective. As the flow of power on the grid has shifted one-way to two-way, so has the power to shape the electric grid’s future.
In 4 weeks, citizens of Decorah, Iowa, will vote whether to take over the electric company for more local control. In this talk from March 26, John Farrell explains the advantages and opportunities of local power.
What makes local, renewable electricity generation best for a community? ILSR's Director of Energy Democracy presents to a forum in Rochester, MN, about pursuing 100% renewable energy and the economic value to the city in pursuing this ambitious goal.
A Vision for Minnesota Solar: Lessons and Barriers from the North Star StateJohn Farrell
Minnesota policy makers have set the table for solar to grow in this northern state, but are incumbent utilities willing to aid their customers' pursuit of solar? This presentation looks at the successes so far and who is best positioned to lead the growth of solar at a time of rapid technological change.
AERO Presentation: How Communities Use Clean Energy to Build Local PowerJohn Farrell
In October 2017, John Farrell gave a keynote address to the annual meeting and expo of AERO, a Montana organization with a similar mission of empowering communities to promote a sustainable economy. He addressed the widespread opportunity for clean energy in Montana, the shared desire of communities to capture that growing economic opportunity, and three ways communities can get started.
Will the Feds Preserve Electricity Market Competition?John Farrell
The 1978-era Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) is under fire, but does a law passed in an era of shag carpeting just as out of fashion or still essential to preserving market competition?
Choosing the Electric Avenue - Webinar PresentationJohn Farrell
On June 21st, 2017, John Farrell delivered a webinar presentation discussing the impact electric vehicles can have on the electric grid and renewable energy. You can view the report that these slides are based on here: https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Electric-Vehicles-Report-Final.pdf.
A YouTube video recording of the webinar presentation is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwL8WZILRWo.
Choosing the Electric Avenue - Webinar PresentationJohn Farrell
On June 21st, 2017, John Farrell delivered a webinar presentation discussing the impact electric vehicles can have on the electric grid and renewable energy.
February 2017 - NARUC Debate on Distributed GenerationJohn Farrell
On February 13, John Farrell participated in a debate on the value of small-scale distributed generation at the annual meeting of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) in Washington, D.C. with a utility-scale renewable energy booster named Brian Potts.
Mighty Microgrids: How Small Grids Could Become a Big DealJohn Farrell
A twist on John Farrell's previous microgrid presentation adds in the potential for biogas to play a role in microgrid development. Can cow poop and food waste power microgrids?
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
A Review of Solar PV Benefit and Cost Studies
1. 1820 Folsom Street | Boulder, CO 80302 | RMI.org
A REVIEW OF SOLAR PV
BENEFIT & COST STUDIES
Lena Hansen
lhansen@rmi.org
Virginia Lacy
vlacy@rmi.org
17 SEPTEMBER 2013 | SAINT PAUL, MN
2. ABOUT RMI AND E-LAB
2
Rocky Mountain Institute works across
industries on challenging energy issues to
drive the efficient and restorative use of
resources with market-based approaches
e-Lab brings together leading electricity
sector actors to solve regulatory, business,
and economic barriers to the economic
deployment of distributed resources
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
1. Framing the need
2. Setting the stage
3. Overview of studies
4. Key findings about benefits and costs
5. Takeaways and implications
5. SOLAR PV COSTS CONTINUE TO DECLINE...
5
$-
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
$/W
Historical (!10 kW)
RMI RF (2011)
Sunshot Target (2011)
Black and Veatch
McKinsey-EERE (2009)
Germany
BNEF Q2 2013
(!20 kW)
TOTAL INSTALLED COST FOR <10 KW SYSTEMS
Source: LBNL, DOE, BNEF, RMI Analysis
6. ...ENABLING INCREASING ADOPTION AROUND THE COUNTRY...
6
0
140
280
420
560
700
PN
M
(N
M
)SM
U
D
(C
A)
N
V
Energy
(N
V)
Atlantic
C
ity
Elec.(N
J)
SDG
&E
(C
A)Xcel(C
O
)JC
P&L
(N
J)APS
(AZ)PSE&G
(N
J)SC
E
(C
A)PG
&E
(C
A)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
20
47 53
126 124 138
204
237
370
437
615
CumulativeSolarGenerationCapacity(MW)
MWSolarasa%ofPeakDemand
MW Installed Distribued Solar as a % of Peak
DISTRIBUTED SOLAR INSTALLED, BY UTILITY (END OF YEAR 2012)
Sources: PNM 2012 10k, PNM 2013 & 2014 Resource Procurement Plans, CSI data, Xcel 2012 10-k, APS 2012 10-k, PSE&G 2012 10-k, SEPA Utility Solar Ranking
Data 2013, SMUD board of directors 2013 agenda, RMI Analysis.
8. THESE ISSUES ARE ROOTED IN DISTRIBUTED PV’S CHARACTERISTICS,
WHICH CONTRAST WITH HISTORICALLY CENTRALIZED SYSTEM
Siting OwnershipOperations
Large plants located
far from load
Small, modular, scalable
units located close to load
Centralized operations
controlling dispatchable
supply resources
Currently operate outside of
centrally controlled dispatch;
resources are variable and
require no fuel
Financed, built and
owned by the utility
Can be financed, installed,
or owned by either the
customer or third party
8
Conventional
Generation
Distributed
Solar PV
9. 9
END-USE EFFICIENCY FLEXIBILITY
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION GRID INTELLIGENCE
• Solar PV
• Combined heat & power
• Small-scale wind
• Others (i.e. fuel cells)
• Demand Response
• Electric Vehicles
• Thermal Storage
• Battery Storage
• Smart inverters
• Home-area networks
THESE CHARACTERISTICS EXTEND BEYOND DPV TO ALL
FORMS OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
10. MECHANISMS DESIGNED FOR AN HISTORICALLY CENTRALIZED
SYSTEM ARE NOT WELL-ADAPTED TO THE INTEGRATION OF DPV
DPV SERVICE PROVIDERS
DPV CUSTOMERS
NON-DPV
CUSTOMERS
4. VALUE
RECOGNITION
AND ALLOCATION
5. SOCIAL EQUITY
Service$$
1. FLEXIBILITY & PREDICTABILITY
3. SOCIAL PRIORITIES
UTILITY/GRID
2. LOCATION & TIME
10
SOCIETY
11. 11
Power from DPV fluctuates with the weather, adding variability, and requires smart
integration to best shape output system needs.
Source: Lovins, Amory B. and the Rocky Mountain Institute, “Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era,” Chelsea Green Publishing Company, Vermont, 2011.
MISALIGNMENT 1: FLEXIBILITY & PREDICTABILITY
Illustrative
12. 12
There is a limited feedback loop to customers that the costs or benefit of any electricity
resource, especially DERs, vary by location and time.
GEOGRAPHICALLY VARYING PRICES
Source: correspondence from Jon Wellinghoff.
MISALIGNMENT 2: LOCATION...
High Price Area
Low Price Area
13. MISALIGNMENT 2: ...AND TIME
13
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!"#$%&
'()*&
TIME VARYING PRICES
There is a limited feedback loop to customers that the costs or benefit of any electricity
resource, especially DERs, vary by location and time.
Sources: http://www.iso-ne.com/markets/mkt_anlys_rpts/whlse_load/estimator/index.action, and http://www.bls.gov/ro1/cpibosap.pdf
14. MISALIGNMENT 3: SOCIAL PRIORITIES
?
$/kWh
Security and Reliability Value
Environmental Value
• Carbon Emissions Reductions
• Air Quality Improvements
• Water Usage & Pollution Reductions
• Land Use & Impact Reductions
Social Value
• Economic Development
SOLAR GENERATION VALUE EXTERNALIZED VALUE TO SOCIETY
14
Other
Transmission
Distribution
Generation
Society values the environmental and social benefits that DPV could provide, but those
benefits are often externalized and unmonetized.
15. MISALIGNMENT 4: BENEFIT AND COST RECOGNITION & ALLOCATION
Conventional
Situation
What if a DPV customer
does not pay full cost to
serve demand?
What if a DPV customer is
not fully compensated for
service they provide?
15
Other Costs
Transmission Cost
Distribution Cost
Generation Cost
$/yr
Mechanisms are not in place to transparently recognize or compensate service provided
by the utility or the customer.
cost to
serve
customer
bill
cost to
serve
customer
bill
cost to
serve
customer
bill
16. MISALIGNMENT 5: SOCIAL EQUITY
If a DPV customer does not
pay full cost to serve
demand...
Uncovered
Costs
Cost Reduction /
Societal Savings
...the remaining costs must
be covered by...
Other
Customers
Utility
$
16
Other Costs
Transmission Cost
Distribution Cost
Generation Cost
If costs are incurred by DPV customers that are not paid for, those costs would be
allocated to the rest of customers. Conversely, DPV customers also provide benefits to
other customers and society.
cost to
serve
customer
bill
17. THESE MISALIGNMENTS RAISE KEY QUESTIONS
• What benefits and costs does DPV actually create?
• How should those benefits and costs be assessed?
• How can benefits and costs be more effectively allocated and
priced?
17
19. A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
FINANCIAL
19
•Basic framework for discussing
value at highest level
•Categories are agnostic to
ultimate value
(value = benefit - cost)
•Does not reflect who incurs
benefit or cost
20. SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENERGY
• energy
• system
losses
CAPACITY
•generation capacity
•transmission & distribution
capacity
•DPV installed capacity
GRID SUPPORT
SERVICES
•reactive supply & voltage
control
•regulation & frequency
response
•energy & generator imbalance
•synchronized & supplemental
operating reserves
•scheduling, forecasting, and
system control & dispatch
FINANCIAL
20
Grid services includes the
direct benefits and costs
that are incurred in the
generation and delivery of
electricity from operations
to resource planning.
A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
21. SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
FINANCIAL
FINANCIAL RISK
• fuel price hedge
• market price response
21
A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
Financial risk includes areas
of typical risk exposure or
mitigation in electricity, such
as volatility of fuel prices or
market prices.
22. SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
SECURITY RISK
• reliability & resilience
FINANCIAL
22
A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
Security risk includes all
aspects of grid reliability and
resiliency, including effects on
the system reduce the
occurrence of outages, or
respond to (“bounce back”
from) outages.
25. 25
SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENERGY
• energy
• system losses
CAPACITY
• generation capacity
• transmission & distribution capacity
• DPV installed capacity
GRID SUPPORT SERVICES
• reactive supply & voltage control
• regulation & frequency response
• energy & generator imbalance
• synchronized & supplemental operating reserves
• scheduling, forecasting, and system control & dispatch
SECURITY RISK
• reliability & resilience
ENVIRONMENTAL
• carbon emissions
• criteria air pollutants (SOx, NOx, PM10)
• water
• land
SOCIAL
• Economic development (jobs and tax revenues)
FINANCIAL
FINANCIAL RISK
• fuel price hedge
• market price response
A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
26. STAKEHOLDERS HAVE DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES THAT
AFFECT CONSIDERATION OF BENEFITS AND COSTS
26
“I want to do the right thing for the environment while reducing my
electricity bill. I want to be fairly compensated for the benefits I
provide.”
SOLAR CUSTOMER
UTILITY
OTHER CUSTOMERS
“I want to serve my customers reliably and safely at the
lowest cost, provide shareholder value and meet regulatory
requirements.”
“I want reliable power at the lowest cost.”
“We want improved environmental quality as well as an
improved economy.”
SOCIETY
27. BENEFITS AND COSTS ACCRUE TO DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS
AVOIDED COST
SAVINGS
TOTAL RESOURCE COST
PV Cost $
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
ELECTRIC GRID
SOCIETAL COST
UTILITY COST
$
$
$
RATE IMPACT
PARTICIPANT COST
$
INTEGRATION &
INTERCONNECTION
COSTS
INCENTIVE,
BILL SAVINGS
LOST REVENUE,
UTILITY NET COST
SOCIAL BENEFITS
27
28. STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE: SOLAR CUSTOMER
28
• Reduction in utility bill
• Financial incentives
• Utility or other program administrator
• Federal, state, or local tax incentives
• Cost of solar equipment and
installation
• Ongoing system operations and
maintenance costs
Benefits Costs
“I want to do the right
thing for the environment
while reducing my
electricity bill. I want to be
fairly compensated for the
benefits I provide.”
PV Cost
INCENTIVE,
BILL SAVINGS
$
29. STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE: UTILITY
“I want to serve my customers
reliably and safely at the lowest
cost, provide shareholder value and
meet regulatory requirements.”
29
• Avoided energy costs
• Reduced system losses
• Avoided generation capacity costs
• Avoided transmission and distribution
costs
• Avoided grid support services costs
• Avoided financial risk and
environmental compliance costs
• Decreased revenue
• Increased utility administrative costs
• Financial incentive costs
• Integration (including grid support)
and interconnection costs
Benefits Costs
AVOIDED COST
SAVINGS
$
$
$
$
INTEGRATION &
INTERCONNECTION
COSTS
INCENTIVE,
BILL SAVINGS
LOST REVENUE,
UTILITY NET COST
30. “I want reliable power
at the lowest cost.”
STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE: OTHER CUSTOMERS
• Rebates / incentives for PV
passed through to customers
• Decreased utility revenue that is
offset by increased rates
• Increased utility administrative
costs passed through to
customers
• Integration and interconnection
costs passed through to
customers 30
Benefits Costs
$
LOST REVENUE,
UTILITY NET COST
• Avoided energy costs
• Reduced system losses
• Avoided generation capacity costs
• Avoided transmission and distribution
costs
• Avoided grid support services costs
• Avoided financial risk and
environmental compliance costs
31. “We want improved
environmental quality
as well as an
improved economy.”
STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE: SOCIETY
• The sum of all benefits accrued
to all stakeholders
• Environmental (air quality, water,
land) benefits
• Social (jobs and economic
development) benefits
• Security (reliability and
resilience) benefits
• The sum of all costs accrued to all
stakeholders
31
Benefits Costs
TOTAL RESOURCE COST
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
SOCIETAL COST
SOCIAL BENEFITS
32. THE NATURE OF DPV IN TODAY’S SYSTEM CREATES A DIVIDE BETWEEN
WHO PAYS AND WHO BENEFITS
PV
Customer
Other
Customers
Society at
Large
Benefits
and Costs
Energy
Capacity:
Gen/T&D
Grid
Support
Services
Financial
Risk
Security Risk
Environmental
Social
32
Financial
Incentives
+
— —
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
Capacity:
DPV cost —
+/—+
+ —Bill Savings
35. RMI REVIEWED 16 STUDIES THAT ASSESSED DPV’S COSTS AND BENEFITS
35
The Value of Distributed Solar Electric
Generation to New Jersey and Pennsylvania
(CPR (NJ/PA) 2012)
Energy and Capacity Valuation of Photovoltaic
Power Generation in New York
(CPR (NY) 2008)
36. 36
The Value of Distributed Solar Electric
Generation to San Antonio
(CPR (TX) 2013)
The Value of Distributed Photovoltaics to Austin
Energy and the City of Austin
(AE/CPR 2006)
Designing Austin Energy’s Solar Tariff Using A
Distributed PV Calculator
(AE/CPR 2012)
RMI REVIEWED 16 STUDIES THAT ASSESSED DPV’S COSTS AND BENEFITS
37. 37
The Benefits and Costs of Solar Distributed
Generation for Arizona Public Service
(Crossborder (AZ) 2013)
Distributed Renewable Energy Operating
Impacts and Valuation Study
(APS 2009)
Updated Solar PV Value Report
(APS 2013)
Costs and Benefits of Distributed Solar Generation
on the Public Service Company of Colorado System
(Xcel 2013)
RMI REVIEWED 16 STUDIES THAT ASSESSED DPV’S COSTS AND BENEFITS
38. 38
Value of Variable Generation at High Penetration Levels
(LBNL 2012)
Quantifying the Benefits of Solar Power for California
(Vote Solar 2005)
Accelerating Residential PV Expansion
(R. Duke 2005)
Evaluating the Benefits and Costs of Net Energy
Metering for Residential Customers in California
Crossborder (CA) 2013
Technical Potential for Local Distributed
Photovoltaics in California
(E3 2012)
California Solar Initiative Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation
(E3 2011)
RMI REVIEWED 16 STUDIES THAT ASSESSED DPV’S COSTS AND BENEFITS
39. 39
Photovoltaics Value Analysis
(NREL 2008)
Value of Variable Generation at High
Penetration Levels
(LBNL 2012)
The Value of Distributed Solar Electric Generation to
San Antonio
(CPR (TX) 2013)
Quantifying the Benefits of Solar Power
for California
(Vote Solar 2005)
Accelerating Residential PV Expansion
(R. Duke 2005)
The Benefits and Costs of Solar Distributed
Generation for Arizona Public Service
(Crossborder (AZ) 2013)
Distributed Renewable Energy Operating
Impacts and Valuation Study
(APS 2009)
Updated Solar PV Value Report
(APS 2013)
Evaluating the Benefits and Costs of
Net Energy Metering for Residential
Customers in California
Crossborder (CA) 2013
The Value of Distributed Solar Electric
Generation to New Jersey and Pennsylvania
(CPR (NJ/PA) 2012)
Technical Potential for Local Distributed
Photovoltaics in California
(E3 2012)
The Value of Distributed Photovoltaics to Austin Energy
and the City of Austin
(AE/CPR 2006)
Energy and Capacity Valuation of
Photovoltaic Power Generation in New York
(CPR (NY) 2008)
California Solar Initiative Cost-
Effectiveness Evaluation
(E3 2011)
Designing Austin Energy’s Solar Tariff Using A
Distributed PV Calculator
(AE/CPR 2012)
Costs and Benefits of Distributed Solar Generation on
the Public Service Company of Colorado System
(Xcel 2013)
RMI REVIEWED 16 STUDIES THAT ASSESSED DPV’S COSTS AND BENEFITS
40. STUDIES SHOW WIDELY VARYING RESULTS, ALTHOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE TO DISTILL
INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MINNESOTA’S VOS PROCESS
40
BENEFITS AND COSTS OF DISTRIBUTED PV BY STUDY
AZ NY, NJ, PA TX U.S.CACO
APS
2013
APS
2009
Cross-
border
(CA)
2013
Vote
Solar
2005
R. Duke
2005
LBNL
2012*
CPR (NJ/
PA) 2012
CPR
(TX)
2013
AE/CPR
2012
AE/CPR
2006
CPR
(NY)
2008
Xcel
2013
!"#$
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#$
&#$
%#$
"#$
(cents/kWhin$2012)!
Cross-
border
(AZ)
2013
E3
2012**
NREL
2008***
MonetizedMonetized
Energy
System Losses
Gen Capacity
T&D Capacity
Average Local Retail Rate****
(in year of study, per EIA)
DPV Technology
Grid Support Services
Solar Penetration Cost
Financial: Fuel Price Hedge
Financial: Mkt Price Response
Security Risk
Env. Carbon
Env. Criteria Air Pollutants
Env. Unspecified
Social
Avoided RPS
Customer Services
Inconsistently Unmonetized
41. THREE FACTORS DRIVE DIFFERENCES IN SOLAR VALUE
41
1. Local Context
3. Methodologies
2. Input Assumptions
Local system conditions that
shape or bound the net value
that solar can provide
Data assumptions used in
deriving the results
Approaches to calculating
benefits and costs
42. 1. LOCAL CONTEXT: SOLAR RESOURCE
42
Source: NREL
SOLAR INSOLATION AVERAGE SOLAR RADIATION BY AREA
Source: NREL PV Watts
43. 1. LOCAL CONTEXT: SOLAR GENERATION PROFILE
43
GENERIC SOLAR GENERATION PROFILE
Average summer (top) and winter (bottom) daily PV output
(Example from CPR/AE 2006 study)
DIFFERENCES IN GENERATION PROFILE
DUE TO PV ORIENTATION/ CONFIGURATION
Normalized
Power(%)
100%
50%
0%
0:00 12:00 00:00
System Demand
PV South Facing Orientations
PV West-Facing
44. 1. LOCAL CONTEXT: SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
44
SYSTEM OR LOCAL DEMAND PROFILE
Power(%)
100%
50%
0%
0:00 12:00 00:00
System Demand
PV South Facing Orientations
PV West-Facing
COINCIDENCE OF DPV SOLAR
PRODUCTION WITH APS SYSTEM PEAK
(10% PENETRATION OF SYSTEM PEAK)
(APS 2009 study)
45. 1. LOCAL CONTEXT: GENERATION MIX
45
TYPICAL SUMMER DAY
(APS 2009 study)
TYPICAL WINTER DAY
47. 2. INPUT ASSUMPTIONS: A PREVIEW
47
Value: Energy
System: Arizona Public Service
• APS 2013: $9.00/MMBtu in 2008,
$9.61 in 2025, based on NYMEX
• APS 2009: $3.50/MMBtu in 2012,
$7.66 in 2025, based on NYMEX
Several input assumptions consistently and significantly drive specific components
of solar value. For example, the price of fuel makes up a large portion of energy
value; therefore, assumed fuel price forecast is important.
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value
$.025
$.10
48. 3. METHODOLOGIES: A PREVIEW
48
Value: Generation capacity
System: California
• E3 2012: In the long-run, value is based
on the fixed cost of a new CT less
expected revenues from real-time energy
and ancillary services markets. Prior to
the resource balance year, value is based
on a resource adequacy value.
• Crossborder (CA) 2012: Does not use
E3’s resource balance year approach,
which means that value is based only on
long-run avoided capacity costs.
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capacity
Different methodologies used to calculate benefits and costs lead to different
results. For example, generation capacity value can be calculated in multiple
ways, driving differences across studies.
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49. STUDY DESIGN: STRUCTURAL CHOICES
49
• Discount rate
• Timeframe
• System evolution over time
• solar penetration (current levels, increasing levels)
• load profiles (demand response, electric vehicles, smart grid)
• generation profiles (variable renewables, storage)
• Stakeholder perspective considered
51. 51
SOCIAL
SECURITY
GRID
SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENERGY
• energy
• system losses
CAPACITY
• generation capacity
• transmission & distribution capacity
• DPV installed capacity
GRID SUPPORT SERVICES
• reactive supply & voltage control
• regulation & frequency response
• energy & generator imbalance
• synchronized & supplemental operating reserves
• scheduling, forecasting, and system control & dispatch
SECURITY RISK
• reliability & resilience
ENVIRONMENTAL
• carbon emissions
• criteria air pollutants (SOx, NOx, PM10)
• water
• land
SOCIAL
• Economic development (jobs and tax revenues)
FINANCIAL
FINANCIAL RISK
• fuel price hedge
• market price response
A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES OF SOLAR BENEFITS OR COSTS ARE
RECOGNIZED (NOT ALWAYS QUANTIFIED) IN REVIEWED ANALYSES
52. 52
WHAT IT IS
ENERGY
The cost and amount of energy that would have otherwise been
generated to meet customer needs, largely driven by the variable costs of
the marginal resource that is displaced.
ENERGY
KEY POINTS
• Frequently the most significant source of benefit
• General agreement on approach, but several differences in
methodological detail
• Sometimes reported values include system losses and carbon price
53. 53
ENERGY
* = value includes losses
03691215Xcel2013APS,2013*
C
rossboarder(AZ),2013*
C
PR
(TX),2013*
C
rossborder(C
A),2013
AE/C
PR,2012*
C
PR
(N
J/PA),2012*
LBN
L,2012E3,2012APS,2009*N
REL,2008
C
PR
(N
Y),2008
AE/C
PR,2006*
Vote
Solar,2005
R.Duke,2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
ENERGY
54. 54
ENERGY
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
How much energy will DPV
provide?
What is the value of that
energy?
• Solar data: TMY vs. time/
load correlated
• Marginal resource: discrete
asset vs. hourly assessment
• Fuel price forecast: EIA vs.
NYMEX, and approach to
extending
Other drivers of value include: market structure, power plant efficiency, and
operating and maintenance costs
ENERGY
55. 55
ENERGY
CHOOSING SOLAR DATA
Taking a more granular approach to determining energy value requires a more detailed DPV
generation model which should be matched with the same year’s load profile.
TMY Data Time/Load Correlated Data
Typical Meteorological Year
based on 30 years of data, from
NREL
Actual hourly load and solar
generation, correlated
“TMY data tracks well with the
actual solar data”
“A technical analysis based on
anything other than time- and
location-correlated solar data may
give incorrect results”
ENERGY
56. 56
ENERGY
DEFINING THE MARGINAL RESOURCE
Accurately defining the marginal resource that DPV displaces requires an increasingly
sophisticated approach as DPV penetration increases, but at low levels of penetration, a
simpler approach is likely adequate.
Approaches to Marginal
Resource Characterization
Single power plant assumed to be
on the margin (typically gas CC)
Plant on the margin on-peak/plant
on the margin off-peak
Hourly dispatch or market
assessment to determine marginal
resource in every hour
Moreaccurate,morecomplex
ENERGY
57. 57
ENERGY
FORECASTING FUEL PRICES
Although the NYMEX natural gas forward market is a reasonable basis for a natural
gas price forecast, it is not apparent from studies reviewed what the most effective
method is for escalating prices beyond the year in which the NYMEX market ends.
Forecasts change dramatically with every iteration.
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ENERGY
58. 58
WHAT IT IS
The value of the additional energy generated by central plants that would
otherwise be lost due to the inherent inefficiencies (electrical resistance) in
delivering energy to the customer via the transmission & distribution system.
SYSTEM LOSSES
SYSTEM LOSSES
59. 59
KEY POINTS
• Avoided losses usually represent a small, but not insignificant, source
of value
• Included in all studies; some methodological differences but relatively
straightforward
• Acts as a magnifier of value for capacity and environmental benefits
SYSTEM LOSSES
SYSTEM LOSSES
60. 60
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
SYSTEM LOSSES
012345
Xcel,2013
C
rossborder(C
A),2013
AE/C
PR,2012
E3,2012
N
REL,2008
AE/C
PR,2006
Vote
Solar,2005
R.Duke,2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
SYSTEM LOSSES
61. 61
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
What are the system’s loss
factors?
When and where does solar
reduce losses?
What types of avoided losses
are included?
SYSTEM LOSSES
Other drivers of value include: level of system congestion and whether losses
are included as an adder of other values or stand alone
• Average vs. marginal
• Degree of geographic granularity
• Solar data: TMY vs. time/load
correlated
• Energy, capacity, environment
SYSTEM LOSSES
62. 62
Because losses are driven by the square of current, losses are significantly higher during
peak periods. Therefore, when calculating losses, it’s critical to reflect marginal losses,
not just average losses.
ESTIMATING SYSTEM LOSSES
(APS 2009 study)
SYSTEM LOSSES
63. 63
WHAT IT IS
The value of deferring or displacing other generation investments by providing
capacity that can meet demand at the same system level of reliability.
GENERATION CAPACITY
GENERATION
CAPACITY
KEY POINTS
• More complex undertaking than energy or system losses
• Some philosophical agreement on capacity value approach, although there remain
key differences in methodology
• Estimation of marginal resource and value can differ based on system characteristics,
e.g. capacity market
• Factors driving largest differences of value:
• Correlation of solar generation with periods of system peak demand
• Calculation of effective capacity or capacity credit
• Whether there is an assumption of a minimum DPV level required to defer capacity
64. WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
* = value takes into account loss savings
03691215
Xcel,2013
APS,2013
Crossborder(AZ),2013*
CPR(TX),2013
Crossborder(CA),2013
CPR(NJ/PA),2012
LBNL,2012
E3,2012
AE/CPR,2012*
APS,2009
NREL,2008
CPR(NY),2008
AE/CPR,2006
VoteSolar,2005
R.Duke,2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
GENERATION
CAPACITY
GENERATION CAPACITY
65. 65
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
1) How much capacity can solar provide?
GENERATION
CAPACITY
•Capacity credit: Effective load
carrying capability (ELCC)
•Over time: decreasing
2) How much is that capacity worth?
•Marginal resource: market
value vs. fixed costs of a
marginal generator (typically at
CT or CCGT)
•Deferral value: every MW vs.
only in minimum increments
based on system needs
Other drivers of value include: load growth, inclusion of system losses
GENERATION CAPACITY
66. Generation capacity value is highly dependent on the correlation of DPV generation
to load. While all studies assess that correlation using an ELCC approach, varying
results indicate possible different formulations of ELCC.
66
DETERMINING DPV’S EFFECTIVE CAPACITY
GENERATION
CAPACITY
Normalized
Power(%)
100%
50%
0%
0:00 12:00 00:00
System Demand
PV South Facing Orientations
PV West-Facing
Study ELCC*
APS 2009 ~45-49%
APS 2013**
45.9% (2015)
30.5% (2020)
21% (2025)
CPR (NJ/PA) 2012 28-45%
Xcel 2013 33%
AE/CPR 2006 46-63%
CPR (TX) 2013 71-97%
Crossborder (APS)
2013
50-70%
* Most studies do not indicate whether ELCC is AC/DC
** expected penetration scenario (242, 768, 1504 MWac)
GENERATION CAPACITY
67. 67
GENERATION
CAPACITY
Some studies credit every unit of dependable DPV with capacity value, whereas
others require a certain minimum amount to be installed to defer an actual planned
resource. It’s important to assess what capacity would have been needed without any
additional DPV.
ESTIMATING DEFERRAL VALUE
Demand with PV
MW
Demand without PV
GENERATION CAPACITY
68. 68
ELCC(%INSTALLEDPVCAPACITY)
LOAD PENETRATION
DIMINISHEDDEPENDABLECAPACITY
SOLAR PV AS PERCENT OF SYSTEM PEAK
As more DPV is added to the system, the underlying load shape could begin to shift as DPV
generation shifts the net-demand peak to other periods of the day.
RW Beck/ Arizona Public Service 2009
The Value of Distributed Photovoltaics to
Austin Energy and the City of Austin (2006)
UNDERSTANDING CHANGING VALUE WITH INCREASING PENETRATION
GENERATION CAPACITY
GENERATION
CAPACITY
69. 69
WHAT IT IS
The value of the net change in transmission and distribution infrastructure
investments due to the addition of DPV, which is installed closer to load,
relieving capacity constraints upstream and deferring or avoiding upgrades.
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY
TRANSMISSION &
DISTRIBUTION
CAPACITY
KEY POINTS
• Value (especially distribution) is site specific, making accurate assessments difficult,
necessitating more granular data, and driving significant differences in results
• There are widely varying methodologies using data of differing quantity and quality as
studies seek a balance between accuracy and analytical simplicity
• Factors driving largest differences in value:
• T&D investment plan characteristics and assumed load growth
• calculation of solar capacity credit
• minimum DPV required to defer capacity
71. 71
How much capacity can solar provide?
TRANSMISSION &
DISTRIBUTION
CAPACITY
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
What (and where) is the potential for
capacity deferral and how much is that
capacity worth?
• Distribution: Screen feeders
followed by technical load
matching analysis
• Transmission: Value less
location dependent
• Deferral value: Every MW vs.
only in minimum increments
based on system needs
• ELCC for transmission and/or
distribution; some chose 90%
confidence benchmark for
distribution
• Potential to target deployment
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY
72. 72
TRANSMISSION &
DISTRIBUTION
CAPACITY
INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS
Most important methodological choices, unresolved across studies, are:
• Most studies use ELCC to determine effective transmission capacity, some use the
level at which there is a 90% confidence of that amount of generation
• Some require a minimum amount of solar before any T&D value is recognized,
whereas others credit every unit of reliable capacity with T&D savings
The values of T&D are often grouped together, but are unique when considering DPV’s
costs and benefits.
• The ability to defer or avoid transmission is less locational dependent than
distribution
• The distribution system requires more geographically specific data
Strategically targeted DPV deployment can relieve T&D capacity constraints, but
dispersed deployment has been found to provide less benefit. Accessing DPV’s T&D
deferral value requires proactive planning.
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY
73. 73
WHAT IT IS
The value of the net change in grid support services (also known as ancillary
services) required to insure the reliability and availability of energy with the
addition of DPV.
GRID SUPPORT SERVICES
GRID SUPPORT
SERVICES
Grid Support Services
The potential for DPV to provide grid support services
(with technology modifications)
REACTIVE SUPPLY AND
VOLTAGE CONTROL
(+/-)
PV with an advanced inverter can inject/consume VARs, adjusting to control voltage
FREQUENCY
REGULATION
(+/-)
Advanced inverters can adjust output frequency; standard inverters may
ENERGY IMBALANCE
(+/-)
If PV output < expected, imbalance service is required. Advanced inverters could adjust output
to provide imbalance
OPERATING RESERVES
(+/-)
Additional variability and uncertainty from large penetrations of DPV may introduce operations
forecast error and increase the need for certain types of reserves; however, DPV may also
reduce the amount of load served by central generation, thus, reducing needed reserves.
SCHEDULING /
FORECASTING
(-)
The variability of the solar resource requires additional forecasting to reduce uncertainty
74. GRID SUPPORT SERVICES
74
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
-1012
Crossborder(AZ)2013
Crossborder(CA)2013
LBNL2012
E32012
NREL2008
APS2009
(cents/kWh$2012)
Decreased
operating & capacity
reserve requirement
Based on CAISO
2011 Market
Values
Market value of non-
spinning reserves,
spinning reserves,
and regulation
1% of avoided
energy value
75. GRID SUPPORT SERVICES
75
• Studies varied in their assessments of grid support services; controversy over
determining the net change in ancillary services due to DPV
• To date, studies have generally focused on the impacts to operating reserves
• Key difference: whether necessary amount decreases by DPV’s effective
capacity
• Areas with wholesale AS markets enable easier quantification of AS value; regions
without markets have less standard methodologies
• Key drivers of value include: estimated effective capacity of PV, how reduced load
is correlated with AS need, and the potential of PV to provide grid support with
technology coupling
INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS
76. 76
WHAT IT IS
The net impact to the price of electricity and fuel prices. Benefits occur if DPV reduces
the demand for central electricity, thereby lowering electricity and fuel prices. Benefits
could be reduced in the longer term as energy prices decline, which could result in higher
demand. Additionally, depressed prices in the energy market could have a feedback
effect by raising capacity prices.
FINANCIAL: MARKET PRICE RESPONSE
FINANCIAL:
MARKET PRICE
RESPONSE
Price
(before PV)
Price
(after PV)
Load
(before PV)
Load
(after PV)
Market Price Reduction
MARKET PRICE VS. LOAD
02468
C
PR
(N
J/PA)2012
N
REL
2008
(cents/kWh$2012)
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
77. FINANCIAL: MARKET PRICE RESPONSE
77
• Only a few studies attempt to quantify the market price response; assumptions and
methodologies differ.
• Assesses the initial market reaction of reduced price, not subsequent market dynamics
(e.g. increased demand in response to price reductions, or the impact on the capacity
market), which has to be studied and considered, especially in light of higher
penetrations of DPV.
• One study represented a potential feedback effect between energy and capacity by
assuming an energy market calibration factor. It assumed:
• In the long run, the CCGT's energy market revenues plus the capacity payment
equal the fixed and variable costs of the CCGT, i.e. the CCGT is made whole.
• The energy market calibration factor provides that a decrease in energy costs would
result in a relative increase in capacity costs.
INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS
78. 78
WHAT IT IS
The cost that a utility would otherwise incur to guarantee that a portion of
electricity supply costs are fixed.
FINANCIAL: FUEL PRICE HEDGE
FINANCIAL: FUEL
PRICE HEDGE
KEY POINTS
• Many studies acknowledge the fuel price hedge value, but few quantify it
• Based on assumption that natural gas is the marginal resource (which is
generally the case)
• NYMEX futures as a proxy for hedge value
79. 79
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
FINANCIAL: FUEL
PRICE HEDGE01345
Xcel,2013
C
PR
(TX),2013C
PR
(N
J/PA),2012
N
REL,2008
R.Duke,2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
What is the value to the utility and its
customers of hedging natural gas
prices?
• NYMEX futures market prices vs.
stand alone estimation
How much natural gas can DPV hedge?
• Level of annual solar generation
FINANCIAL: FUEL PRICE HEDGE
80. 80
WHAT IT IS
Increased system reliability and resilience because of 1) reducing T&D
congestion and therefore outages, 2) increasing the diversity of the
generation portfolio with smaller, more dispersed resources, and 3) providing
backup power when DPV is coupled with storage.
SECURITY: RELIABILITY AND RESILIENCY
SECURITY
KEY POINTS
• While a number of studies acknowledged security value, only two
attempted to quantify it.
• There is no consistent or agreed-upon methodology.
81. 81
What is the value of increased reliability
and resilience?
• Economic value of reduced
blackouts
How much can DPV increase reliability
and resilience?
• By itself vs. combined with
storage and islandable
SECURITY
Sector Min Max
Residential 0.028 0.41
Commercial 11.77 14.40
Industrial 0.4 1.99
Source: The National Research Council, 2010
Disruption Value Range by Sector
(cents/kWh $2012)
0123
C
PR
(N
J/PN
)2012
N
REL
2008
(cents/kWh$2012)
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY APPROACH & KEY CHOICES
SECURITY: RELIABILITY AND RESILIENCY
82. 82
WHAT IT IS
The value from reducing carbon emissions and therefore mitigating climate
change, driven by the emission intensity of the displaced marginal resource
and the price of emissions.
ENVIRONMENT: CARBON
ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON
KEY POINTS
• Most studies acknowledge carbon reduction value and many quantify
it; when included, carbon reduction value can be significant
• The approach is straightforward but studies diverge in the carbon price
used
83. 83
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON
0246
C
rossborder(AZ)2013
C
PR
(TX)2013
AE/C
PR
2012
C
PR
(N
J/PA)2012
AE/C
PR
2006
Vote
Solar2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
Studies that Evaluate Carbon Separately Studies that Group All Environmental Values
0246
Xcel,2013
C
rossborder(C
A),2013
E3,2012
N
REL,2008R.Duke,2005
(cents/kWh$2012)
ENVIRONMENT: CARBON
84. 84
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON
How much carbon will DPV
reduce?
What is the value of that
carbon?
• Marginal resource: discrete
asset vs. hourly assessment
• Solar data: TMY vs. time/load
correlated
• Carbon price forecast:
Analyst forecast vs. existing
global market vs. other
Other drivers of value include: power plant efficiency, market structure & rules
around carbon valuation
ENVIRONMENT: CARBON
85. 85
As with energy value, carbon value depends heavily on what the marginal resource is
that is being displaced. The same determination of the marginal resource should be
used to drive both energy and carbon values.
DETERMINING CARBON REDUCTION
ENVIRONMENT: CARBON
ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON
86. 86
While there is little agreement on what the $/ton price of carbon is or should be, it is
likely non-zero.
ESTIMATING CARBON COST
ENVIRONMENT: CARBON
ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON
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!"$%&%%!!
!"'%&%%!!
!"(%&%%!!
!")%&%%!!
!"*%&%%!!
!"+%&%%!!
!",%&%%!!
'%$(! '%$-! '%'(! '%'-!
!"#$"%&'()*+,(-.,
/-('.012,34",3-5(,6-)'+15(5,
./0123451/6785/9:;! <=1>;!?3@:;!
Sources: E3 avoided cost calculator; White House 2013 interagency report
Example only
87. 87
WHAT IT IS
The value from reducing impacts or creating benefits around non-carbon
environmental factors, including criteria air pollutants (NOX, SO2, and
particulate matter), water consumption and pollution, and land footprint or
property value.
ENVIRONMENT: OTHER FACTORS
ENVIRONMENT:
OTHER FACTORS
KEY POINTS
• While a number of studies acknowledged these environmental values, only
a few attempted to quantify them
• Values beyond compliance (e.g., health impacts) are notoriously hard to
quantify and there is no consistent or agreed-upon methodology
• These values generally accrue to society and have not been historically
reflected in rates except via the cost of abatement technologies
88. CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
• Pollution control costs vs.
estimated cost of health damages
VALUE:
• Crossborder (AZ) 2013: $0.37/MWh
• NREL 2008 as $0.2-14/MWh
• CPR (NJ/PA) 2012 and AE/CPR
2012 estimate cost based on a
combined environmental value
AVOIDED RENEWABLE
PORTFOLIO STANDARD (RPS)
88
• What the utility would have
otherwise spent vs. RECs
VALUE:
•Crossborder (AZ) 2013: $45/MWh
•Crossborder (CA) 2013 $50/MWh
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
ENVIRONMENT:
OTHER FACTORS
What is the value of reduced criteria
air pollutants?
What is the value of avoiding RPS
expenditures?
ENVIRONMENT: OTHER FACTORS
89. WATER LAND
• Cost or value of water in competing
sectors, potentially including municipal,
agricultural, and environmental/
recreational uses
• Change in property value with the
addition of DPV vs. reduced land
requirement vs. reduced ecosystem
impacts
WATER CONSUMPTION BY TECHNOLOGY
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Coal
CSP
Nuclear
Oil/Gas
NaturalGas
Biomass
PV
Wind
(gals/kWh)
0
10
20
30
NaturalGas(CC)
Wind,arrayspacing
SolarCSP
PV(Ground)
Coal
Nuclear
Geothermal
Wind,footprint
LIFE-CYCLE LAND USE BY TECHNOLOGY
(acres/MW)
Source: Fthenakis Source: Goodrich
89
ENVIRONMENT:
OTHER FACTORS
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
What is the value of reduced water
consumption and pollution?
What is the benefit or reduced cost
of land impact?
ENVIRONMENT: OTHER FACTORS
90. 90
WHAT IT IS
The value of a net increase in jobs and local economic development in the
form of increased tax revenue.
SOCIAL: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL:
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
KEY POINTS
•Only two studies attempted to quantify this metric, although several more
acknowledged it.
• This value is hard to quantify and there is no consistent or agreed-upon
methodology
• This value generally accrues to society and has not been historically
reflected in rates
91. 91
WHAT THE STUDIES SAY
SOCIAL:
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Sources: Wei, 2010
012345
C
PR
(N
J/PA)2012
N
REL
2008
(cents/kWh$2012)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Solar
EE
Wind
Nuclear
Coal
NaturalGas
SmallHydro
Job Multipliers by Industry
How many jobs are created?
Where are those jobs created?
How will tax revenues increase?
APPROACH AND KEY CHOICES
SOCIAL: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
93. FOR CONSIDERATION IN MOVING FORWARD
93
Energy value
•Hourly, time-correlated generation profiles, with simulated data
verified as possible with empirical data
•What’s on the margin matters
•Market based data where possible
Transmission and distribution line losses
•Marginal, not average
•Assess transmission and distribution losses separately
94. 94
Generation capacity
•Effective load carrying capability (ELCC) to determine DPV’s
capacity credit
Transmission and distribution capacity
•Assess appropriate metric for DPV’s effective capacity (ELCC or
higher bar?)
•Assess whether every MW get capacity credit
FOR CONSIDERATION IN MOVING FORWARD
95. 95
FOR CONSIDERATION IN MOVING FORWARD
Environmental value
•Carbon: generally included and more consistently monetized; many
approaches to estimation
•Other environmental values: real; compliance costs sometimes included,
but health and ecosystem impacts not because they are external to the grid
system and challenging to quantify
96. OVERALL PROCESS
96
• Be transparent around assumptions, perspectives, sources, and methodologies
• Explicitly decide if and how to account for each broadly recognized source of value
• Be as analytically rigorous as needed, but not more so
• Apply widely accepted tools to estimate value that are credible and instill confidence
in results
• Use (or develop!) best practices to help ensure accountability and verifiability of
benefit and cost estimates
• Looking forward:
• Studies have implicitly assumed historically low penetrations of DPV, and have
largely focused on DPV in isolation, but a confluence of factors will require a
consideration of DPV’s benefits and costs in the context of a changing system
• With better recognition of the costs and benefits, pricing structures and
business models can be better aligned to enable greater economic deployment
and lower overall system costs