Mission Indradhanush is an initiative of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to provide universal immunization to children under 2 years of age and pregnant women. It aims to fully immunize more than 90% of newborns by 2020 through special drives. The mission focuses on strengthening health systems and addressing inequities in access to immunization. It has conducted several phases of intensified immunization drives since 2015, focusing on pockets of low coverage. Evaluation surveys show immunization rates increasing from 35.4% to over 60% from 1992 to 2016, though progress remains slow, especially in urban areas. Supplemental action under Intensified Mission Indradhanush was needed to accelerate coverage further.
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
This is IPHS presentation .hope it is helpful to you. contents are - introduction,origin of iphs, iphs for subcenter,phc, in maharashtra ,summary and references
Rashtriya bal swasthya karyakram (RBSK) is a health programme launched for screening of over 27 crore children from 0 to 18 years for 4 Ds - Defects at birth, Diseases, De ficiencies and Development Delays including Disabilities by the ministry of health and family welfare under national rural health mission (NRHM) in india
RMNCH+A approach has been launched in 2013 and it essentially looks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care and services. The RMNCH+A strategic approach has been developed to provide an understanding of ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus on various life stages.
The RMNCH+A appropriately directs the States to focus their efforts on the most vulnerable population and disadvantaged groups in the country. It also emphasizes on the need to reinforce efforts in those poor performing districts that have already been identified as the high focus districts.
This is IPHS presentation .hope it is helpful to you. contents are - introduction,origin of iphs, iphs for subcenter,phc, in maharashtra ,summary and references
Rashtriya bal swasthya karyakram (RBSK) is a health programme launched for screening of over 27 crore children from 0 to 18 years for 4 Ds - Defects at birth, Diseases, De ficiencies and Development Delays including Disabilities by the ministry of health and family welfare under national rural health mission (NRHM) in india
RMNCH+A approach has been launched in 2013 and it essentially looks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care and services. The RMNCH+A strategic approach has been developed to provide an understanding of ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus on various life stages.
The RMNCH+A appropriately directs the States to focus their efforts on the most vulnerable population and disadvantaged groups in the country. It also emphasizes on the need to reinforce efforts in those poor performing districts that have already been identified as the high focus districts.
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How to conduct national family health survey? What are the changes that had happened till NFHS 5.What are the new parameters added in each 5 year survey till 2019-21 survey of NFHS 5
Principles of data collection include principles, types, sources, and methods of data collection, which will help medical students to make their tools for data collection.
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Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
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Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
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### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
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3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
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- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
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### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
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2. What is Mission Indradhanush?
• Initiative of Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare,
Government of India
• Immunization of all children
below 2 years of age and
pregnant women against
vaccine preventable diseases.
3. Why the mission is
INDRADHANUSH ?
Seven colours of rainbow =
Immunity against seven vaccine
preventable childhood diseases
Diphtheria Tetanus
Pertusis
(Wooping
cough)
Tuberculosis
Polio
Measles
Hepatitis
B
4. 5 more diseases Rubella
H-
Influenza
type B
Japanese
Encephalitis
Rotavirus
Pneumonia
5. Rationale for Mission Indradhanush
Immunization programme
(Expanded programme of Immunization)
Universal Immunization programme
1978
1985
6. Evaluation surveys
NFHS I NFHS II NFHS III CES
(1992-93) (1998-99) (2005-06) (2009)
35.4 %
42%
43.5%
61%
Full Immunization Coverage - 12-23 months
7. Rationale for Mission Indradhanush
• UIP, Despite being operational for more than 30 years, only
65.3% of 12-23 months old children are fully immunized.
• National-level measles coverage in India was 79%
• More than 70 lakh (7 million) children in the country did not
receive all vaccines that are available under the UIP
• Drop-out rates for DPT 2 to 3 and OPV 2 to 3 were 11.1% and
11.9%, respectively.
(Reference: Integrated Child health and Immunization Survey (ICHIS-2016),
(Rapid Survey On Children , 2013-14)
10. Aims and Objectives
• To fully immunize more than 90% of
newborns by 2020 through special
drives to reach all children who are
partially vaccinated or unvaccinated.
• UIP Provide free vaccines against 12
life threatening diseases 26 million
children annually.
• Also focuses on strengthening health
systems for addressing equity issues in
access to immunization.
11. Implementation
• Focused and systematic immunization drive which was through a
“catch-up” campaign mode
• All the children who have been left out or missed out
• Pregnant women are administered the tetanus vaccine
• ORS packets and zinc tablets are distributed for use in the event of
severe diarrhoea or dehydration
• Vitamin A doses are administered to boost child immunity.
12. Areas Under Focus…
• Areas with low RI coverage (pockets with Measles/vaccine
preventable disease outbreaks).
• Areas with vacant sub-centers: No ANM posted for more than
three months.
• Areas with missed Routine Immunization sessions
: Eg: ANMs on long leave
• Small villages and hamlets, clubbed with another village for RI
sessions and not having independent RI sessions.
13. Areas Under Focus
Areas which are at high risk for polio
• Urban slums with migration
• Nomads
• Brick kilns
• Construction sites
• Other migrants (fisherman villages,
riverine areas with shifting populations etc.)
• Underserved and hard to reach
populations (forested and tribal populations etc.)
14. Journey of Mission Indradhanush
• The country was categorized into high, medium and low focus
districts
• A total of 528 districts covered during the various 4 phases of
Mission Indradhanush from 2015- 2017
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV
• April- July 2015
• 201 districts
• October 2015-
January 2016
• 352 districts
• 73 districts
repeated from
Phase-1
• 279 districts
• April – July 2016
• 4 intensified
immunization
rounds
• 216 districts
• 199 districts
repeated from
Phase-1/2
• Feb- May 2017 in NE
states , 68 districts, 60
districts repeated from
Phase-1, 2 & 3
• April to July 2017 in 19
other states: 186 districts,
163 districts repeated from
phase1/2/3
17. Strategy for Mission Indradhanush
4 Basic elements,
Meticulous planning of
campaigns/sessions at all levels
Effective communication and
social mobilization efforts
Intensive training of the health
officials and frontline workers
Establish accountability
framework through task forces
18. Period and programme approach
• Four phases, each consisting of four
monthly rounds, with each round lasting
for 1 week
• Did not include the routine
immunization days planned in that week
• Improved microplanning, monitoring,
social mobilization and strengthened
vaccination systems (especially in areas
with inadequate staff numbers)
19. Mission Indradhanush sessions in district
• Reach out all identified areas which have no/infrequent routine
immunization sessions
• Deploying of ANMs
• Coordination between District immunization officer, urban nodal
officer with block medical officers
Planning process Prepare roster Implementation
20. • Head count survey
House to house visits
Conducted by ASHA/AWW/mobilizer
Utilized for preparation of name‐based due lists for tracking
and mobilization of beneficiaries
Due lists for subsequent Mission Indradhanush rounds were
updated
Mission Indradhanush sessions in district
21.
22. Components of Mission Indradhanush
Components
Operational
planning
Fixed and Out reach
sessions
Mobile sessions
Communication
planning
1. National Communication
plan
2. State communication plan
3. District communication
plan
4. Block communication plan
5. Community –level
communication plan
6. Role of local influenzer
23. Fixed and outreach sessions
• Sites for vaccination
• Availability of human resources
• Timings: 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.
• Team: One vaccinator and two
mobilizers
25. Communication planning
A need‐based communication and social
mobilization activities were planned to achieve
the following objectives:
• Demand generation through increased
visibility
• Advocacy through media
• Professional bodies and political leadership
26. Communication planning
• Capacity building of immunization
workforce on communication
• Social mobilization through interpersonal
communication, school and youth
networks and corporates
• Concurrent monitoring of communication
interventions
27. Results
• Full Immunization coverage of Children aged
12-23months
NFHS I NFHS II NFHS III CES NFHS IV
(1992-93) (1998-99) (2005-06) (2009) (2015-16)
35.4 %
42%
43.5%
61%
62%
30. • Data from five states
(Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Telangana and Uttar
Pradesh), included in
both rounds of
INCHIS, was used to
assess the impact of
MI.
62.9
54.7
67.9
48
90.7
86.5
70.6
74
51
90.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bihar Rajasthan Madhyapradesh Uttar pradesh telangana
Full Immunization coverage in 1st 2 phases of
Mission indradhanush
INCHIS-1 INCHIS-2
Results
31. As per the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS 4) trends increase in
full immunization in urban areas has been 6% (57.6 to 63.9) as compared to
NFHS-3, whereas the same is 22% (38.6 to 61.3) in rural areas
57.6
38.6
63.9
61.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Urban Rural
Full Immunization Coverage
NFHS 3 NFHS 4
Results
32. Conclusion
In spite of repeated phases of Mission
Indradhanush
• Full Immunization coverage in
selected districts/ cities showed
slow progress
• Sluggish increase in urban areas as
compared to rural areas
There was a need of
acceleration of full
Immunization coverage
35. References
• Mission Indradhanush, Operational guidelines 2016; MoHFW
• Intensified Mission Indradhanush, operational guidelines, MoHFW
• National Family health survey( NFHS) 3 & 4
• Integrated Child Health and Immunization Survey (ICHIS) Report 1 & 2, 2016
• Gurnani V, Haldar P, Aggarwal MK, Das MK, Chauhan A, Murray J, Arora NK, Jhalani M,
Sudan P. Improving vaccination coverage in India: lessons from Intensified Mission
Indradhanush, a cross-sectoral systems strengthening strategy. Bmj. 2018 Dec 7;363.
• Rapid Survey On Children (RSOC) 2013-14 National Report, UNISEF
• Annual Report 2021-22, Department of health and family welfare, MoHFW ,GOI
• Website : mohfw.nic.in
• Website: https://nhm.gov.in
Editor's Notes
This programme provides vaccination against 7 vaccine preventable diseases present which were common among children under 5 years of age which include
Annual Report: 1992-Part of Child survival and Safe Motherhood
Programme
1997- came under National Reproductive and Child
Health Programme
2005-UIP is an integral part of National Rural Health Mission
CES: Coverage Evaluation Survey
RSOC: Rapid Survey of children
Full Immunization Coverage (FIC) defined as receipt of one dose of BCG, three doses of OPV and DPT/Pentavalent, and one dose of measles vaccine.
There was only 1% increase in vaccination coverage every year from 2009-2013
UIP resulted in steady fall of infant Mortality rate from 80/1000 live births in 1991 to 37/ 1000 live births in 2015
High burden of morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs).
Equity issues faced by children accessing the public health system through a variety of supply and demand side interventions
Union minister of health and family welfare launched Mission Indradhanush in 2014. The Minister launched the Mission on Good Governance Day to mark the birth anniversary of Bharat Ratna Shri Madan Mohan Malaviya and birthday of Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Catch-up campaign-refers to the action of vaccinating an individual who, for whatever reason is missing or has not received doses of vaccines for which they are eligible, per the national immunization schedule
It also includes children under 5 years of age to ensure the booster dose coverage.
Nomad: a member of a people having no permanent home but moving from place to place usually in search of food or to graze livestock.
Phase I: 50% of all are unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children. 82 districts are in just four states of UP, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and nearly 25% of the unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children of India are in these 82 districts of 4 states.Phase III: These 216 districts have been identified on the basis of estimates where full immunization coverage is less than 60 per cent and have high dropout rates. Phase IV: North-eastern states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and also Sikkim
PHASE I
More than 75 lakh children were vaccinated
20 lakh children were fully vaccinated
More than 20 lakh pregnant women received tetanus toxoid vaccine.
PHASE I& II
Across 21.3 lakh sessions held through the country in high and mid-priority districts
1.48 crore children and 38 lakh pregnant women additionally immunized.
39 lakh children and more than 20 lakh pregnant women have been additionally fully immunized
PHASE 1,2, 3
28.7 lakh immunization sessions were conducted
Covers 2.1 crore children
55 lakh were fully immunized.
55.9 lakh pregnant women were given the tetanus toxoid vaccine
Annual report 2021-22, Table No;4.7, Page No;92, Mission Indradhanush (All Phases) Coverage Report (As on March, 2021)
GSA-Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, EGSA- Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan
The first two phases of Mission Indradhanush contributed to an increase in Full Immunization Coverage by 6.7%, as evidenced by Integrated Child Health and Immunization Survey (INCHIS).
Mission Indradhanush will be a national immunization drive for ensuring high coverage throughout the country with special attention to districts with low immunization coverage.
Ensure availability of sufficient vaccinators and all vaccines during routine immunization sessions.
Develop special plans to reach the unreached children in high risk settlements such as urban slums, construction sites, brick kilns, nomadic sites and hard-to-reach areas.
2) Generate awareness and demand for immunization services through mass media, mid media, interpersonal communication (IPC), school and youth networks and corporates.
3)in routine immunization activities for quality immunization services.
4) strengthen the district task forces for immunization in all districts of India and monitor the concurrent sessions and Enhance involvement and accountability/ownership of the district administrative and health machinery.
1) Implementation according to a roster prepared following the planning process. This includes planning meetings at district and block levels, and oversight provided by district task force for immunization (DTFI)
3)ANMs working in rural areas should be deployed to low performing/coverage areas or vacant sub centers in identified urban areas from rural areas in their own subcentres.
2) the DIO and urban nodal officer should coordinate with block medical officers to pull out the required number of ANMs from adjoining blocks to conduct the desired number of Mission Indradhanush sessions to cover the unreached/vulnerable population groups with limited human resources availability in urban areas
1)House to house visits before the first round of Mission Indradhanush,
2) Conducted by ASHA/AWW/mobilizer for estimation of beneficiaries in the catchment area
3) (Targeted beneficiaries will be pregnant women and children up to 2 years of age; however, children up to 5 years need to be focussed upon to improve booster dose coverage).
2) ANMs, Other health staff trained for administering injection, retired health workers and staff available from other government agencies such as Medical colleges, ANM/nurse training school, Employee’s State Insurance Corporation, Central Government Health Scheme, Armed Forces, Railways, District Urban Development Agency (DUDA)/State Urban Development Agency (SUDA) and community based organizations
4) An additional vaccinator will be included in the team if the estimated injection load is more than 60–70
Mobile sessions planned at places where routine immunization coverage is weak and the small number of beneficiaries does not warrant an independent session. For these sessions, alternate means such as mobile vans were planned.
CES: Coverage Evaluation Survey
RSOC- Rapid survey on children
The percentage of children age 12-23 months who have received all basic vaccinations increased from 44 percent in 2005-06 to 62 percent in 2015-16 (Figure 9.2).
NFHS4 (2015-16) Figure shows the coverage for each of the basic vaccinations among children age 12-23 months. Coverage was highest for the BCG vaccine (92%) and lowest for the third dose of polio vaccine (73%). Although more children received the first doses of the DPT and polio vaccines than the second or third doses, the dropout rates are higher for polio than for DPT (Table 9.4). Ninety percent of children age 12-23 months received the first DPT dose and 78 percent received the last dose. These percentages were 91 percent and 73 percent for the polio vaccine. Six percent of children age 12-23 months received no vaccinations. Sixty-three percent of children received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine.
Coverage of all basic vaccinations varies considerably by state and union territory. The coverage is highest in Puducherry, Punjab, Lakshadweep, and Goa (88-91%) and lowest in Nagaland (35%) and Arunachal Pradesh (38%)
NE states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura
INCHIS: Integrated Child Health and Immunization Survey
Data from five states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh), included in both rounds of INCHIS, was used to assess the impact of MI. Among these states, significant increase in FIC was observed in three states, namely Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, at endline (INCHIS-2) relative to baseline (INCHIS-1). The percentage of children aged 12- 23 months who were fully immunized increased from 62.9% to 86.5% in Bihar (24% increase), from 54.7 % to 70.6 % in Rajasthan (16% increase) and from 67.9% to 74% in Madhya Pradesh (6% increase). The increase in FIC in Bihar and Rajasthan is statistically significant, whereas in MP it is not. In contrast to the high FIC attainments in Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the full immunization coverage increased only marginally from 48.0% to 51.0% in Uttar Pradesh. With already high levels of immunization coverage in Telangana, the full immunization coverage in the state remained almost at the same level between INCHIS-1 (90.7%) and INCHIS-2 (90.4%).
INCHIS: Integrated Child Health and Immunization Survey
Between 2005- 06 and 2015-16, this percentage increased more in rural areas 22% (from 39% to 61%) than in urban areas 6 % (from 58% to 64%).
As per report of Integrated Child Health and Immunization Survey (INCHIS), the first two phases of Mission Indradhanush have led to an increase of 6.7% in full immunization coverage in one year This increase was more in rural areas (7.9%) as compared to urban areas (3.1%).
It was realised that though the pace on full immunization coverage has been icreased with Mission Indradhanush, progress is not uniform in all districts and certain areas like urban slums not getting the required focus.
Hon’ble Prime Minister through PRAGATI platform, emphasized the need of a supplemental aggressive action plan to cover all left outs and drop outs in select districts and urban cities with low routine immunization coverage in a specific time-frame
Pro-active Government And Timely Implementation
Hon’ble Prime Minister through PRAGATI platform, emphasized the need of a supplemental aggressive action plan to cover all left outs and drop outs in selected districts and urban cities with low routine immunization coverage in a specific time-frame ie. by 2018
