Minooka-Elements Periodic Trends
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•553 views
The document discusses the origins and properties of the elements. It explains that elements were formed in stars through nuclear fusion reactions under extreme heat and pressure. As the universe expanded and cooled after the Big Bang, energy converted to matter in the form of electrons, protons and neutrons. Elements heavier than hydrogen were formed in the centers of early generation stars through nuclear reactions. The document also defines several periodic trends including electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, density, melting point and boiling point.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Where did the elements come from? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Dela cruz, ruvelyn
Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It exists in various forms including mechanical, chemical, thermal, sound, radiant, electrical, nuclear, and luminous energy. Mechanical energy is the energy of motion or stored potential energy due to position. Chemical energy is stored in atomic and molecular bonds and is released as thermal energy through combustion. Thermal energy is the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules when substances are heated. Other forms of energy include sound waves, electromagnetic waves, electricity through charged particles, nuclear binding energy, and luminous energy from light.
Elementary particles
Elementary particles are the most basic building blocks of the universe that do not have any substructure. They include electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and more recently discovered particles like quarks. Historically, electrons, protons, and neutrons were thought to be elementary, but further research found them to be made up of even smaller particles like quarks. Elementary particles can be classified as fermions or bosons based on their spin, and as leptons, hadrons, baryons, or mesons based on their interactions. The Standard Model currently describes 12 fundamental matter particle types along with their antiparticles and force carrier particles that mediate the fundamental forces.
Nuclear Power
This document discusses nuclear energy and radioactivity. It explains that atoms are held together by strong and electromagnetic forces, and that most elements are stable when they have equal numbers of protons and neutrons. However, additional neutrons can make atoms unstable and radioactive. Radioactive atoms undergo decay, emitting particles or rays and transforming into lighter elements. Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei like uranium-235 by neutrons, releasing energy. This energy can be harnessed in nuclear reactors to generate electricity through heating water to create steam. Nuclear fusion also releases energy as hydrogen fuses to form helium in stars like the Sun.
E5 intro-to-nuclear-chemistry
This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear chemistry. It begins by explaining how nuclear medicine uses changes in nuclear structure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It then summarizes the discoveries of radioactivity by Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford. Specifically, it describes how Becquerel discovered that uranium minerals emitted radiation without an external energy source, how the Curies isolated radioactive elements like radium and polonium, and how Rutherford discovered the three main types of radioactive decay and used them to determine nuclear structure. The document also provides explanations of key nuclear processes like alpha, beta, gamma, positron emission and electron capture.
Rt101 freelim
This document provides an overview of radiation physics and related topics. It defines radiation physics as dealing with electromagnetic energy and matter. It describes the basic properties and forms of matter and energy. Classical physics laws such as conservation of energy and momentum are discussed. Modern physics concepts like mass-energy equivalence are introduced. The periodic table and its organization of elements is summarized. Common radiation units and their definitions are provided. Finally, the document defines atoms and their basic structure, including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also introduces the concept of radioactivity and definitions of related terms like half-life.
The origin of elements
The origin of elements began with the Big Bang, which formed the lightest elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium through nuclear fusion in the early hot dense universe. As the universe expanded and cooled, the first stars and galaxies formed, allowing nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements up to iron inside stars. When massive stars collapsed in supernova explosions, even heavier elements were formed through further fusion and neutron capture processes. This cycling of matter between generations of stars through nuclear reactions is how all the chemical elements from carbon to uranium came to exist in the present universe.
Nuclear chemistry of the particles
This document provides an introduction to nuclear chemistry, including key concepts such as nuclear particles, decay constants, transmutation, artificial transmutation, nuclear reactions, and nuclear reactors. It discusses the study of nuclei and nuclear forces, radioactive decay, spontaneous and artificial transformation of elements, applications of artificial transmutation using tracer elements, and the types of nuclear reactions including fission, which is the splitting of heavy nuclei, and fusion, which combines lighter nuclei. It also describes how controlled fission is achieved in nuclear reactors using moderators and control rods to sustain a chain reaction to generate energy.
Nuclear Forces Pp
Nuclear forces keep nucleons together through powerful short-range attraction between protons and neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is less than the total mass of its constituent particles due to the nuclear mass defect. This mass defect is converted to nuclear binding energy, which is released when the nucleus forms. Nuclei with intermediate atomic weights have the greatest stability and binding energy per particle, while the lightest and heaviest nuclei are less stable.
Recommended
Dela cruz, ruvelyn
Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It exists in various forms including mechanical, chemical, thermal, sound, radiant, electrical, nuclear, and luminous energy. Mechanical energy is the energy of motion or stored potential energy due to position. Chemical energy is stored in atomic and molecular bonds and is released as thermal energy through combustion. Thermal energy is the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules when substances are heated. Other forms of energy include sound waves, electromagnetic waves, electricity through charged particles, nuclear binding energy, and luminous energy from light.
Elementary particles
Elementary particles are the most basic building blocks of the universe that do not have any substructure. They include electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and more recently discovered particles like quarks. Historically, electrons, protons, and neutrons were thought to be elementary, but further research found them to be made up of even smaller particles like quarks. Elementary particles can be classified as fermions or bosons based on their spin, and as leptons, hadrons, baryons, or mesons based on their interactions. The Standard Model currently describes 12 fundamental matter particle types along with their antiparticles and force carrier particles that mediate the fundamental forces.
Nuclear Power
This document discusses nuclear energy and radioactivity. It explains that atoms are held together by strong and electromagnetic forces, and that most elements are stable when they have equal numbers of protons and neutrons. However, additional neutrons can make atoms unstable and radioactive. Radioactive atoms undergo decay, emitting particles or rays and transforming into lighter elements. Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei like uranium-235 by neutrons, releasing energy. This energy can be harnessed in nuclear reactors to generate electricity through heating water to create steam. Nuclear fusion also releases energy as hydrogen fuses to form helium in stars like the Sun.
E5 intro-to-nuclear-chemistry
This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear chemistry. It begins by explaining how nuclear medicine uses changes in nuclear structure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It then summarizes the discoveries of radioactivity by Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford. Specifically, it describes how Becquerel discovered that uranium minerals emitted radiation without an external energy source, how the Curies isolated radioactive elements like radium and polonium, and how Rutherford discovered the three main types of radioactive decay and used them to determine nuclear structure. The document also provides explanations of key nuclear processes like alpha, beta, gamma, positron emission and electron capture.
Rt101 freelim
This document provides an overview of radiation physics and related topics. It defines radiation physics as dealing with electromagnetic energy and matter. It describes the basic properties and forms of matter and energy. Classical physics laws such as conservation of energy and momentum are discussed. Modern physics concepts like mass-energy equivalence are introduced. The periodic table and its organization of elements is summarized. Common radiation units and their definitions are provided. Finally, the document defines atoms and their basic structure, including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also introduces the concept of radioactivity and definitions of related terms like half-life.
The origin of elements
The origin of elements began with the Big Bang, which formed the lightest elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium through nuclear fusion in the early hot dense universe. As the universe expanded and cooled, the first stars and galaxies formed, allowing nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements up to iron inside stars. When massive stars collapsed in supernova explosions, even heavier elements were formed through further fusion and neutron capture processes. This cycling of matter between generations of stars through nuclear reactions is how all the chemical elements from carbon to uranium came to exist in the present universe.
Nuclear chemistry of the particles
This document provides an introduction to nuclear chemistry, including key concepts such as nuclear particles, decay constants, transmutation, artificial transmutation, nuclear reactions, and nuclear reactors. It discusses the study of nuclei and nuclear forces, radioactive decay, spontaneous and artificial transformation of elements, applications of artificial transmutation using tracer elements, and the types of nuclear reactions including fission, which is the splitting of heavy nuclei, and fusion, which combines lighter nuclei. It also describes how controlled fission is achieved in nuclear reactors using moderators and control rods to sustain a chain reaction to generate energy.
Nuclear Forces Pp
Nuclear forces keep nucleons together through powerful short-range attraction between protons and neutrons. The mass of a nucleus is less than the total mass of its constituent particles due to the nuclear mass defect. This mass defect is converted to nuclear binding energy, which is released when the nucleus forms. Nuclei with intermediate atomic weights have the greatest stability and binding energy per particle, while the lightest and heaviest nuclei are less stable.
Chapters 9 & 10 review
The document reviews key concepts related to nuclear physics and energy sources. It defines terms like radioactivity, half-life, and types of nuclear radiation. It also distinguishes between non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas, and renewable energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Nuclear fission and the process of generating nuclear energy in power plants is also summarized, along with some advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis by Tarun P. Roshan,
- Hydrogen and helium were formed in the early universe after the Big Bang, while all other elements have been synthesized through nuclear fusion processes inside stars.
- Stars generate energy through nuclear fusion reactions like the proton-proton chain or CNO cycle, which fuse hydrogen into helium. Further reactions like the triple-alpha process fuse helium into carbon.
- As stars evolve and age, heavier elements are produced through successive nuclear fusion processes up to iron, which has the highest binding energy. Elements heavier than iron are produced through s-process and r-process neutron capture.
- When stars run out of nuclear fuel and can no longer fuse elements, their cores collapse in supernova explosions, seeding the
Physics
This document summarizes key concepts in physics. It discusses how Kepler examined planetary motion data to show elliptical rather than circular orbits. It also describes the development of quantum mechanics to explain atomic phenomena, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and Dirac's theoretical prediction of antimatter later confirmed by Anderson. The document defines physics as the study of natural laws and their manifestations, and discusses the fields of classical and modern physics including mechanics, electromagnetism, optics, and thermodynamics. It also outlines the four fundamental forces in nature and explores the nature of physical laws like conservation of energy.
Formation of Light Elements.
1. The document summarizes the key stages of the Big Bang theory, including the formation of the early light elements hydrogen and helium.
2. It describes how in the early universe, matter and antimatter annihilated each other, leaving an excess of matter. Nuclear fusion then formed the first atomic nuclei like deuterium and helium-3.
3. Eventually, hydrogen and helium nuclei combined to form the first stable atomic element, helium-4, accounting for about 25% of the elemental abundance we observe today.
Forces in nature
The document defines and describes the four fundamental forces in the universe: gravitational force, which causes attraction between all masses; electromagnetic force, which is associated with electric and magnetic fields and is responsible for atomic structure; strong nuclear force, which acts between quarks and keeps nucleons packed together in the nucleus; and weak nuclear force, which is responsible for beta decay within the nucleus.
Heavy elements
Heavy elements are elements with an atomic number greater than 92, with the first being neptunium. Superheavy elements have an atomic number greater than or equal to 112. New elements and isotopes are produced artificially using techniques like heavy ion transfer reactions in cyclotrons or particle accelerators. Discovering new superheavy elements helps prove nuclear theories and increases understanding of how nuclei are structured and resist fission. Potential applications of these unstable, radioactive elements are still unknown but may be discovered in the future.
Lecture 13 review of atomic physics
The document provides an overview of atomic physics, including:
1) The basic structure of an atom consisting of a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
2) Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
3) Chemical reactions involve changes to molecular structure but preserve atomic identity, while nuclear reactions alter the nucleus.
4) Mass defect and binding energy explain nuclear stability, with the most stable nuclei having intermediate mass numbers. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable heavy isotopes emit particles or radiation over time.
10/8 What is a nuclear reaction?
This document discusses three types of nuclear reactions: radioactive decay, fission, and fusion. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable isotope emits particles and becomes more stable. Fission involves a heavy nucleus splitting into lighter nuclei. Fusion is when two nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus. Nuclear reactions are over 1 million times more powerful than chemical reactions because a small amount of mass can be converted to a large amount of energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2.
Science technology
An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains over 99% of the atom's mass and is made up of protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits radiation, changing into a different element. There are three main types of decay: alpha decay which emits a helium nucleus, beta decay which emits an electron or positron, and gamma decay which emits high energy photons during nuclear excitation.
Unit 18 Transmutations, Fission, and Fusion
Fusion is the combination of smaller atoms into larger ones and requires temperatures over 10 million degrees to overcome electrostatic repulsion between protons. Stars generate heat and heavier elements through fusion in their cores. Fission is when atoms split into smaller atoms, releasing energy. It can be controlled for nuclear power generation or uncontrolled in atomic bombs. New elements can be artificially made through nuclear transmutation using particle accelerators to collide atoms together.
7.2 nuclear reactions
- Nuclear fission involves splitting large nuclei like uranium, releasing energy. Fusion joins light nuclei like hydrogen, also releasing energy.
- Fission is used in nuclear power plants and bombs. Fusion powers stars and could be an energy source on Earth if containment and high temperature issues are solved.
- The binding energy curve shows that mid-sized nuclei are most stable, and that fission and fusion involving less stable nuclei release energy.
Big bang theory
The document discusses the origin and expansion of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It provides evidence that the universe began in an enormous explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding ever since, as evidenced by the observation that galaxies are moving away from us in all directions. The document also notes the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which provides further evidence of the Big Bang.
Ch14
The document discusses the life cycles of stars from birth to death. It explains that stars are born from collapsing nebulae and spend most of their lives on the main sequence fusing hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Eventually a star's nuclear fuel will be depleted, causing it to leave the main sequence and expand into a red giant. The fate of a star depends on its mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending their lives in supernova explosions, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Stellar fusion
stellar fusion:A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas; the Sun is an example of a typical, ordinary star.
In the core of the star, the temperature and densities are high enough to sustain nuclear fusion reactions, and the energy produced by these reactions works its way to the surface and radiates into space as heat and light.
The process of building up heavier elements from lighter ones by nuclear reactions, is called stellar evolution.The stars' fuel for energy generation is the stuff they are made of -- hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. -- which they burn by converting these elements into heavier elements.
"Burning" in this context does not refer to the kind of burning we are familiar with, such as the burning of wood or coal, which is chemical burning.
It refers to nuclear burning, in which the nuclei of atoms fuse into nuclei of heavier atoms.
When stars start their lives, they consist mostly of hydrogen, some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
In 1938, Hans Albrecht and Weizsacker analyzed two process in stars, p-p chain and CNO cycle and believed to be the source of energy in Stars. They showed the possibility to converting hydrogen into helium through nuclear reaction. These reactions take place at high temperature and high densities.
The energy of sun comes from nuclear fusion reaction. P-P cycle is dominant.
This starts with fusion of hydrogen nuclei, to produce deuterium :
The deuterium then fuses with more hydrogen to produce 3He via electromagnetic interaction :
And finally, two 3He nuclei fuse to form 4He via the nuclear strong interaction:
A very large amount of energy is released in this reaction
because 4He Doubly magic nucleus and so is very tightly bound.
Combing these equations we have ,
Because the temperature of the Sun is 107K, matter in this state
is referred to as a plasma.
The positrons produced above will annihilate with electrons in
the plasma to release a further 1.02 MeV and so the total energy
released is 26.72 Mev.
Another interesting cycle is the carbon, or CNO chain.
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium hydrogen, using carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen , the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (pp-chain reaction).
Fusion processes continue to produce heavier elements until the core of the stellar object is composed mainly of nuclei with A 56, i.e.( the peak of the
binding energy per nucleon curve).
Heavier nuclei are produced in supernova explosions, but this is properly the subject of astrophysics and
we will not pursue it further.
12 4 Universal Forces Part 1
There are 4 main universal forces: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and gravitational. The electromagnetic force acts on charged particles like protons and electrons and is responsible for electric and magnetic forces. The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force is involved in nuclear decay. The gravitational force acts between all masses and is responsible for keeping planets, stars, and galaxies in orbit.
By22222
While the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, less than half of its energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. The proton-proton chain reaction involves multiple intermediate steps, with only one - the fusion of deuterium and hydrogen into helium-3 - technically converting hydrogen to helium. In the Sun, deuterium-hydrogen fusion accounts for 39.5% of energy, while helium-3 fusion into helium-4 accounts for the majority of energy at 39.3%. So nuclear fusion powers the Sun, but the fusion of hydrogen directly into helium is neither the greatest source of reactions nor the primary energy producer.
Nuclear force
The document discusses the four fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, and weak. It summarizes that the nuclear force was discovered after neutrons were discovered in 1932, and holds nucleons together in the nucleus. The nuclear force is charge independent, very strong but short range, repulsive at short distances, and acts through the exchange of pions between nucleons. The document provides details on the Yukawa potential and uncertainty principle as they relate to the nuclear force. It poses a multiple choice question about identifying an incorrect statement regarding the nuclear force.
Nuclear force 22.10.12
The nuclear force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei. It is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances around 1 femtometer but rapidly decreases beyond 2.5 femtometers. At very short distances less than 0.7 femtometers, the nuclear force becomes repulsive. The nuclear force is mediated by the exchange of pi mesons between the pion clouds that surround the quark cores of protons and neutrons.
8.2 thermal energy transfer
There are three main forms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere have intensified the natural greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming by trapping more heat in the lower atmosphere. The impacts of climate change include rising temperatures, changes to climate and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and disruption of natural ecosystems.
Big bang nucleosynthesis
1. Big Bang nucleosynthesis occurred between 10 seconds and 20 minutes after the Big Bang, producing mostly hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of lithium and deuterium.
2. The key parameters that determined elemental abundances were the neutron-proton ratio after freeze-out at 0.7 MeV, and the baryon-photon ratio which affected reaction rates.
3. Nucleosynthesis began with deuterium formation, then proceeded through reaction chains to produce helium-4, with only traces of other light elements able to form before the universe cooled too much for further reactions.
Periodic Trends of the Elements
Shows the trends in atomic size, ion size, electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity and metal vs. non metal properties.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Periodic trends
This document discusses trends in the periodic table. It describes how properties such as atomic mass, boiling point, atomic radius, and ionization energy change both down groups and across periods in the periodic table. Specifically, it notes that atomic mass, boiling point and atomic radius increase down groups, while ionization energy decreases. Moving across periods, ionization energy and electron affinity increase, while atomic radius decreases.
More Related Content
What's hot
Chapters 9 & 10 review
The document reviews key concepts related to nuclear physics and energy sources. It defines terms like radioactivity, half-life, and types of nuclear radiation. It also distinguishes between non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas, and renewable energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Nuclear fission and the process of generating nuclear energy in power plants is also summarized, along with some advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis by Tarun P. Roshan,
- Hydrogen and helium were formed in the early universe after the Big Bang, while all other elements have been synthesized through nuclear fusion processes inside stars.
- Stars generate energy through nuclear fusion reactions like the proton-proton chain or CNO cycle, which fuse hydrogen into helium. Further reactions like the triple-alpha process fuse helium into carbon.
- As stars evolve and age, heavier elements are produced through successive nuclear fusion processes up to iron, which has the highest binding energy. Elements heavier than iron are produced through s-process and r-process neutron capture.
- When stars run out of nuclear fuel and can no longer fuse elements, their cores collapse in supernova explosions, seeding the
Physics
This document summarizes key concepts in physics. It discusses how Kepler examined planetary motion data to show elliptical rather than circular orbits. It also describes the development of quantum mechanics to explain atomic phenomena, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and Dirac's theoretical prediction of antimatter later confirmed by Anderson. The document defines physics as the study of natural laws and their manifestations, and discusses the fields of classical and modern physics including mechanics, electromagnetism, optics, and thermodynamics. It also outlines the four fundamental forces in nature and explores the nature of physical laws like conservation of energy.
Formation of Light Elements.
1. The document summarizes the key stages of the Big Bang theory, including the formation of the early light elements hydrogen and helium.
2. It describes how in the early universe, matter and antimatter annihilated each other, leaving an excess of matter. Nuclear fusion then formed the first atomic nuclei like deuterium and helium-3.
3. Eventually, hydrogen and helium nuclei combined to form the first stable atomic element, helium-4, accounting for about 25% of the elemental abundance we observe today.
Forces in nature
The document defines and describes the four fundamental forces in the universe: gravitational force, which causes attraction between all masses; electromagnetic force, which is associated with electric and magnetic fields and is responsible for atomic structure; strong nuclear force, which acts between quarks and keeps nucleons packed together in the nucleus; and weak nuclear force, which is responsible for beta decay within the nucleus.
Heavy elements
Heavy elements are elements with an atomic number greater than 92, with the first being neptunium. Superheavy elements have an atomic number greater than or equal to 112. New elements and isotopes are produced artificially using techniques like heavy ion transfer reactions in cyclotrons or particle accelerators. Discovering new superheavy elements helps prove nuclear theories and increases understanding of how nuclei are structured and resist fission. Potential applications of these unstable, radioactive elements are still unknown but may be discovered in the future.
Lecture 13 review of atomic physics
The document provides an overview of atomic physics, including:
1) The basic structure of an atom consisting of a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
2) Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
3) Chemical reactions involve changes to molecular structure but preserve atomic identity, while nuclear reactions alter the nucleus.
4) Mass defect and binding energy explain nuclear stability, with the most stable nuclei having intermediate mass numbers. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable heavy isotopes emit particles or radiation over time.
10/8 What is a nuclear reaction?
This document discusses three types of nuclear reactions: radioactive decay, fission, and fusion. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable isotope emits particles and becomes more stable. Fission involves a heavy nucleus splitting into lighter nuclei. Fusion is when two nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus. Nuclear reactions are over 1 million times more powerful than chemical reactions because a small amount of mass can be converted to a large amount of energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2.
Science technology
An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains over 99% of the atom's mass and is made up of protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits radiation, changing into a different element. There are three main types of decay: alpha decay which emits a helium nucleus, beta decay which emits an electron or positron, and gamma decay which emits high energy photons during nuclear excitation.
Unit 18 Transmutations, Fission, and Fusion
Fusion is the combination of smaller atoms into larger ones and requires temperatures over 10 million degrees to overcome electrostatic repulsion between protons. Stars generate heat and heavier elements through fusion in their cores. Fission is when atoms split into smaller atoms, releasing energy. It can be controlled for nuclear power generation or uncontrolled in atomic bombs. New elements can be artificially made through nuclear transmutation using particle accelerators to collide atoms together.
7.2 nuclear reactions
- Nuclear fission involves splitting large nuclei like uranium, releasing energy. Fusion joins light nuclei like hydrogen, also releasing energy.
- Fission is used in nuclear power plants and bombs. Fusion powers stars and could be an energy source on Earth if containment and high temperature issues are solved.
- The binding energy curve shows that mid-sized nuclei are most stable, and that fission and fusion involving less stable nuclei release energy.
Big bang theory
The document discusses the origin and expansion of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It provides evidence that the universe began in an enormous explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding ever since, as evidenced by the observation that galaxies are moving away from us in all directions. The document also notes the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which provides further evidence of the Big Bang.
Ch14
The document discusses the life cycles of stars from birth to death. It explains that stars are born from collapsing nebulae and spend most of their lives on the main sequence fusing hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Eventually a star's nuclear fuel will be depleted, causing it to leave the main sequence and expand into a red giant. The fate of a star depends on its mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending their lives in supernova explosions, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Stellar fusion
stellar fusion:A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas; the Sun is an example of a typical, ordinary star.
In the core of the star, the temperature and densities are high enough to sustain nuclear fusion reactions, and the energy produced by these reactions works its way to the surface and radiates into space as heat and light.
The process of building up heavier elements from lighter ones by nuclear reactions, is called stellar evolution.The stars' fuel for energy generation is the stuff they are made of -- hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. -- which they burn by converting these elements into heavier elements.
"Burning" in this context does not refer to the kind of burning we are familiar with, such as the burning of wood or coal, which is chemical burning.
It refers to nuclear burning, in which the nuclei of atoms fuse into nuclei of heavier atoms.
When stars start their lives, they consist mostly of hydrogen, some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
In 1938, Hans Albrecht and Weizsacker analyzed two process in stars, p-p chain and CNO cycle and believed to be the source of energy in Stars. They showed the possibility to converting hydrogen into helium through nuclear reaction. These reactions take place at high temperature and high densities.
The energy of sun comes from nuclear fusion reaction. P-P cycle is dominant.
This starts with fusion of hydrogen nuclei, to produce deuterium :
The deuterium then fuses with more hydrogen to produce 3He via electromagnetic interaction :
And finally, two 3He nuclei fuse to form 4He via the nuclear strong interaction:
A very large amount of energy is released in this reaction
because 4He Doubly magic nucleus and so is very tightly bound.
Combing these equations we have ,
Because the temperature of the Sun is 107K, matter in this state
is referred to as a plasma.
The positrons produced above will annihilate with electrons in
the plasma to release a further 1.02 MeV and so the total energy
released is 26.72 Mev.
Another interesting cycle is the carbon, or CNO chain.
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium hydrogen, using carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen , the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (pp-chain reaction).
Fusion processes continue to produce heavier elements until the core of the stellar object is composed mainly of nuclei with A 56, i.e.( the peak of the
binding energy per nucleon curve).
Heavier nuclei are produced in supernova explosions, but this is properly the subject of astrophysics and
we will not pursue it further.
12 4 Universal Forces Part 1
There are 4 main universal forces: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and gravitational. The electromagnetic force acts on charged particles like protons and electrons and is responsible for electric and magnetic forces. The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force is involved in nuclear decay. The gravitational force acts between all masses and is responsible for keeping planets, stars, and galaxies in orbit.
By22222
While the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, less than half of its energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. The proton-proton chain reaction involves multiple intermediate steps, with only one - the fusion of deuterium and hydrogen into helium-3 - technically converting hydrogen to helium. In the Sun, deuterium-hydrogen fusion accounts for 39.5% of energy, while helium-3 fusion into helium-4 accounts for the majority of energy at 39.3%. So nuclear fusion powers the Sun, but the fusion of hydrogen directly into helium is neither the greatest source of reactions nor the primary energy producer.
Nuclear force
The document discusses the four fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, and weak. It summarizes that the nuclear force was discovered after neutrons were discovered in 1932, and holds nucleons together in the nucleus. The nuclear force is charge independent, very strong but short range, repulsive at short distances, and acts through the exchange of pions between nucleons. The document provides details on the Yukawa potential and uncertainty principle as they relate to the nuclear force. It poses a multiple choice question about identifying an incorrect statement regarding the nuclear force.
Nuclear force 22.10.12
The nuclear force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei. It is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances around 1 femtometer but rapidly decreases beyond 2.5 femtometers. At very short distances less than 0.7 femtometers, the nuclear force becomes repulsive. The nuclear force is mediated by the exchange of pi mesons between the pion clouds that surround the quark cores of protons and neutrons.
8.2 thermal energy transfer
There are three main forms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere have intensified the natural greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming by trapping more heat in the lower atmosphere. The impacts of climate change include rising temperatures, changes to climate and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and disruption of natural ecosystems.
Big bang nucleosynthesis
1. Big Bang nucleosynthesis occurred between 10 seconds and 20 minutes after the Big Bang, producing mostly hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of lithium and deuterium.
2. The key parameters that determined elemental abundances were the neutron-proton ratio after freeze-out at 0.7 MeV, and the baryon-photon ratio which affected reaction rates.
3. Nucleosynthesis began with deuterium formation, then proceeded through reaction chains to produce helium-4, with only traces of other light elements able to form before the universe cooled too much for further reactions.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Periodic Trends of the Elements
Shows the trends in atomic size, ion size, electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity and metal vs. non metal properties.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Periodic trends
This document discusses trends in the periodic table. It describes how properties such as atomic mass, boiling point, atomic radius, and ionization energy change both down groups and across periods in the periodic table. Specifically, it notes that atomic mass, boiling point and atomic radius increase down groups, while ionization energy decreases. Moving across periods, ionization energy and electron affinity increase, while atomic radius decreases.
Leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells that starts in the bone marrow, causing it to produce abnormal blood cells called leukemia cells. There are different types of leukemia including acute (ALL or AML) or chronic (CLL or CML) forms. Common symptoms of leukemia include fever, headache, easy bleeding, and weight loss.
Presentation on Leukemia by Ms. Chinmayi Upadhyaya
Leukemia, were surviving is regarded as a victory, a disease that still acts as a risk factor among the folks of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, stays as one of the fields to be looked forward for the further research. The above presentation includes the topics to be covered during a presentation on Leukemia. Apt for the students of Pharmacology.
allergic diseases, atopic,bronchial asthma
This document discusses allergic diseases and their diagnosis. It notes that the incidence of allergic conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis are rising. Atopy, the genetic predisposition to develop IgE antibodies, involves complex genetic and environmental factors. Allergic disorders are caused by type I hypersensitivity reactions and IgE-mediated immune responses. Diagnosis involves taking a thorough history, and may include nonspecific tests like CBC and IgE levels or more specific tests like skin prick tests and allergen-specific IgE blood tests to identify triggers.
Auto immune disease
This document presents information about autoimmune diseases from MD. Zahirul Islam. It defines autoimmune disease as a condition where the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to damage. It provides examples of common autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The document notes there are two main types - systemic disorders involving non-specific autoantibodies and local disorders targeting specific tissues. It discusses the most common organs and tissues affected by autoimmune diseases and describes methods of diagnosis and treatment options for some conditions.
Asthma & allergic rhinitis
This document discusses atopy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It defines atopy as a genetic predisposition to develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses upon exposure to allergens. Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an inflammatory disease of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen and dust mites. Common symptoms include sneezing, stuffy nose, and runny nose. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli.
Solar energy introduction
The document discusses solar energy potential and usage in India. It notes that India receives good solar radiation between 4-7 kWh/sq. m/day, with Rajasthan receiving the highest amounts at 6-7 kWh/sq. m/day. Gujarat receives the second highest solar radiation levels at 5.5-6 kWh/sq. m/day. The document also highlights that Gujarat has commissioned Asia's largest solar park and that Jharkhand has good solar potential between 4.5-5.5 kWh/sq. m/day.
Leukemia
Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells, It starts in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones.
Bone marrow is where blood cells are made.
Epidermal kinetics
This document summarizes epidermal kinetics and dynamics. It discusses the structure of the epidermis, epidermal proliferation units, cell cycle kinetics like turnover time and labeling index. Disturbances in epidermal kinetics like acanthosis, parakeratosis and dyskeratosis are described. Kinetics in normal skin versus psoriasis are compared. Epidermal differentiation and terminal differentiation involving keratinization are outlined. Drugs acting on epidermal cells like retinoids, vitamin D analogues, and salicylic acid are mentioned. Cancers of the epidermis are briefly described.
Ions & Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, while ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. Ions are formed by gaining or losing electrons, not protons. Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, such as metals, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when nonmetals gain electrons. The periodic table can be used to predict which elements will form cations or anions based on their group.
Photovoltaic cell1
Solar photovoltaic cells convert light energy from photons into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When photons hit the solar cell, they excite electrons which are then pulled away before they can relax, generating a current. The efficiency and performance of solar cells depends on factors like material bandgap, cell temperature, and resistance. Different cell types like single crystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous thin films are fabricated through various processes to optimize these factors and harness solar energy on a large scale.
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPoint
This document covers naming and writing formulas for ions, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and bases. It provides objectives and definitions for each section, examples of naming and writing formulas, and explanations of naming conventions and rules including prefixes, charges, and endings for different types of compounds.
Dyslexia
This document provides an overview of dyslexia, including its definition, causes, symptoms, characteristics, types, problems associated with it, diagnosis, treatment, strategies for parents/supervisors, dyslexia services in India, famous people with dyslexia, prevalence, and conclusion. Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking. It has various probable causes like hereditary factors, neurological differences in brain structure/functioning, problems with auditory processing, and brain injuries. Common symptoms include difficulties with spelling, writing numbers/letters backwards, math, following instructions, and reading comprehension.
Epilepsy
This document discusses epilepsy and seizure disorders. It defines a seizure as abnormal electrical discharges of cerebral neurons resulting in changes to motor, sensory or psychomotor activity. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures can involve convulsions (shaking) or not. Antiepileptic drugs are used to prevent seizures, with different classes targeting sodium channels, GABA, or calcium channels. Common antiepileptics discussed include valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, and phenobarbital. Adverse effects and mechanisms of several drugs are outlined. Classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes is also covered.
Nuclear Energy Applications
Nuclear energy has various applications including electric power generation, medicine, scientific research, food and agriculture, consumer products, industrial uses, and space. It produces electricity through nuclear fission or fusion and has numerous benefits like providing low-carbon energy, extending food shelf life, and powering deep space missions. However, nuclear energy also produces radioactive waste that requires safe storage.
Geothermal Energy and India's scenario
Get a detailed knowledge about the geothermal energy system .
Its history, origin, various forms, and the potential usage and areas in the country
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Alicia
Solar energy is gained by capturing light and heat from the sun and is considered a renewable energy source. There are several types of solar energy including passive solar, solar thermal, solar thermoelectric, solar hybrid, solar wind, and photovoltaic solar energy. Photovoltaic solar energy involves the use of solar panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity through photovoltaic cells. Spain is currently one of the largest producers of photovoltaics in the world.
Geothermal and Nuclear Energy
The document summarizes information about geothermal and nuclear energy. It provides details on how geothermal energy is harnessed from hot springs and used for electricity generation. It also discusses how nuclear energy works through fission and fusion reactions, and the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants and weapons. Advantages and disadvantages of both energy sources are outlined.
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells. It is caused by a genetic abnormality that results in excessive production of white blood cells. There are typically no symptoms in the early chronic phase, but later symptoms may include fatigue, fever, enlarged spleen, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests to detect the genetic abnormality. Treatment primarily uses targeted drug therapies such as imatinib to control the disease. Without treatment, it may progress to more advanced phases with worse symptoms.
Viewers also liked (20)
Presentation on Leukemia by Ms. Chinmayi Upadhyaya
Presentation on Leukemia by Ms. Chinmayi Upadhyaya
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPoint
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPoint
Similar to Minooka-Elements Periodic Trends
11th grade asessment benchmarks notes final
The document discusses various topics in chemistry and physics including phases of matter, energy and chemical reactions, the periodic table and electron configuration, forces and motion. It explains concepts such as heat of fusion, factors that affect reaction rates, periodic trends in elements, types of energy, and gravitational force formulas. Various chemistry and physics principles are defined and illustrated with examples.
Physics definitions
The document provides an overview of topics covered in physics, listing 18 chapters and the page numbers where their content can be found. It includes motion, forces, energy, circular motion, fluids, oscillations, waves, optics, heat, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, electronics, atomic and nuclear physics. Vector quantities and equilibrium are discussed in more detail, explaining concepts like scalars, vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors, and concurrent and coplanar forces. Torque, moment arm, angular velocity and acceleration are also defined.
Atom
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains chemical properties and is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms were first proposed by Greek philosophers to explain the nature of matter, and scientific models of the atom have developed over centuries through the contributions of scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. Atoms consist of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons, with the nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. The properties of an element are determined by its number of protons.
211340316 preparatory-problems-final
homework help,online homework help,online tutors,online tutoring,research paper help,do my homework,
https://www.homeworkping.com/
Mesons
This document discusses elementary particles and the fundamental forces that govern their interactions. It begins by explaining that atoms were once thought to be elementary but are actually made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Many new unstable particles were discovered in the mid-20th century. Quarks were identified as the constituents of protons and neutrons, reducing the number of elementary particles. The four fundamental forces - strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational - are described along with the particles that mediate each force. The discovery of antimatter by Dirac and pair production/annihilation are summarized. Pions were predicted by Yukawa to mediate the nuclear force. Feynman diagrams provide a graphical representation of particle interactions. Conservation laws including baryon
Atomic physics=Lectures from Dr. Parvez Ahmed Asstt. Prof., at INMAS, Rajshah...
The document provides information on various chemistry concepts including:
- Types of radioactive decay including beta decay where a proton is added or removed, and alpha decay.
- Basic terms like atoms, elements, molecules, compounds, mixtures, and electron volts.
- Properties of metals including conduction electrons and crystalline structure.
- Classification of elements as light, medium, or heavy.
- The electromagnetic spectrum and different types of spectroscopy used to study spectra.
- The periodic table organized elements into groups based on recurring chemical and physical properties. Key groups include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens and noble gases.
- Unstable and radioactive elements including naturally occurring
atom and atomic theory chemistryxxxx.ppt
Atoms are the fundamental units that make up elements. John Dalton proposed the atomic theory which states that elements are made of atoms and atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms are made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The discovery of the electron, proton, neutron, and development of quantum theory led to modern atomic structure and periodic table. The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic structure including atomic number and trends in properties.
Nucear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry deals with changes that occur in the nucleus of an atom. It involves the study of radioactivity, nuclear reactions and transformations, and nuclear properties. Some key topics covered include nuclear fusion, fission, radioactive decay, and chain reactions. The liquid drop model describes atomic nuclei as behaving like liquid drops, with nucleons held together by nuclear forces analogous to surface tension. Nuclear stability is influenced by factors such as these nuclear forces, mass defect, and binding energy. Mass defect represents the difference between a nucleus's calculated and observed mass, with the difference corresponding to the energy binding the nucleus. Binding energy refers to the energy released when nucleons come together or required to separate them.
Interstellar chemistry
The document discusses chemistry in the interstellar medium (ISM). It notes that chemistry in the ISM occurs under very different physical conditions than on Earth, including low pressure, extreme temperatures, and high-energy radiation. Quantum tunneling allows chemical reactions to occur even in these hostile environments by allowing particles to tunnel through energy barriers. The document provides examples of organic molecules and cosmic dust found in the ISM through astrochemical analysis.
Fundamentals of Light and Matter
Introductory pre-college physics class to introduce the subject of atoms, isotopes, ions, energy (kinetic/potential/radiative) and light. This class would be followed by exercises and applications with light and energy, and laws of motion/forces.
Jack oughton fusion within stars
Within stars, fusion reactions fuse lighter elements like hydrogen into heavier elements like helium. This occurs when the intense heat and pressure at a star's core overcome the electromagnetic forces that normally keep atoms apart. The mass that is "lost" during fusion is converted to energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc^2. In our Sun, the proton-proton chain reaction fuses four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom over four steps, releasing energy in the process. More massive stars can undergo further fusion of heavier elements like carbon and oxygen through late stages of their lifecycles before culminating in a supernova explosion.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Stars
Astronomy- State of the art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the exotic end states of stars are discussed, including pulsars, neutron stars, and black holes.
Atomic and nuclear physics
Atomic and nuclear physics are related but distinct fields that describe the structure and behavior of atoms and their nuclei. Atomic physics deals with atoms as systems of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while nuclear physics focuses on the nucleus as a system of nucleons (protons and neutrons). A knowledge of these fields is important for nuclear engineers working with nuclear reactors. The document then provides details on the key topics in atomic and nuclear physics, including fundamental particles, atomic and nuclear structure, mass and energy, radiation, nuclear stability, radioactive decay, and nuclear reactions.
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...
Neutrons can be created through electroweak reactions between protons and electrons in intense electric discharges. These discharges include lightning, arcs between electrodes, and nano-arcs in batteries. The document discusses how the Widom-Larsen theory explains this process via collective many-body effects that enable neutron production from protons and electrons without high temperatures or pressures. This pervasive neutron production has implications for understanding chemical evolution and isotope geochemistry in various environments.
3 1 Lecture
The document summarizes the historical progression of atomic theory from Democritus' idea of atoms in 400 BC to the modern atomic model. It explains Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 that elements are made of unique atoms that cannot be divided. In 1911, Rutherford discovered the nuclear model through alpha ray scattering experiments. Bohr then incorporated electron orbitals into his 1913 atomic model. The modern atomic model consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons in distinct energy levels or orbitals surrounding the nucleus. It also outlines the charge, mass, and location of protons, neutrons, electrons, and the s, p, d, and f orbitals in the modern atomic model.
3 1 Lecture
The document summarizes the historical progression of atomic theory from Democritus' idea of atoms in 400 BC to the modern atomic model. It explains Dalton's atomic theory in 1808 that elements are made of unique atoms that cannot be divided. In 1911, Rutherford discovered the nuclear model through alpha ray scattering experiments. Bohr then incorporated electron orbitals into his 1913 atomic model. The modern atomic model consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons in distinct energy levels or orbitals surrounding the nucleus. It also outlines the charge, mass, and location of protons, neutrons, and electrons and describes the shapes of s, p, d, and f orbitals.
Unit 18 Power Point
Fusion is the combination of smaller atoms into larger ones and requires temperatures over 10 million degrees to overcome electrostatic repulsion between protons. Stars generate heat and heavier elements through fusion in their cores. Fission is when atoms split into smaller atoms, releasing energy. It can be controlled for nuclear power generation or uncontrolled in atomic bombs. New elements can be artificially made through nuclear transmutation using particle accelerators to collide atoms together.
Physical Science Module 1.pptx
The document discusses how elements are formed in the universe through three main nuclear reactions: nucleosynthesis during the Big Bang formed light elements like hydrogen and helium, nuclear fusion in stars forms heavier elements up to iron, and neutron capture reactions during supernovae explosions produce elements heavier than iron. These nuclear reactions require extremely high temperatures and pressures to fuse atomic nuclei together or allow neutron capture, conditions only found in the early universe, inside stars and supernovae. Element formation relies on balancing the number of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei to achieve stable configurations through fusion, fission, radioactive decay, or transmutation into other elements.
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions.pptx
Nuclear reactions like fusion and fission are responsible for the formation of elements in our universe. (1) Fusion occurs in stars and during the Big Bang, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. (2) Fission and radioactive decay transmute elements over time. (3) Elements heavier than iron are primarily formed in supernovae, which generate the extreme temperatures and pressures required.
Similar to Minooka-Elements Periodic Trends (20)
Nuclear Energy, materi kelas 12 SMA saint Johns meruya.pptx
Nuclear Energy, materi kelas 12 SMA saint Johns meruya.pptx
Atomic physics=Lectures from Dr. Parvez Ahmed Asstt. Prof., at INMAS, Rajshah...
Atomic physics=Lectures from Dr. Parvez Ahmed Asstt. Prof., at INMAS, Rajshah...
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions.pptx
Formation of the Elements and Nuclear Reactions.pptx
More from Jeanne Erfft
Minooka -Atomic Theory
The document discusses the wave-mechanical model of atomic structure and how it relates to electron configuration and the periodic table trends. It explains that electrons occupy specific orbitals in atoms, with different energy levels and shapes. The orbitals fill according to Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule. This orbital filling pattern determines the electron configuration and explains the periodic trends in chemical properties of elements.
Minooka -Electron Configurations Part 1
1) The document discusses the historical development of atomic structure models from Rutherford to Bohr to the wave-mechanical model.
2) It introduces the concept of electron orbitals and energy levels to explain where electrons are located in atoms and why they don't collapse into the nucleus.
3) The wave-mechanical model proposes that electrons behave as waves and are located in diffuse clouds or orbitals around the nucleus at certain energy levels, rather than following definite paths as earlier models suggested.
Minooka Valence Electros
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom that can be gained or lost to form ions. Atoms are most stable when they have 8 valence electrons, as this allows them to achieve a full valence shell configuration. Atoms will gain or lose electrons through bonding to reach the stable configuration of 8 valence electrons. Metals tend to lose or gain one electron to achieve stability, while non-metals gain or lose 7 electrons. During flame tests, atoms absorb energy and their electrons become excited, moving to higher energy states. When the electrons fall back to the ground state, they emit photons of light of specific colors.
MInooka Ions and Isotopes
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure of atoms, including the nuclear model. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, and the total of protons and neutrons is the mass number. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, making them isotopes of that element.
Minooka - Elements Part 2
Atoms are the smallest particles of elements that retain their chemical properties. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1808, stating that all matter is made of indivisible atoms, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms combine in simple whole number ratios. In the early 1900s, experiments showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons, and electrons can exist in certain energy levels or orbits around the nucleus.
Minooka Atoms and Elements Part 1
The document discusses different types of energy including potential energy, kinetic energy, and thermal energy. It defines key energy concepts such as work, heat, temperature, and the laws of thermodynamics. Specifically, it explains that (1) energy can change forms but is never created or destroyed, (2) heat is the transfer of energy between objects at different temperatures until they reach thermal equilibrium, and (3) the amount of energy required to change an object's temperature depends on its specific heat capacity and mass.
Minooka- Heat and Energy Part one
The document discusses the properties of matter including volume, mass, density, physical properties, chemical properties, and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases. It defines volume as the amount of space an object occupies, and mass as a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, while chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into a new substance.
Minooka States Of Matter
The document discusses the properties of matter including volume, mass, density, physical properties, chemical properties, and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases. It defines volume as the amount of space an object occupies, and mass as a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, while chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into a new substance.
Minooka - Matter
There are three main types of matter: pure substances, mixtures, and compounds. Pure substances are either elements or compounds that have consistent properties throughout. Compounds are formed by two or more elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions, and have different properties than the constituent elements. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together without chemical bonding, and the substances retain their original properties and can be separated using physical means.
More from Jeanne Erfft (9)
Recently uploaded
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptx
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
20240607 QFM018 Elixir Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about the Elixir programming ecosystem in May 2024
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | Enhancing Changi Airport Group's Passenger Experience...
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a Website
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about machines behaving intelligently during May 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptx
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptx
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
GraphSummit Singapore | Enhancing Changi Airport Group's Passenger Experience...
GraphSummit Singapore | Enhancing Changi Airport Group's Passenger Experience...
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a Website
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a Website
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Minooka-Elements Periodic Trends
- 1. The Elements Periodic Trends
- 6. Nebula-the birthplace of stars