This is a powerpoint presentation on the epidermal keratinization and its associated disorders, presented by Dr. Jerriton, Dermatology resident of SVMCH, Pondicherry.
This is a powerpoint presentation on the epidermal keratinization and its associated disorders, presented by Dr. Jerriton, Dermatology resident of SVMCH, Pondicherry.
Subspecialty of dermatology and pathology focused on performing and interpreting tests on human tissue samples to provide scientific data and consultative opinions to referring clinicians
Definition, development, function & Site-specific of Melanocyte Definition, formation & function of Melanosomes, Definition & function of Melanin
Melanogenesis
Cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Keratins are diverse proteins. These intermediate filaments maintain the structural integrity of the keratinocytes. The word keratin covers these intermediate filament-forming proteins within the keratinocytes. They are expressed in a specific pattern and according to the stage of cellular differentiation. They always occur in pairs. Mutations in the genes which regulate the expression of keratin proteins are associated with a number of disorders which show defects in both skin and mucosa. In addition, there are a number of disorders which are seen because of abnormal keratinization. These keratins and keratin-associated proteins have become important markers in diagnostic pathology. This review article discusses the classification, structure, functions, the stains used for the demonstration of keratin and associated pathology. The review describes the physiology of keratinization, pathology behind abnormal keratin formation and various keratin disorders.
Subspecialty of dermatology and pathology focused on performing and interpreting tests on human tissue samples to provide scientific data and consultative opinions to referring clinicians
Definition, development, function & Site-specific of Melanocyte Definition, formation & function of Melanosomes, Definition & function of Melanin
Melanogenesis
Cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Keratins are diverse proteins. These intermediate filaments maintain the structural integrity of the keratinocytes. The word keratin covers these intermediate filament-forming proteins within the keratinocytes. They are expressed in a specific pattern and according to the stage of cellular differentiation. They always occur in pairs. Mutations in the genes which regulate the expression of keratin proteins are associated with a number of disorders which show defects in both skin and mucosa. In addition, there are a number of disorders which are seen because of abnormal keratinization. These keratins and keratin-associated proteins have become important markers in diagnostic pathology. This review article discusses the classification, structure, functions, the stains used for the demonstration of keratin and associated pathology. The review describes the physiology of keratinization, pathology behind abnormal keratin formation and various keratin disorders.
Keratinized tissue, also known as keratinized mucosa, refers to the band of tissue surrounding your teeth at the point where they meet the gums. The word "keratinized" is used to describe cells that produce large amounts of a protein called keratin, making them strong and better at forming barriers. Local irritation interferes with keratinization, and healthy gingiva is more keratinized than diseased, irritated gingiva. Nonepithelial cells are also present in the oral gingival epithelium. These include melanocytes, and Langerhans cells in the stratum spinosum. In the oral cavity, keratinized mucosa is found in the gingiva and palate mucosa, whereas the non-keratinized mucosa is found in the buccal mucosa.
Anatomy of skin, Lichen planus, Dermatitis, Koebner phenomenon, collagen defects and elastin defects have been mentioned in details with various images to help u in understanding it well.
Structural complexity and regional variability of oral mucosa poses a challenge to its proper understanding.
But it is must to understand the morphology, histology and physiology
Many systemic diseases, cause characteristic change in the oral mucosa and careful examination can help in early diagnosis.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
6. Mitotic index
Is the fraction of basal cells that is in mitotic
phase at any time.
Labelling index
Fraction of basal cells in DNA synthesis
7. Turnover time of the germinative epithelium
Epidermal turnover time
( transit time= 14 days)
The time taken for a cell to pass from basal
layer to the surface of the skin
next 14 days
Subsequent desquamation
8. Normal vs psoriatic cell
cycle time
Labelling
Index( %)
S
phase
hr
G2
Phase
hr
M
Phase
hr
G1
Phase
hr
TOTAL
TIME
DURATI
ON(hr )
NORMAL
EPIDERMIS
5.2 8.5 6 - 8 1 146 163
PSORIATIC
EPIDERMIS
22.7 8.5 4 0.3 25 37.5
15. 4.Changes in expression of
Intracellular lipid
Membrane glycoproteins
Growth factor receptors
Adhesion protein
Blood group antigens
Desmosomes.
16.
17. KERATINOCYTES
Any one of the cells in the skin that
synthesize keratin.
Contains actin ,tubulin , intermediate
filaments.
Keratin is one of the 6 types of
intermediate filaments.
18. KERATIN (CYTOKERATINS)
54 functional keratin genes.
Two gene family :-
type 1(basic)
type 2(acidic)
Retinoic acid , growth factors ,hormones
regulate keratin gene expression.
22. DIFFERENTIATING EPIDERMAL
KERATINOCYTES
Basal layer as proliferative cells express K-5 and
K-14
The process of differentiation starts with the
K – 10/K-1 expression (in TA cells)
K-2 is expressed at later stages of
differentiation( granular layer)
24. BASIC
K
ACIDIC
K
TISSUE EXPRESSION DISEASE ASSOCITION
1 10 Suprabasal keratinocytes Bullous congenital icthyosiformis
erythroderma ;
Diffuse non epidermolytic PPK
1 9 Suprabasal keratinocytes
(palmo-plantar skin)
Epidermolytic PPK
2 10 Upper spinous , granular Icthyosiform bullosa of siemens
3 12 cornea Meesmann’s corneal dystrophy
4 13 Mucosal epithelium White sponge nevus
5 14 Basal keratinocytes Epidermolytic bullosa complex
6a 16 Outer root
sheath,hyperproliferative,
palmo-plantar
keratinocytes
Paronychia congenita type 1 ;
Focal non-epiderdermolytic PPK
6b 17 Nail bed ,epidermal
appendages
Paronychia congenita type II,
Steatocystoma multiplex
8 18 Simple epithelium Cryptogenic cirrhosis
25. Keratohyaline granules
Keratinocytes of stratum granulosum.
Disappear in cornified squames.
They contain granules rich in histidine .
Keratin filament are aggregate into bundles
by the action of the histidine rich basic
protein callled filaggrin.
26. Membrane – coating granules
Also called as lamellar granules or odland
bodies.
Found in spinosum and Granulosum layers
of skin.
Contains phospholipids, glycolipids and free
sterols.
Forming an important barrier to permeability.
27.
28. CORNIFIED ENVELOPE
Highly insoluble cell envelope.
Present in stratum corneum.
It’s development is triggered by intracellular calcium.
Involucrin is main envelope precursor.
Others include
1. Loricin 6. Envoplakin
2. Cornifine 7. Periplakin
3. Pancornulin 8. 61KDa protein
4. Elafin
5. Keratolini
29. Transglutaminases cross-link plakins and
involucrin.
Other desmosomal proteins are also cross-
linked ,forming a scaffold along the entire
inner surface of the plasma membrane.
High calcium level increases differentiation.
30.
31. PROTEIN DISEASE ASSOCIATION
CYSTATIN A Harlequin ichthyosis
PROFILAGGRIN
/FILAGGRIN
Ichthyosis vulgaris
Atopic dermatitis
LORICIN Mutilating keratoderma with ichthyosis;
Progressive symmetric erythroderma
35. DISTURBANCE IN EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION
2. PARAKERATOSIS
Incomplete differentiation in post mitotic phase
Faulty and accelerated cornification
Retension of of pyknotic nuclei of epidermal cells
Leads to gap between cells
Loss of barrier function of the epidermis
37. Conditions associated with Parakeratosis
1. Psoriasis
2. Pellagra
3. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
4. Scurvy
Note – it can be normally found in hard palate
38. 3. DYSKERATOSIS
Morphologic presentaion of apoptosis of
keratinocytes
Eosinophilic cytoplasm ,pyknotic nucleus
Cells are packed with keratin filaments
Cell will tent to round up
Loose it’s attachment with surrounding cells
40. CANCERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
Squamous cell cancer
Irregular masses of epidermal cells.
Differentiation is in direction of keratinization
Horn pearls – concentric layers of squamous
cells with increasing keratinization at centre.
Keratohyaline granules are sparse or absent.
41. Basal cell cancer
Predominent basal cell type
Keratotic basal cell carcinoma
Parakeratotic cells
Horn cysts – fully keratinized cells, represent
attempt at hair shaft formation.
42. DRUGS ACTING ON EPIDERMAL CELL
Retinoic acids
Acts on retinoic acid receptors RAR and RXR
CRABP II – in human epidermis
Epidermal differentiation
Increased in –
1. Psoriasis
2. Lamellar ichtyosis
3. Darier’s disease
4. PRP
44. Vitamin D analogues(calcitriol,calcipotriol)
Acts on vit D receptors on keratinocytes
MOA-
Regulate keratinocyte proliferation.
Epidermal differentiation.
Formation of cornified membrane.
45. Tazarotene
Acts on retinoic acid receptors
Modulate abnormal epidermal differentiation
and proliferation.
Upregulation of K-10 terminal differentiation.